I-Euskal Herria, okanye eyaziwa njengeLizwe laseBasque, yindawo efanelekileyo yokubonisa uluhlu lwezidalwa ezingaqhelekanga, iintsomi kunye neentsomi ezingqina ukutyetyiswa kwenkcubeko kweli phondo. Yazi ngale post awona manqaku angaphaya kwe intsomi yesiBasque ke
Intsomi yaseBasque kunye nemvelaphi yayo
IPhondo laseNavarra, iLizwe laseBasque kunye nelizwe lesiFrentshi laseBasque linemvelaphi enomdla, njengoko ireferensi yabo yokuqala lulwimi lwabo: Euskera. Ulwimi lwayo lunokwahlulwa ngokulula kwezinye iinkcubeko, kunye neempawu ezisondele kwiilwimi ezithethwa kubuKristu. Izazi-mlando zicinga ukuba zingaphambi kweCelta, zafunda kamva. Ngaba awumazi ukuba ungubani na? Iatlasi kwintsomi? Kufanelekile ukubuza malunga nalo mlinganiswa ukhunjulwe ngabaphandi abaninzi.
Ubukho beBasques yenye inqaku elinomdla, elivela kwi-Neolírico kunye nedatha eqinisekisiweyo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ulwimi lwesiBasque lwanikezela ngokungena ngokupheleleyo kwinqanaba lenkcubeko elichazwe kubuKristu ngokusemandleni. Ukuze bangavumeli ulwimi lwabo lwenkobe lufe, bakhetha ukusebenzisana nezinye iinkcubeko ezifana neyamaRoma, ukuze basasaze iingcamango zabo kwaye bafunde ezintsha ezivela eItali. Akukho nto ingaphunyezwayo ngokuthanda u-Euskera, kuba ubuKristu bufumene uvelwano kwizizukulwana ezitsha.
UbuKrestu bacima yonke into esendleleni yabo, ngakumbi iinkcubeko zobuhedeni nabakholelwa kubugqwirha. Amaxhoba afayo awabandezelekayo kwintsomi yaseBasque yayingamaGqwirha aseZugarramundi, awatshiswa de afa kwiLogroño auto-da-fe ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX. Nangona kunjalo, ibali lixela ukuba amagqwirha agxothwa ukusuka kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe kunye neentshutshiso ezingapheliyo, ukuphelisa ubuhedeni ekukhuleni okupheleleyo kokholo lobuKristu.
U-Eskal Herria unezinto ezininzi zokuthetha ngokuthanda kwakhe ukubonisa intsomi enkulu yakudala, amagqwirha angabadlali ababulalayo bokuvalwa komjikelo weenkolelo. UPierre de Lancre wayenguvulindlela ekubulaleni onke amagqwirha awayefuna ukuphazamisa le nkolelo intsha. Ukususela kwesi siganeko, zonke iidolophu zaqala ukusasaza iinyani zokuhambisa zonke iimpawu okanye iinkolelo ezibonisa umdla waseBasque mythology.
UCarlos Baroja wenza ingxelo yokuchaza ngokweenkcukacha ubukho bobugqwirha baseBasque kunye nokuba yinxalenye yentsomi:
«Ubugqwirha baseBasque bubonakala njengemeko yentlalo ebuthathaka. I-Presumo yintlangano yobuhedeni eyenza iiBasque zamaKatolika zibukeke njengeeNtlanga.
Ngolu lwazi kulula ukuqonda ukuba kutheni uKumkani waseCastile Enrique IV ekhuphe ingxelo engenakutshitshiswa ukuba atshutshise bonke abathakathi okanye abathandana nobuhedeni ngaphandle kwebango lokuzikhusela. Ukulungelelaniswa kwesigunyaziso ngumonakalo obangelwa ukucwaswa kwabathakathi kwintsimi yaseBasque, abahlala beqinile ekukhuseleni ulwimi lwesiBasque kunye nesikolo sayo sokucinga.
Abathakathi kunye nabathakathi base-Amboto bagwetywa ukususela kwi-1500, nangona iintsomi zaseBasque zikhomba "i-Lady of Amboto" njengento enamandla kakhulu, ekwazi ukukhusela onke amarhamente ayo. Apha kubonakala okwesihlandlo sokuqala uthotho lwezithethe zokuzukisa inkunzi yebhokhwe ekwimo yedemon. Umtyholi wayenomfanekiso womgqakhwe kunye namanye amaxesha wemeyile ebhalwe kakuhle.
Yonke into yabonisa ukuvumelana kunye nokubhala "iSivumelwano seeNkolo" eNavarre, umxholo wayo ukhomba ku-Agustín de Hipona. Le ngcwele yaseka ukuba abafazi abasebenzisa umlingo omnyama kunye nezinto ezinjalo ngabathunywa bakasathana ukuze babangele uhlobo "lwenkohliso" ngokusebenzisa amasiko abo kaSathana. “Ngemilingo yabantu sikwazile ukwahlula ukumelwa kwezidalwa ezininzi ngala manina,” utshilo.
IRoyal Council yaseNavarra yabona amantombazana amabini angena kumnyango wangaphambili enexabiso elingaqhelekanga lamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo. Abasemagunyeni bayavuma ukuba akukho xesha lokuthwala ububi bobuhedeni yaye ngoko, bafanele bohlwaywe ukuze kuthintelwe ukusasazeka kweengcinga zabo. Umcuphi uAvellaneda waya ePyrenees ukuya kubamba izalamane zakhe. Uluntu luphela lwasiwa kwinkundla yeKumkani ukuze lufumane izilumkiso ezifanelekileyo.
Enkosi ekuzingelweni kwamagqwirha njengeyona ntsomi yaseBasque, uAvellaneda waqinisekisa ubukho bala maqela anxibelelana nobuhedeni kwaye ezigatya iziseko zobuKristu. Wabhala ukuba iintlambo zePyrenees zazizele ngaba bafazi badumisa ububi. Ngokufanayo, ichaza inkolo egqithisileyo yebhokhwe yenkunzi, ukusetyenziswa kweBasque kunye nesiphelo "i-aquelarre" yeli qumrhu.
Amagqwirha ayebamba iintlanganiso zawo zokudumisa usathana rhoqo ngooLwezihlanu nangoMgqibelo ebusuku. I-Avellaneda ibonisa ubugqwirha baseBasque njengento echasene nayo yonke into eyenzekayo ngexesha leenkanuko, ukufa nokuvuka kukaYesu Kristu. Endaweni yokuba bazilele idini lonyana kaThixo, bakhetha ukusebenzisa iintsuku ezingcwele ukuzukisa umtyholi.
I-Avellaneda ibonelela ngedatha enomdla eya kuhlala kwizizukulwana kwintsomi yamandulo yaseBasque, enkosi kuphawu oluthile (isandla sesele emzimbeni kunye neliso lasekhohlo kuwo onke amagqwirha). Ngoko ke, ukuchonga izandulela zomlingo omnyama kunye nabakhuseli bentshukumo echasene nobuKristu, bakhetha ukujonga ngokweenkcukacha yonke imizekeliso engumfuziselo yenkunzi yebhokhwe okanye i-coven. I Nymphs kwiintsomi Batsala ingqalelo umbulelo kubukho babo kumabali amaninzi. Ngaba uyabazi?
I-Basque mythology ichaza ukuba amagqwirha enza imisebenzi yawo yemilingo ngesandla sasekhohlo (rhoqo). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuze enze okulungileyo, amaKristu asebenzisa isandla sokunene ukuze asasaze intsikelelo kuwo onke amakholwa awo. Ngokukhankanya nje uYesu Krestu phakathi kwedolophu yamagqwirha, ebonisa umnqamlezo okanye ethandaza ngelizwi likaThixo, bonke ubugqwirha buya kuphulukana nesiphumo sabo kwangoko.
Ekuqaleni kweli candelo, amaGqwirha aseZugarramundi abonakala njenge-axis ephakathi kwimbali yaseBasque kunye neentsomi zayo. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwakhe kwakubalulekile, kubhalwe kuwo onke amaxwebhu endalo yonke ukuba aphendule ngoku okwakuza kuthatha inyathelo eliphosakeleyo. INkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa yaseLogroño yamisela esona sohlwayo siqatha kwaba bafazi, isohlwayo esingenakucingelwa: ukutshiswa bephila phakathi kwesihlwele.
Abanye abakhafuli bafa bengekabuva ubushushu bomlilo, de babonwa njengemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ezintolongweni. UJoseph Pérez uchaza ukuba olu qheliselo lokubulala yayisisiganeko esasiphikisana kakhulu eSpeyin. Ngelo xesha, utyhola ukuba iziganeko zasePyrenees ngumzekelo nje weyona nto i-Inquisition ikwazi ukucima ngonaphakade ulwimi lwesiBasque, ukunqula inkunzi yebhokhwe kunye nezenzo ngesandla sasekhohlo.
Ukuncinwa kwaba linqanaba lembali logonyamelo olukhulu kwiinkcubeko ezininzi, nangona kunjalo, ukuzingelwa kwamagqwirha okwaqala ngo-1609 kwaba sisiganeko esilungileyo nesiyimfuneko ukuphelisa ububi ababebenza ngexesha labo. UPierre de Lancre wenza into efanayo namagqwirha angama-80 atshiswe eLabourd (kamva eyaziwa ngokuba lilizwe laseFrench Basque).
I-12 ka-Okthobha ngo-1609 inokuba ngumhla ophawula ngaphambi nasemva kwintsomi yaseBasque. Lusuku oluphakathi apho kwafunyanwa khona umkhomishinala wamagqwirha ezintabeni zaseNavarra. Ngamaxesha aphakathi, babenesiko lokwenza amasiko okanye imibingelelo kwelona lizwe liphakamileyo laseBasque. Kamva, ibhinqa eligama linguGraciana laya kumfundisi ukuze livume zonke izithethe ezazisenziwa ngabakhafuli baseNavarra ebusuku, ukuze balandele ezi zenzo zobuhedeni.
UGraciana nosapho lwakhe babebekwa ibala njengabathakathi libutho lamaKristu, kodwa amaxesha amaninzi babekhanyela ukuba kunjalo. Noko ke, indoda eyayithunywe entabeni ukuba iye kubeka esweni abahlali, yangqina ukuba kukho umfazi nomyeni wakhe, iintombi zakhe kunye nomkhwenyana wakhe entabeni, ukuya kunqula inkunzi yebhokhwe. Ngomhla we-13 kweyoMdumba kwakuloo nyaka bavelisa ikhweshine yemibuzo eli-14 ukuphanda ubunyani bamagqwirha.
Aba bancini babengenanceba kwezi ndawo. Ezandleni zakhe kwakukho uthumo lokuphelisa onke amaqela abakhafuli kunye nenkokeli yabo, ukusika le ngxaki yentlalontle kwihlumela eyathintela ubuKristu ukuba buzimise njengendlela entsha yokuphila. Abaninzi kubo babanjwa ngaphambi kokuba batshiswe eLogroño, ukuze bathethe ngayo yonke into abayenzayo ezintabeni.
ubume bejografi
Impembelelo yenkcubeko yaseRoma ifikelele kwiidolophu ezininzi kwiLizwe laseBasque kunye neNavarra: iAragon, iCatalonia, iLa Rioja, phakathi kwabanye. Kwindawo nganye kwezi zandiso zejografi, intsomi yaseBasque ibeke iingcamango ezinomdla ezifana namandla amagqwirha, ukunyanga izifo okanye amasiko ukuphepha izinto zendalo zempembelelo enkulu ezifana nezaqhwithi zombane.
Iinkolelo
Amanani afana nonyana kunye nenyanga adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiintsomi zaseBasque. Kwimeko yokuqala, zonke izindlu ezakhiwe ezidolophini kufuneka zihlale zijongiswe kwiLanga, malunga nenyanga, abemi bayavumelana ukuba kukukhanya okukhanyisa ummandla wabafileyo. Kwakukho usuku olukhethekileyo evekini lokuba amagqwirha aseke iintlanganiso zawo ukuze ahlawule izithixo zawo. Ngezikhululo zenyanga bakwazile ukulinganisa iinyanga okanye babonise iimbono zexeshana ezithile.
Inkolo yezindlu neminyanya
KwiiBasques, indlu ayisiyondawo yokuhlala nje apho onke amalungu adibana khona, atye okanye aphumle emva komsebenzi. Umzi yindawo ebalulekileyo apho banikela imbeko kwizinyanya zabo. Yindawo engcwele apho kuhlala abafileyo ababekhe bahlala khona. Yindawo eyamkelekileyo yokufumana uxolo noxolo.
Phambi kokuncinwa kwamagqwirha nokubulawa kwamagqwirha amaninzi, umhlali ngamnye womzi wakhe wakha ingcwaba elisentendelezweni ukuze angcwabe amalungu aloo ndawo yokuhlala. Emva kokuba ubuKristu bubeke iziseko zabo, esi sithethe safa ngokupheleleyo. Inqaku elinye amaKristu abelana ngalo kukwahlulwa komphefumlo emizimbeni xa umntu esifa, ke ngoko, kufuneka aphumle iintsalela zawo endaweni yawo.
Imiphefumlo iyakwazi ukubuyela kwindawo yayo yokuhlala endala ukuze iphumle. Ngesi sizathu, iiBasques zisebenzisa iindawo ezikufutshane neendawo zazo ukunqanda ukungqubana kwenkcubeko kunye nabalandeli bobuKristu. Xa ilungu lentsapho ligula okanye lijamelene neemeko ezinzima, lidla ngokucela abafileyo balo njengabalamleli ukuze baphucule impilo yalo. Esinye isihloko esinomdla si intsomi yamaMaya, enebali elimangalisayo kunye nezithixo ezinamandla.
Magia
Ukuthetha ngomlingo ngoko nangoko kusikhumbuza amagqwirha awayetshutshiswa yiNkundla YokuNcina Amakholwa ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukusa kweye-XNUMX. Bashiya uphawu olungacimekiyo kwiintsomi zaseBasque. Ukuthetha “ngomthakathi (igqwirha ngesiBasque) kukho iinkalo ezimbini ezifanele ukukhankanywa:
- Bangabantu basentsomini abanamandla angenakubalwa okusombulula iingxaki ezithile zoluntu lwabo.
- Amagqwirha ase-Euskal Herria. Intshutshiso nokufa kubhekisela kubafazi abangendawo abanamakhubalo angenakuchazwa, ajoliswe ekudumiseni inkunzi yebhokhwe. Babangela ububi obuninzi, kodwa bafumana isohlwayo esingenakuguqulwa.
Kungokwemvelo ukunxulumanisa umlingo nawo onke amandla asetyenziswa ngamagqwirha. Ngenxa yokungcungcuthekiswa okwabangelwa yiNkundla YokuNcina Amakholwa, uninzi lwazo lwayivuma imvelaphi yalo. Ejamelene nekamva elingenakuguqulwa, awazange azifihle iingcamango zawo zobuhedeni, ekwathi ngenxa yawo ikhulu lamagqwirha afela esibondeni. Ukususela kwi-Mythology yaseBasque kuyimfuneko ukugqamisa i-Euskal Herria amulet, efanelekileyo ukunyanga iliso elibi.
Uswelekile
Ukufa kuhambelana nentlonipho kuyo yonke imimandla yaseBasque, njengenkqubo yendalo ekhokelela kubomi obungunaphakade. Ukuba isidalwa esifayo sithwaxwa zizigulo nokubandezeleka, izalamane zenza izithethe ukuze umphefumlo wahlukane nomzimba ngokukhawuleza. Uhambo lomphefumlo kufuneka lube kwindawo yalo yokugqibela, kuba inkcubeko yaseBasque imisela ukuba akukho mntu unokuhlala kwindawo ethile phakathi.
Ukuba umphefumlo awuphumli ngoxolo, udla ngokubonakala kwikhaya apho ezinye izalamane zazihlala khona. Kwimodus operandi yakhe, kukucela iminqweno emininzi ekufuneka izaliseke ngokupheleleyo ukuze afikelele apho aya khona, ngaphandle kokuhlala kwindawo engqongileyo. Yakuba ifezekile yonke iminqweno, umfi uya kubuyela kwinqwelo-moya yakhe entsha ukuze abe seluxolweni.
La matye ezikhumbuzo ayesebenza njengendawo yokungcwaba imizimba yabangasekhoyo. Njengesithethe somsitho, amalungu entsapho azisa ukutya kunye nempahla ethile ukuze athi ndlela-ntle kumntu amthandayo. Kuyaphilisa kumoya wakhe ukunxiba iimpahla ezininzi ezixabisekileyo ezathi ebomini zananditshwa ngumfi, ukuze aphathe iimpahla ezibaluleke kakhulu.
abalinganiswa basentsomini
Lelinye lawona macandelo anomdla kakhulu kwiintsomi zaseBasque. Apha izithixo, izidalwa okanye ukubonakaliswa okuxubeneyo kuninzi okuphakamisa inkcubeko exabiseke kakhulu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, iphathwa kakubi ziintshutshiso ezininzi.
Mari: Ungoyena thixokazi ubalaseleyo kwintsomi yaseBasque. Ngokuqhelekileyo ihlala kuzo zonke iintaba, indawo efanelekileyo yokuhlanganisana kwabakhafuli ukuze babhiyozele amasiko abo. Ekwabizwa ngokuba yiLady of Amboto, iMaddi okanye iMari de Amboto, ungumzekelo ogqibeleleyo wokuba nguMama woMhlaba, oyena mdali uphakamileyo wendalo iphela, oyena unamandla kubo bonke ookumkanikazi baseBasque.
Ekuboneni kokuqala, uyahlukaniswa nomzimba kunye neempawu zowesifazane oqhelekileyo, kodwa ngamandla angenakucingelwa okulawula ihlabathi ngokukhawuleza kwakhe. Ukuba nguMama wendalo yonke, unempembelelo enamandla kwindlela indalo esebenza ngayo. Njengaye nawuphi na uthixokazi, uneendlela ezahlukeneyo, nombala oluhlaza uvakaliswe kakuhle kakhulu. IMari inokuba ngumthi, intaka, okanye umfanekiso womntu oneenzipho endaweni yeenyawo. Ithanda ukuba ngumlilo okanye umnyama omhle otsalela onke amafu kwimibala yawo eqaqambileyo.
Iinwele zakhe ziblonde, zifana negolide ekhazimlayo kwimitha yelanga eqaqambileyo. Wazala oonyana ababini abahlala kwingxabano phezu kwamandla: Mikelats kunye Atarrabi. Ngeenjongo zamaxesha angaphambi kobuKristu, luyimbonakaliso esebenzayo yokulungileyo nokubi.
IMari ibonakala encotsheni yeentaba, oko kukuthi, kwiincopho zazo. Abo babenqula umfanekiso wakhe kwakufuneka bathethe nomfanekiso wakhe (bethetha isiyelelane sehika) baze bawushiye umqolomba waseAmboto ngendlela amarhamente angena ngayo. Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, akukho namnye kwabakhoyo onokuhlala phantsi ukuze aphumle ngoxa ethetha nothixokazi.
Amaxoki, amasela kunye nabantu abanekratshi bohlwaywa kakhulu yiMari. Inamandla amakhulu okulawula iimeteorites okanye iintshukumo ze-telluric. Iyalutshintsha ulandelelwano lwezinto, ide ibangele imvula, nokuba isibhakabhaka sicace ngokupheleleyo. Ukuziphatha kwakhe nabantu kuyahluka: ukuba ungumntu ongendawo, unelungelo lokumohlwaya; ukuba uyathandana, unokuba ngoyena mfazi uthobekileyo emhlabeni.
Wenza ngobulungisa obupheleleyo. Ukuba umntu uyayishiya okanye uyayifihla inkcazelo yazo zonke izinto zakhe, lo thixokazi uxhwila kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala kuba ulixoki. Xa izaqhwithi ziza kuqukumbela ummandla othile, uthixo uxela kwangaphambili amashwa asenokuvela.
Ibali likaMari lazalwa emva kokudalwa kobuKristu. Ukuziphatha kwakhe kufana kakhulu noGea, ngokufumana ikhaya eligqibeleleyo emqolombeni ukuze azinelise ngamandla akhe onke. Udla ngokunika izipho kubo bonke abantu abalonwabelayo uvelwano lwakhe, ngakumbi ukuba usemathandweni xa esenza ezi zenzo.
Nangona uAmboto ilikhaya lakhe alithandayo, udla ngokutshintsha imiqolomba rhoqo emva kweminyaka esixhenxe. Xa ekwinkqubo yokushukuma, abemi banokumjonga esibhakabhakeni ngesithuthi sakhe somlilo. Ukuba ufumanisa ukuba imvula iye yaqina kwakuloo ntaba inye, utshintsha imozulu yakhe ngelanga eliqaqambileyo elifumaneka kwelo thafa likufuphi. Apha wahlula uthixokazi olinganayo, osesikweni owaba intlalo-ntle kubo bonke abayifaneleyo.
Imvelaphi kaMari ayiqinisekanga ngandlel’ ithile, kuba wakhawulwa yintsapho enamalungu ambalwa. Unina akazange akhathazeke ngokuzisa isidalwa esitsha emhlabeni, kuba eneminyaka engama-20 kwafuneka anikele umphefumlo wakhe kumtyholi. Ekugqibeleni, waphumelela, wazala intombazana eneempawu ezintle. Xa uMari wayesele eza kuba neminyaka engama-20 ubudala, wamtshixela kwibhokisi yeglasi ebekwe esweni elibukhali.
Imigudu yokunyamekela intombi yakhe ayizange yanele. Umtyholi waqhekeza ibhokisi yeglasi ukuze athuthe lo mfazi kumqolomba ka-Amboto, ukuze ahlale khona ngonaphakade. Enye inguqulelo ithi ngesiqalekiso umama asiphosa kwintombi yakhe: "Ndiyathemba ukuba umtyholi uyakuthatha" de amazwi akhe aprofete ukuba amthabathe ahambe naye ukuya kwindawo engaziwayo.
Walwa nemikhosi kaGaueko, uthixo wobumnyama, owaphelisa ukunxanelwa kwakhe ukutya ngeebhokhwe okanye izimvu ezibayeni. Ngenxa yokunyamalala okukhulu kwezi ntlobo zezilwanyana, uMari wabhaptiza inyanga njengentombi yakhe yokuqala, enika ukukhanya emasimini ukugxotha indlala yesi sithixo. Ubusuku baqhubeka buyindawo efanelekileyo yokuhlaselwa, ngoko iMari yawandisa amandla enyanga ukukhusela izidalwa ezingenabungozi.
Ukuvala ngalo thixokazi, kukho ezinye iinguqulelo zobuntu bakhe, ezibanga ukuba ngumfazi obulalayo, owoyikisayo, okwaziyo ukubangela zonke iintlobo zentshabalalo. Evukela ubuKristu, wabathintela abantwana bakhe aba-5 ukuba bafumane intsikelelo kaThixo ngamanzi obhaptizo. Wazama ukubathintela abantwana bakhe ukuba baye ecaweni ngamakhubalo akhe, nto leyo eyabangela umonakalo omkhulu.
IJentilak: Zizinto ezinkulu ezaziphila ngexesha leStone Age. Nangona ubukhulu bawo bunokuba yi-ace phezulu emkhonweni wabo, yayizizinto ezingenabungozi ezanyamalalayo ngenxa yabakhandi bentsimbi. Bonke babengabahedeni ngaphandle kuka-Olentzero, owamkela ukufika kukaYesu Kristu ukuze anikele ngobomi bakhe ngenxa yabantu.
Mairuak: Bajongwa njengabakhi abalungileyo bezindlu kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezizinzileyo kwiintsomi zaseBasque. Ngeengcamango ezinkulu zezokwakha zexesha, kunye nomfanekiso ophakamileyo wendawo yokuhlala njengendawo yonqulo. ESpeyin lithetha "iifairies Enchanted".
Sorginak: Isizwe samagqwirha esithobela imiyalelo kaMari. Baliqela labefundisikazi abanamandla amaninzi.
Basajun: Wayeyindoda yamandulo yemvelaphi yaseBasque, enesimo esinomsindo, ekulungele ukukhusela amahlathi kunye nemihlambi yawo. Wayesazi kakuhle kakhulu ngezolimo, ukutyala kunye nokugcinwa kwezityalo nezilwanyana. Ukukhuselwa kobuthixo kwakungeyomfuneko ukuze amaBasajaun akhusele izilangazelelo zawo.
San Martin Txiki: Wawuphatha umzobo wababingeleli njengengqondi, ekwaziyo ukunika iminqweno ethile eluntwini. Abanye abaphandi bathi basebenza njengamaKatolika awayefuna ukucoca ihlabathi kubuhedeni.
amabele: Yayiziindlavini ezazihlala kudederhu lweentaba zaseAragonese, phantsi kwephiko elithi "enemiguillos". Umphefumlo wakhe wawungagungxulwanga, ukwazi ukwenza ububi ngokuzonwabisa. Ekuphela kwento awayenokuyenza ukuze athambise indlela awayephila ngayo yayikukusebenzisa abefundisi bamaKatolika.
Urtz: Uthixo wezulu nesibhakabhaka. Isampulu yobukhulu obukhulu beyona ndawo iphakamileyo yevault ngexesha lendalo yobungcwalisa. Udla ngokubangela izinto zendalo xa zimlungele, okanye aziguqule zibe zezinye izidalwa ukuze zingaqatshelwa yindalo.
Ortzi: Izithixo zidla ngokucaphuka ngokulula ukuba abantu benze ulwaphulo-mthetho olungenakucingeleka. U-Ortzi akanjalo, nokukhupha iindudumo okanye imibane eboyikisa abo bakhoyo. Unguthixo owoyikayo kwinkcubeko yaseBasque, ekhupha izaqhwithi zombane ezinkulu ukucima umsindo wakhe.
Euria: Ibhekisa kwimvula ekhutshwa ngu-Ortzi esibhakabhakeni. Ifakwe kwikhathalogu njengesipho esivela kulo thixo ukunciphisa umxokelelwane wendudumo kunye nombane owela inqwelomoya yasezulwini.
Ngokuqhelekileyo inentsingiselo yokuxela okulungileyo okanye ukuba ithamsanqa liza kuza emhlabeni. Umzekelo, ukuba ngoLwesine imvula ikhona imini yonke, oko kuthetha ukuba ubuninzi bunkqonkqoza emnyango wakho.
Ikwanazo neentsingiselo ezinxulunyaniswa nokufa kunye nemingcwabo. Ukuba umntu ufile waza wangcwatywa ngomhla wemvula, oko kuthetha ukuba umphefumlo wakhe ufikelele ezulwini ngenxa yezenzo zakhe ezilungileyo.
Elura: Kwilizwe laseBasque okanye iNavarra, le nto ichaza ikhephu njengophawu lokuchuma kunye nobuninzi. Luqikelelo oluthile lokufunda indlela yokuphila eyenziwa zezinye iindidi zezilwanyana.
Eguzki: Akukho nto ngakumbi kwaye akukho nto ingaphantsi kwelanga. Le nto ngaphakathi kwentsomi yaseBasque ihlonelwa kakhulu ngabemi bayo becela ubabalo olunikezelweyo.
Yimbono ebonwayo uThixo ajonga ngayo yonke into ejikelezileyo, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ziinkcukacha zabemi kunye nezenzo zabo (ezilungileyo okanye ezimbi). Izindlu kwakufuneka zihambelane nelanga, ukuze abafileyo babe nohambo olunoxolo ukuya kubomi basemva kokufa xa umjikelo wabo kwinqwelomoya ufikelele esiphelweni.
largui: Igama elithi ngolwimi lwesiBasque lithetha "inyanga". Uyinkosikazi yasebusuku, umkhuseli wazo zonke izidalwa ezingenakuzikhusela ngenxa yokungabikho kokukhanya kwendalo.
Iphembelela ukuphakamisa umoya, kunye nokwandisa isantya samanzi ngaphambi kokusa. Ikholisa ukukhanyisa imiphefumlo yabafileyo xa besenza uhambo oluya kubomi basemva kokufa, njengento eyimfuneko yokufikelela kwindawo yabo yokugqibela.