Iintsomi kunye neentsomi zabantu ziye zaphawulwa njengenxalenye yenkcubeko kunye neenkolelo zommandla ngamnye apho ziye zaphuhliswa khona. Ngokomzekelo, iYurophu inalo kwiintsomi, egxile kubemi baseScandinavia naseJamani. Apha uya kwazi yonke into ngaye.
INtsomi
Eyona miba inomdla kwidolophu nganye ziintsomi kunye namabali ayo. Oku kubangelwa ngakumbi kukuba uninzi lwazo luvela kwiimvaba okanye amabali abonakalisa iindawo ezithile, iziganeko kwanezinto ezithile. Kuqhelekile, ngokukodwa eYurophu, ukugxininisa ngokukhethekileyo kule miba, njengoko kunjalo ngentsomi yamaNorse.
Ikwanxulumene neJamani kunye neScandinavian, intsomi yaseNorse ibandakanya inkolo, iinkolelo kunye neentsomi zabantu bakudala ababekumbindi nasemantla Yurophu.
Oku kukwabandakanya i-Iceland yangaphambili (ngoku elilizwe elizimeleyo elisesiqithini), iBritannia (ihlelo elinikwe isiqithi saseGreat Britain), iGaul (ingingqi apho iBelgium, iFransi, intshona yeSwitzerland ikhoyo ngoku). , kumantla eItali, eJamani kunye inetherlands).
Ngale ndlela, kuzo zonke iindawo ezikhankanywe ngasentla kulapho kwavela khona into eyaziwa ngokuba yintsomi yamaNorse ngoku.
Nangona kunjalo, nangona ibandakanya amabali abiwe ngabantu baseNyakatho Jamani, ayizange ibebelwana ngabantu base-Uralic Nordic, oko kukuthi, iFinns, i-Estonian kunye neLapps, okanye iBaltic, ehlanganiswe ngamaLithuanians naseLatvia.
Eminye imiba
Oku kungenxa yokuba la maqela ezizwe anentsomi yawo, efana naleyo yabanye abemi baseIndo-European. Nangona inyaniso enikelwa ngoothixo kubantu abafayo ingazange ichazwe, iintsomi zamaNorse zikwaquka amabali abantu abafunda amabali ezithixo, ngokutyelela kwabo.
Ngokufanayo, abanayo incwadi engcwele, ekubeni amabali asasazwa ngomlomo ngokusebenzisa imibongo ebanzi, ngakumbi ngexesha leViking Age, kugxininiswa kwi-Eddas (ukuhlanganiswa kwamabali) kunye namanye amaxwebhu aphakathi.
Uninzi lwamabali entsomi zamaNorse asekhona nanamhla, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Ngelixa abanye benohlengahlengiso lwento ebizwa ngokuba yi-neopaganism yaseJamani, kwaye baye baba ngumthombo woncwadi kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo zeaudiovisual.
I-Cosmology
Olunye lweempawu eziphambili zentsomi yamaNorse kukuba ihlabathi limelwe yidiski ecaba, ebekwe kumasebe omthi wehlabathi ekuthiwa yiYggdrasil, oquka inkxaso yehlabathi elithoba.
Ihlabathi leentsomi zaseNorse
Umthi wobomi, iYggdrasil, ngeengcambu zawo kunye namasebe kwenze ukuba kube nokwenzeka umanyano lwehlabathi:
- Asgard: Ihlabathi le-Aesir, ephethe njengomlawuli u-Odin kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uFrigg, eyayijikeleze udonga olungazange lugqitywe, olubangelwa yi-hrimthurs engaziwa, umnini wehashe le-stallion le-Svaolifari, ngokutsho kweGylfafinning. I-Valhalla ifumaneka kwindawo yangaphakathi. Ke ngoko, yayiyindawo ephezulu yesibhakabhaka apho zazihlala khona izithixo.
- Midgard: Kuye ngawamadoda avela kwizithixo u-Odin kunye nabazalwana bakhe, uVili noVe, emva komlo kunye no-Ymir omkhulu.
- Helheim okanye Hel: Ibizwa ngokuba yindawo yokufa, ikweyona ndawo inzulu kunye neyona ndawo imnyama ye-Niflheim, elinye ilizwe laseYggdrasil. Umlawuli wawo nguthixokazi uHela.
- niflheim: Lenza ubukumkani bobumnyama nobumnyama, kwanaphakathi kwayo kukho inkungu eninzi. Kuhlala inamba uNiohoggr.
- muspelheim: ibandakanya ubukumkani bomlilo, apho kuhlala khona i-Fire Giants, iSurt iyeyona inamandla. Intsingiselo yegama kungenxa yeziko lomlilo, kuba iMuspel ithetha umlilo kwaye iHeim inxulumene neziko. Babeyigqala njengeyona ndawo iphakamileyo, iphakamileyo kuneAsgard, apho kwakuhlala iAesir, yaye emazantsi kukho iJotunheim, ummandla womkhenkce, neJotnar.
- Svartalfaheim: Kwakhona kwabizwa ngokuba yi-Nioavellir, kukho abo bachaza ukuba kuyo kwakukho ii-elves ezimnyama ezaziwa ngokuba yi-Svartalfar, apho iiklasi ezimbini ze-elves zivela e-Alfheim. Ikwanxulunyaniswa nobu bukumkani, ukuba i-Nordic dwarves yayisuka apho.
- Alfheim: Ikwabizwa ngokuba yiLjusalfheim kwaye ithathwa njengekhaya leelves. Ukuchonga ngale ndlela iintlobo ezimbini zee-elves, ezikhanyayo okanye i-ljósafar, ezazihlala e-Alfheim kunye nezimnyama okanye i-svartálfar, ezifunyenwe kwindawo yangaphakathi yeentaba. Nangona bobabini bezizalamane zegazi ekwabelwana ngalo, babephawulwa ngokuba neenjongo ezahlukeneyo.
- vanaheim: kuyo kwakuhlala iVanir, eyayingomnye wamaqela ezithixo ngaphandle kwama-Aesis.
- eJotunheim: zigqalwa njengobukumkani bezigebenga, apho zaziziindidi ezimbini, iLiwa noMkhenkce, obizwa ngokuba yijotnar.
Okungakumbi kweNordic cosmogony
Kwingcambu yomthi kwavela umthombo owawuzalisa iqula lolwazi, elaligadwe sisigebenga esinguMímir. Ukongeza, kwakukho uthixo uHeimdall, owakhusela umthi ekuhlaselweni okubangelwa yinamba uNiohoggr, kunye nenani elikhulu leentshulube ezazifuna ukuhamba ngeengcambu zayo kwaye zinyamalale izithixo ezimele.
Nangona kunjalo, yayixhaswa ngabakwaNorns ababeyinkcenkceshela ngamanzi equla laseUrd. Enyanisweni, yayinebhulorho eyayidibanisa nendawo yezithixo, i-Bilfrost, eyayiwela ngabo ukungena eMidgard. Yazi kwakhona imvelaphi yendalo yonke ngokweMayan.
Izidalwa zasentsomini kwi-cosmogony
Olunye uphawu olukhulu lwalo mthi kwintsomi yamaNorse kukuba wawunobusi, ukhozi, unomatse, inamba kunye namaxhama amane. Ngoko ke, ezi zidalwa zazilandelayo:
- Nidhog: inamba eyayizinze ezingcanjini yaza yazidla, ukuze yoyise ukhozi.
- Ukhozi: Yayingenagama, yayikwelona sebe liphakamileyo, apho yayibukele zonke iintsomi zamaNorse zehlabathi.
- Jonga: ukhetshetshe owawusebunzi lokhozi, ejongene nokujonga iintshukumo zakhe.
- Ratatosk: unomatse owasuka ezingcanjini ukuya kwindebe, ukuzisa iindaba zobuxoki kwinamba ukuya ekhozini, kunye nelinye, ngaloo ndlela evelisa ingxabano phakathi kwezi zibini.
Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kwiintsomi zamaNorse kukuba zineenkalo ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwazo kukho okubhekiselele kwimini nobusuku ngeDagr / Skinfaxi kunye neNótt / Hrímfaxi.
Kwintsomi yaseNorse, ilanga lichazwa njengowesifazane ngelixa inyanga iyindoda, ngeSól kunye neSkoll, inyanga kunye nengcuka kunye noManí kunye neHati, kunye nokwahlula phakathi kwezikumkani zaseNiflheim neMuspelheim, eziqala ihlabathi. Ngoko ke, igqalwa njengeenkalo ezichaseneyo nemvelaphi yendalo iphela.
Oothixo abakhulu beentsomi zamaNorse
Phakathi koothixo abadumileyo beentsomi zaseNorse, ngaba:
Dagr
Unguthixo omele imini, kwiintsomi zamaNorse. Ichazwe kwiPoetic Edda, ehlanganiswe ngemithombo yemveli, kunye nakwiProse Edda. Kuyo uchazwa njengenzala yothixo worhatya, uDelling, nothixokazi wobusuku, uNótt. Ikwanxulumene nehashe elinenwele ekhazimlayo kakhulu, ebizwa ngokuba yiSkinfaxi.
Skinfaxi kunye Hrimfaxi
Ngamahashe eDagr naseNótt. Ihlelo lezi zidalwa zinentsingiselo, i-mane eqaqambileyo kunye neqabaka. Kwimeko kaHrimfaxí, wayehamba esibhakabhakeni esebenzisa inqwelo yokulwa kaNótt, ngoko ntsasa nganye wayefefa umhlaba ngalo daka.
Ngelixa u-Skinfaxi wayehamba ngenqwelo yokulwa kaDagr, esibhakabhakeni emini, ngelixa iimanes zakhe zikhanyisela umhlaba kunye nesibhakabhaka.
hayi
Kukumelwa kobusuku kwiintsomi zamaNorse. Intombi yesigebenga uNorfi. Ihlelo lakhe limelwe kwimibongo eyahlukeneyo yePoetic Edda.
ityuwa
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yiSunna, sisithixokazi seLanga, intombi kaMundilfari kunye noGlaur. Ngokutsho kwentsomi yamaNorse, wahamba esibhakabhakeni, esebenzisa inqwelo yokulwa eyayitsalwa ngamahashe amabini, awayebizwa ngokuba yiArvask neAlsvid. Ebudeni bemini ingcuka uSkoll yamsukela, eyayifuna ukuyitya.
Eli bali lentsomi yamaNorse lalinxulunyaniswa nokusithwa kwelanga yinyanga, ekubeni zazithetha ukuba uSkoll waphantse wafikelela kulo, ngaloo ndlela ebangela isithunzi esifutshane. Enyanisweni, ngokutsho kwe-destiny, u-Skoll wayeza kufikelela kuye aze amdle, ethatha indawo yentombi yakhe, owayephethe ukukhokela iLanga. Ukongeza koko, uMhlaba wawukhuselwe nguSvalin, ikhaka eliphakathi kwakhe kunye neLanga. Ilanga ukunqanda ubushushu obuphezulu. Nangona kule ntsomi, iLanga alizange linike ukukhanya, njengoko livela kwi-manes ye-Alsvid ne-Arvak.
Skoll
Yayiyingcuka eyayilandela amahashe iArvak kunye neAlsvid, njengoko yayifuna ukuyidla. Wayengumzalwana kaHati, owayetshutshisa uthixo uMáni, owayenxulumene nenyanga.
Indongomane
Kwiintsomi zaseNordic, yayikumelwa kweNyanga. Ngokweengxelo, wayenothixokazi uSól njengodade kwaye wayeyinzala kaMundilfari kunye noGlaur. Ukuleqwa yingcuka Hati.
Hati
Yayiyingcuka eyaleqa uMáni esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Naxa esondele kuye, wayebangela umnyama wenyanga. Wayengumntakwabo Skol. Ngokutsho kwamabali asuka kwiintsomi zamaNorse, abantwana benza ingxolo enkulu ukuze amke enyangeni.
amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo
Kwintsomi yaseNorse, oothixo bahlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
izithixo zeViking
Abemi baseNordic bancoma iindidi ezimbini zezithixo, apho eyona iphambili yayiyiAesir. Aba babeseAsgard, kunye noothixokazi baseAsynjur, ngaloo ndlela bedibanisa iqela elalikhokelwa nguOdin, uthixo ogqalwa njengoyena ubalulekileyo nongoyena ubalaseleyo.
Odin
Wayengoyena thixo weentsomi zamaNorse kwanakwiinkonzo ezahlukahlukeneyo zeEthenism. Yayigqalwa njengothixo wobulumko, imfazwe nokufa, kunye nomlingo, imibongo, isiprofeto, uloyiso nokuzingela. Uhlala e-Asgard kwibhotwe laseValaskjálf, ecaciselwe yena, apho itrone yakhe yayikhona, ebizwa ngokuba yiHiloskjálf, apho wabona okwenzeka kwihlabathi elisithoba lentsomi yaseNorse.
Ebudeni bedabi, wayesebenzisa umkhonto wakhe, owawubizwa ngokuba nguGungnir, yaye wayekhwele ihashe lakhe elinemilenze esibhozo, eligama linguSleipnir. Wayengunyana kaBor kunye nesigebenga uBestla, umntakwabo Vili kunye noVé, umyeni kaFrigg, kunye noyise wezithixo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya uThor, uBalder, uVidar, noVáli.
Thor
Ngokuqinisekileyo xa usiva igama lesi sithixo, ulinxulumanisa nomboniso bhanyabhanya ofumana kwaeli gama. Oku kwiintsomi zamaNorse uthixo weendudumo, obonakala ngokuba neeglavu zentsimbi, isando sakhe uMjolnir kunye nebhanti elinamandla. Ngokufanayo, ihambelana namandla kwaye kwinqanaba le-hierarchical lihambelana ne-Odin.
Ibhalansi
Kwintsomi yamaNorse namaJamani, wayenguthixo woxolo, wokukhanya nowoxolo. Kwakhona unyana kaOdin. Kwakhona yayinxulunyaniswa nobuhle nobukrelekrele.
Umlawuli
Uthathwa njengothixo wesibindi kunye nemfazwe, owanikela isandla sakhe ukuze abanye oothixo babophe ingcuka i-Fenrir, apho wachazwa njengoMntu Owodwa. Umelwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuba uMdala u-Edda, uyinzala yesigebenga uYmir noFrilla, ngelixa kwi-Lesser Edda kuthiwa ungunyana ka-Odin noFrigg.
IBragi
Kuthathwa njengothixo wemibongo kunye neeBards. Unyana kaOdin, awayeyimbongi yakhe, kunye nesigebenga esinguGunlod. Wayengoweqela le-Aesir enobulumko obukhulu. Kunxulunyaniswa naye ukuba wayengowokuqala ukwenza imvano-zandi, eme phandle kuloo mmandla, ngoko ke abantu ababebalasele kwimibongo babebizwa ngokuba nguBragi.
Ngendlela efanayo, waziwa njengothixo oneendevu ezimhlophe, kwanalowo uphetheyo eValhalla, ukunika isiselo esamkelekileyo kwabo basandul’ ukufika aze abamkele ngamazwi embeko, ngoxa wayesonwabisa ngokucengceleza. iivesi zakhe.
Wayengumyeni ka-Idun, owayengomnye woothixokazi ababalaseleyo kwiintsomi zamaNorse, kuba wayenento ebizwa ngokuba ngama-apile obutsha, ayimfuneko kwilizwe lase-Asgard, kuba iAesir yayibatya ukuze bahlale bebancinci.
Heimdall
Uthathwa njengothixo ongumlondolozi wentsomi yaseNorse, uHeim enxulumene nekhaya kunye noDallr engaziwa. Inzala kaOdin kunye nabafazi abasithoba abamkhulisayo ngokumnika igazi leenkunzi. Wayebonakala ngokuba namehlo abukhali, esiva kakuhle nokuhlala ephaphile kangangeentsuku.
Wachazwa njengothixo onombono ongakholelekiyo, ekubeni wayephulaphula xa ingca ikhula, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba akhethwe njengomkhuseli weAsgard kunye neBifrost, eyayingumnyama owawubumba ibhulorho phakathi kwezo ndawo zombini.
Ukongezelela, wayenophondo, olubizwa ngokuba yiGjallarhorn, u-Odin amnike lona, ukuba alumkise ukulwa phakathi koothixo kunye nama-giants, emva kokuphela kwehlabathi, uRagnarok. Ngokwesiko leentsomi zaseNorse, wehla waya eMhlabeni waza wazala imigca emithathu kubafazi abathathu, ezi ziinkosana, izifundo kunye nabakhonzi.
iholo
Wayenguthixo oyimfama osuka kwiintsomi zaseNorse kunye nomntakwabo Baldr. Nguye owabulala umntakwabo engaqondanga waza wabulawa nguVali, inzala kaOdin. Ibali elikwi-Eddas lichaza ukuba u-Baldr, ephupha kakubi, wayenombono malunga nokufa kwakhe kunye nonina, uthixokazi uFrigg, owashukumisa zonke izinto ukuba afunge ukuba abayi kumenza nto unyana wakhe.
Nangona kunjalo, unkulunkulu uLoki owayengenakukwazi ukuma u-Balder's ego kunye nokungakhuseleki, xa efumanisa, wayecaphukile ngoko wazifihla waza wathetha noFrigg, owamxelela ukuba akazange acinge ukuba i-mistletoe ifunge, kuba yayingenabungozi.
Ke ngoko, ekufumaneni olo lwazi, wakha i-dart esebenzisa isebe le-mistletoe waza wayalela uHoor ukuba ayiphose ngokuqhula, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba abulale uBaldr. Ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo yale akhawunti evela kwiintsomi zaseNorse, uLoki akachazwanga, njengoko uBaldr kuphela kuthiwa wabulawa nguHoor ngenxeba lokugwaza.
U-Odin wajezisa uLoki ngokubopha amatye amathathu kuye kwaye abangele inyoka ukuba imtshice ubuthi ebusweni bakhe ngamaxesha athile, nto leyo eyabangela intlungu enkulu kwaye iphelile ukuphazamisa ubuso bakhe. Kwakhona dibana ne uThixo Jupiter.
Vidarr
Kananjalo unyana ka-Odin kunye nesigebenga saseGrior. Uthathwa njengothixo wokuthula, impindezelo kunye nobulungisa. Ngokwebali lehlabathi elizalwe ngokutsha elivela emva kweRagnarok (imfazwe yokuphela kwehlabathi), uVidarr wayeza kubuya kunye nomntakwabo uVali.
Ngethuba leRagnarok, u-Odin udliwa yingcuka i-Fenrir, ngoko uVidar ukuziphindezela ubulala isilwanyana. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, wabulala uFenrir xa wanyathela emhlathini wakhe ngonyawo lwakhe, ekubeni isihlangu senziwe ngesikhumba, apho amadoda alandela i-Aesis, avula izihlangu kwindawo yeminwe kwaye. izithende ukuba ngaphezulu.
Ekubeni unyawo lwayo lwalubekwe kumhlathi wengcuka, yalukrazula. Noko ke, enye ingxelo ichaza ukuba wasebenzisa ikrele lakhe ukuze ambulale ngokuhlaba entliziyweni. Kwakhona, lo thixo ubizwa ngokuba ngunyana othuleyo ka-Odin kunye neyona nto ibhetele ekusombululeni iingxaki.
Kulungile
Unyana ka-Odin kunye ne-giantess Rind. Okukhankanywe ngaphambi komlo weRagnarok, yayingengothixo owaziwayo, kuba yayivela kwi-skalds (iimbongi zamaqhawe eViking). Uchazwa njengalowo waya kuziphindezela eHoor ngokumbeka phezu komlilo, kuba wambulala uBaldr.
Noko ke, wayegqalwa njengothixo wokukhanya okungunaphakade, ekubeni imitha yokukhanya yayibizwa ngokuba lutolo, wayemelwa okanye ehlonelwa njengomtoli.
Kwanenyanga yayo kwikhalenda yaseNorway imelwe ngumqondiso wesaphetha kwaye inikwe igama elithi Liosberi, umthwali wokukhanya, kuba iwela phakathi kweenyanga zikaJanuwari noFebruwari. Ukongeza, amaKristu okuqala anika inyanga kaFebruwari kuSanta Valentine owayengumtoli kwaye, njengoVali, emele iintsuku eziqaqambileyo, evuselela iimvakalelo zothando kunye nezithandwa ezikhuselekileyo.
Ewe
Inzala kaSif kwaye yafumana unyana kaThor. Ngokutsho kweengxelo zeentsomi zamaNorse, wayenguthixo omkhulu kwimbali yangaphambili, okhankanywe kwimibhalo evela kwiProse Edda kunye nePoetic Edda. Ukwabizwa ngokuba nguthixo wokulwa ngokusondeleyo.
IForseti
Uthathwa njengothixo wobulungisa, uxolo nenyaniso kwiintsomi zamaNorse. Inzala kaBaldr kunye noNanna. Wayehlala eGlinir, eyayinxulumene nokuqaqambileyo, ebhekisela kwisilingi yesilivere eyayiseholweni, kunye neentsika zegolide apho ukukhanya okwakubonwa kumgama obanzi kwaveliswa.
Kwintsomi yamaNorse, ukwabizwa ngokuba ngoyena thixo ulumkileyo noliciko eAsgard. Nguye owagqamayo kwizinto eziphazamisayo, ekubeni wasifumana isisombululo ngolamlo. Olunye lweempawu zayo eziphambili yayikukuba yayihlala kwindawo yayo yokwamkela ubulungisa inika ubulungisa kwabo bayifunayo kwaye yayikwanaso nesicombululo sezinto eziphazamisayo, iqwalasela oko kwakufanelekile kwisibakala ngasinye.
Ngoko ke, wayenguthixo omnandi, owayethanda uxolo, ingakumbi xa abo wayebagweba bephila ngokukhuselekileyo baze basigqibe isigwebo sabo. Ngale ndlela, wahlonelwa gqitha, ekubeni ezona zifungo zibalaseleyo zazibizwa ngegama lakhe.
Ngoko akachazwanga ngexesha likaRagnarok, ngoko uyaziwa ngokuba nguthixo woxolo. Abanye bacinga ukuba wayengukhokho bamaFrisi.
ULoki
Inzala yezigebenga uFarbauti noLaufey, benoHelblindi noBýleistr njengabazalwana. Ngokutsho kwe-Eddas, ubizwa ngokuba yimvelaphi yabo bonke ubuqhetseba, ngaphezu kokudibanisa ngokukhululekile phakathi kwezithixo, apho u-Odin wayemjonga njengomzalwana wakhe kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaBalder.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, i-Aesis yambamba yamfaka ematyeni amathathu, ngoko isiprofeto sachaza ukuba uya kukhulula ezo zibopho ukuze alwe nezithixo eRagnarok. Uthathwa njengelishwa le-Aesir kunye namadoda, kuba wayenobuqhetseba, engenangqondo kwaye enomdla, apho wayebizwa ngokuba nguthixo wesiphithiphithi kunye nethuba, ebonakala ngokuba lixoki.
Oothixokazi abakhulu beNtsomi yaseNorse
Njengakwamanye amabali asentsomini, kwiintsomi zamaNorse kukwakho noothixokazi abahlukahlukeneyo.
UFrigg
Ugqalwa njengoyena thixokazi uphambili kwiintsomi zamaNorse. Umfazi kaOdin kunye nokumkanikazi we-Aesir. Uthixokazi wesibhakabhaka, ukuchuma, uthando, ukulawula ikhaya, umtshato, ukuba ngumama, ubugcisa basekhaya, ukubona izinto kusengaphambili nobulumko. Ngoko inxulumene nothixokazi uAphrodite, osuka kwiintsomi zamaGrike.
Ngokwenkcazo ye-Eddas, wayengomnye woothixo bamandulo beentsomi zaseNorse, njengoFreyja. Kwiingxelo ezahlukahlukeneyo, uchazwa njengomfazi nomama, ochazwa njengonamandla okuprofeta, kodwa engakhankanyi oko wayekwazi.
Yayinguye yedwa, ekunye no-Odin, ababenokuhlala kwitrone yaseHlioskjálf, ngelixa bejonge okwenzekayo kumazwe alithoba eentsomi zaseNorse. Oonyana bakhe yayinguBaldr, uHoor, waza waba noHermóor, uHeimdall, uTyr, uVidar noVáli.
Ezinye iingxelo zeentsomi zamaNorse zichaza uThor njengomntakwabo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha njengonyana wakhe. Unxulunyaniswa no-Eir, uthixokazi wokuphilisa owayehamba naye ngamaxesha athile kwaye enoHlín, uGna kunye noFulla njengabancedisi.
Ewe
Ikwayinxalenye ye-Ásynjur, kunye neValkyries. Ugqalwa njengothixokazi wokuphilisa, wezempilo nowolonwabo. Ngale ndlela, wayenolwazi oluphangaleleyo ngendlela amayeza asebenza ngayo amayeza yaye wayenamandla okuvusa.
Enyanisweni, wayesondele kakhulu kuFrigg yaye wayengomnye woothixokazi ababekwintaba yaseLyfjaberg. Wayenxulunyaniswa neVanir, ngenxa yolwazi lwakhe lwezinto zokuphilisa izityalo kunye nemifuno. Ichazwe kwiingxelo ezahlukeneyo ze-Poetic Edda, i-Prose Edda, kunye nemibongo ye-skaldic.
sjofn
Kungokwe-Ásynjur ye-Norse mythology, echazwe ngokufutshane kakhulu kwi-Prose Edda, eqinisweni ayibhekiselwanga kwi-Poetic Edda. Yayiphawulwa ngokukhokela iingcinga zamadoda eluthandweni.
Nantsi lapho
Enye i-Ásnjur yeentsomi zamaNorse. Ugqalwa njengothixokazi wezifungo, ezinxulumene nezibhambathiso kunye nezivumelwano zomtshato. Ichazwe kwi-Lesser Edda.
I-Syn
Uthathwa njengothixokazi ocelwe ngumtyholwa kwityala, ukuphaphama kunye nenyaniso. Kwakhona wayengomnye wabancedi bakathixokazi uFrigg. Wayengumgcini wesango apho wayethintela ukungena kwabo babengeyonxalenye yayo. Ichazwe kwiProse Edda nakwimibongo ye-skaldic.
Idunn
Ichazwa kuphela kwiPoetic Edda kunye neProse Edda. Wayengumfazi wesithixo uBragi, wayephethe ukunyamekela ama-apula esifubeni esasinika oothixo ulutsha olungunaphakade.
IVanir
Ngubani owayehlala esibhakabhakeni ekuqaleni yayiyi-Aesir, nangona kunjalo kwakukho nezinye izithixo ezazihlonelwa ngabantu baseNordic, kuba zazibalelwa kumandla olwandle, umoya, amahlathi kunye namandla endalo, awayebizwa ngokuba yiVanir. Ibonakaliswe ngokuhlala eVanaheim.
Njøror
Uchazwa njengothixo womhlaba ochumileyo kunye nonxweme lolwandle, i-nautical and navigation. Ngoko ibonakaliswa ngokuba yiyo elawula umoya, ulwandle nomlilo. Umfazi wakhe yayinguSkaoi kwaye abantwana bakhe yayinguFrey noFreyja.
Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo zeentsomi zamaNorse, wayehlala eNóatún, indawo yokuhlala eAsgard. Ukwanxulunyaniswa nokuchuma, njengayo yonke iVanir. Yena nabantwana bakhe babeyinxalenye ye-Aesir, njengabathinjwa beVanir, emva komlo phakathi kwaba babini.
Ukuba ngabo bathinjwa bagqalwa njengosapho lwezihandiba kunye neenkokeli ezisemthethweni, nangona bengakhululekanga ukuya kukhusela iimfuno ezimiselwe kumnqophiso woxolo. Funda ngakumbi malunga Orpheus.
skady
Kuthathwa njengothixokazi wasebusika kunye nomzingeli onesaphetha. Inzala ye-Jazi enkulu kwaye yabulawa yi-Aesir, waya e-Asgard ukuya kuphindezela. U-Odin wanikela ukubeka amehlo kayise njengeenkwenkwezi aze akhethe uthixo, kwimeko yokuba ukhetha kuphela ngokuqwalasela iinyawo zabaviwa.
Ngoko ke, wayefuna ukukhetha uBaldr, kodwa ekugqibeleni waphazama waza wakhetha uNjoror, nangona babengalungiselelwanga omnye nomnye, ngoko baphela bohlukana. Ezinye iingxelo zeentsomi zaseNorse zichaza ukuba watshata no-Ullr kunye nabanye ukuba wayenabantwana abahlukeneyo kunye no-Odin.
UFrey
Unyana kaNjoror kunye nomntakwabo Freyja. Ugqalwa njengothixo wemvula, ukuphuma kwelanga nokuchuma. Kwakhona wayehlala eVanaheim. Wayenekrele lasehlotyeni, elalibizwa ngokuba yiSummarbrander, kuba lalihamba lisilwa lodwa emoyeni. Noko ke, wamshiya ukuze oyise ingxilimbela enyulu uGerda.
Kwakhona wayenenkunzi yehagu yegolide egama linguGullinbursti, eyayisisipho esivela kuSindri kunye noBrokk. Oku kwakutsala inqwelo yokulwa ngesantya esiphezulu, efana nehashe xa liphalala, apho ukukhanya kwakukhanyisa ebusuku. Kwakhona, lo thixo wayenephenyane elibizwa ngokuba yiSkíoblaonir nehashe elalingayihoyi imiqobo. Enyanisweni, wayengoyena thixo uthandwayo kwii<em>elves noyena ubalaseleyo kubuhedeni baseNorse.
Wayenxulunyaniswa nobukhosi obungcwele, ubudoda, impumelelo, ilanga kunye nemozulu entle. Bada bammela njengothixo wenzala ozisa uxolo nolonwabo ebantwini. Kwakhona wacelwa ukuba afumane isivuno esihle.
UFreyja
Ngokutsho kwe-Eddas, wayemelwe njengothixokazi wothando, ubuhle kunye nokuchuma, ngoko baya kuye ukuze bafumane ulonwabo eluthandweni, ukuncedisa ekuzaleni kunye namaxesha amnandi.
Wayekwanxulunyaniswa nemfazwe, ukufa, umlingo, iziprofeto kunye nobutyebi. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, nguye owafumana isiqingatha sabo bafa kwidabi kwibhotwe lakhe, iFólkvanger, yaye uOdin inguye owayenabanye eValhalla. Yena, kunye noFrigg, babengoothixokazi abakhulu baseNorse mythology, ngoko bamelwe njengabaphathi be-Ásynjur.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-Aesir kunye neVanir
Enye yeenkcazo eziphambili ezinxulumene nazo zombini kukuba i-Aesir yayingamajoni, ngelixa iVanir yayithathwa njengenoxolo. Noko ke, kukho izithixo eziyinxalenye yazo zombini.
Ezinye iingxelo zeentsomi zaseNorse, malunga neVanir, zibonisa ukuba zazinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nomlingiswa wasemhlabeni, ngokubhekiselele kwimbewu, imozulu kunye nokuvuna. Ngoxa i-Aesir yayizizithixo ezinxulumene nemibandela yokomoya.
Phakathi kwamaqela amabini, isivumelwano soxolo siphumelele, ukutshintshiselana kwama-hostage kunye nemitshato eyenzeka phakathi kwabo, emva kokulwa ixesha elide, apho i-Aesir iphumelele. Enyanisweni, yintoni eyabangela ukuba uNjord aye e-Asgard ukuba abe khona kunye nabantwana bakhe ababini, uFrey noFreyja okhankanywe ngasentla. Kanye noHoenir, umzalwana ka-Odin, owaya eVanaheim.
Izifundo ezahlukeneyo ezijikeleze iintsomi zamaNorse zicinga ukuba olu budlelwane phakathi kwamaqela omabini luphawu lwendlela izithixo zezizwe zaseIndo-European zathatha indawo yoothixo bangaphambili bendalo yabemi bokuqala.
Ngokufanayo, abanye abaphandi bachaza ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwala maqela mabini kuphela ukubonakaliswa kweNorway yokuhlelwa koothixo phakathi kwe-Indo-Europeans, efana neye-Olympians kunye ne-Titans ye-Greek mythology. Funda ngakumbi malunga ne abalinganiswa basentsomini.
IiJotuns
Zikwabizwa ngokuba ziingxilimbela, zazigqalwa njengezinto eziyingozi enkulu emadodeni. Zazinxulunyaniswa neeTitans zentsomi zamaGrike. Oku kungenxa yokuba yayizizidalwa ezoyikekayo nezinkulu kakhulu, nangona zazinobulumko obuninzi nobutyebi, zilulutho ngezihlandlo ezithile kwizithixo.
Imvelaphi yabo evela kwi-cosmos inxulunyaniswa nokwakheka komzimba kaYmir, nokuba abanye babo babenobuhle obuthile. UYmir, owayekwabizwa ngokuba nguAurgelmir, nguye owasungula uhlanga lwezigebenga, engumlinganiswa obalaseleyo kwiintsomi zamaNorse.
Umanyano phakathi kwezithixo kunye nezigebenga zeentsomi zaseNorse
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, inxalenye ethile ye-Aesir ngabantwana bakaJotuns, kuba imitshato yenziwa phakathi kwamaqela omabini.Ngale ndlela, izigebenga ezithile ezichazwe kwi-Eddas, zimelelwe njengamandla endalo.
Ke kukho ulwahlulo phakathi kwezigebenga, ezi ngumkhenkce nomlilo. Babonakala ngokuba nobutshaba obungenakuphikiswa kunye nezithixo, ngokulwa noThor njengenkokeli ephambili. Kwakhona ngexesha leRagnarok, imikhosi yokutshatyalaliswa yayikhokelwa yi-giants Surt kunye neHrym.
Ugqirha
Ithathwa njengeyona nto iphambili kwizigebenga zomlilo eMuspelheim, indawo yomlilo. Ngexesha likaRagnarok, imikhosi yakhe yaya kwindawo esenyakatho ngendlela yomoya wasezantsi ukutshabalalisa izithixo.
Ifoto: Hrym
Esi sigebenga sasingumphathi wenqanawa iNaglfar. Ekuhambeni kweRagnarok, wahamba ngomkhumbi phakathi kweJotunheim ukuya kwidabi laseVigrid, ethwele iingxilimbela, apho babeza kungqubana nezithixo.
Ezinye iingxelo zeentsomi zaseNorse zichaza uLoki okhokela abantu baseHela, ngelixa uHrym ekhokela ama-giants, iVigrid, emva komlilo, uJormungandr kunye nengcuka uFenrir.
ezinye izidalwa ezingaphezu kwendalo
Phakathi kwezinye iindidi zezidalwa zamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo ezivela kwiintsomi zamaNorse, ezi zilandelayo zigqamile:
Norns
Ziyimimoya yabasetyhini, apho zifunyenwe njenge-Urd engundoqo, ehambelana ne-destiny kunye nento eyenzekayo, i-Verdandi, emele okwenzekayo ngeli xesha kunye ne-Skul, kunye nento emele yenzeke, eqinisweni ikwabizwa ngokuba ehambelana nale yokugqibela njengenxalenye yeValkyries.
Iinkcazo ezizezabo zee-Eddas, zibalisa ukuba kwakukho iinornir ezingakumbi, ezazingaphantsi kwaye zafaniswa nabantu abathile. Nangona kunjalo, kukho uphando malunga nombandela wokuba zihlobene ne-destiny, ukwenzela ukuba ixesha elidlulileyo, langoku kunye nekamva lidibene ukuze lingahlukani kwiiNorns ezibalaseleyo.
Enye yeempawu zale mimoya yeentsomi zaseNorse kukuba ihlala phantsi kweengcambu zomthi wothuthu womthi wobomi, owaziwa ngokuba yiYggdrasil. Apho badibanisa i-tapestries ye-destines kwaye bankcenkceshela ngamanzi kunye nodongwe oluvela kwi-Urd well, ukuze kugcinwe uhlaza lomthi womlotha.
Ngoko ke, ubomi bomntu ngamnye buyintambo ekulukeni kwakhe yaye ubude bentambo nganye bumela ubude bobomi bakhe. Ngoko kwiintsomi zamaNorse kuyacwangciswa yonke into, ekubeni kwanezithixo zineetapestries zazo, phezu kwayo nje isibakala sokuba amaNorn engabavumeli ukuba bazibone.
Ngale ndlela, kuchazwa ukuba izithixo nazo zaba nesiphelo sazo, njengoko kwamiselwa kwiintsomi zamaNorse. IiNorns zinxulunyaniswa neFates yentsomi yamaGrike kunye neFates yentsomi yamaRoma. Bakwahlobene ne-dísir (izidalwa zaphezulu zabasetyhini) kunye neevalkyries, ezino-Odin njengenkokeli yazo. Yazi kwakhona malunga ne Iintsomi zamaGrike.
IiValkyries
Bakha amaqumrhu amancinci amabhinqa akhonza u-Odin, efumana imiyalelo evela kuFreyja. Owayenenjongo yokukhetha amaqhawe abo bawa edabini waza wabakhokelela eValhalla ukuba abe ngu-Einherjer.
Ngoko ke, u-Odin nguye owabakhethayo, babonakala ngobuhle babo kwaye ngenxa yokuba babengamagorha anamandla anokuphilisa nayiphi na ingozi. Xa athabatha amagorha awileyo edabini awasa eValhalla, akhonza uMead aza awavuyisa ngendlela awayemhle ngayo. Kwakufuneka babe nyulu yaye bahlala eVingólf, ekufuphi neValhalla.
dwarves kunye neelves
Kuwona manani aziwayo kwiintsomi zamaNorse, la maqela mabini afunyenwe. Ngokuphathelele ama-dwarves, yayiluhlanga olwaphuhliswa kwiimpethu ezazidla isidumbu sikaYmir, xa wabulawa ngoothixo ekuqaleni kwexesha.
Babonakala ngokuhlala phantsi komhlaba, ngokukodwa kwi-Svartalfheim, kunye nokusebenzelana ikakhulu kwimigodi kunye nesinyithi. Kananjalo banobulumko obufihliweyo nobungcwele, abathi ngabo benza izixhobo zomlingo ezinikwe amagorha kunye nezinto zamandla amakhulu kwizithixo.
Ngokuphathelele ii-elves, ezikwabizwa ngokuba zii-alphas, ngexesha laseScandinavia kwakukho iindidi ezimbini, ezazizii-alphas ezikhanyayo, ezaziwa ngokuba yi-ljósálfar, ehlala esibhakabhakeni, kunye neealpha ezimnyama, ezaziwa ngokuba yi-svartálfar.
Enyanisweni, abazange bathathwe njengeelves, kodwa njengabalinganiswa abafana nama-dwarves, ngoko babengumanyano phakathi kwezi zibini. Kwamanye amabali eentsomi zamaNorse, kuchazwa ukuba kwakukho umfanekiso obekekileyo weeelves ezinde nezihle, ezathi kamva zaziwa njengezincinane nezikhohlakeleyo.
Kukho iintsomi apho ezi zidalwa zihlobene namadoda ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, kuba zazibangela izigulo kuzo okanye zinokubathanda. Kwakhona babenomthendeleko wokubingelela owawuqhubeka ekupheleni kwekwindla, owawubizwa ngokuba yialphalot.
Amarhamncwa
Omnye wabalinganiswa ababalaseleyo kwiintsomi zamaNorse yingcuka iFenrir, eyayinobukhulu obukhulu, kunye nenyoka yolwandle iJormungandr, eyayijikeleze ihlabathi. Bobabini bade bachazwa njengenzala kaLoki kunye ne-giantess Angrboda.
Kwakukho nezinye izidalwa zolu hlobo kwiintsomi zamaNorse, apho uHugin noMunin bagqamayo, benxulunyaniswa nengcinga nenkumbulo. Ngawaphi amahlungulu amabini awayenawo u-Odin kwaye amsebezela oko kwenzekayo ehlabathini, emva kokulihamba.
Esinye sezidalwa zaseNorse mythology, ekhankanywe ngasentla, yiRatatosk, eyayiyi-squirrel ekhwela iingcambu zomthi weYggdrasil, apho u-Odin wayexhonywe emasebeni ayo iintsuku ezisithoba emva koko waqaphela ii-runes.
Ukufana nezinye iintsomi
Enye yeempawu eziphambili zeentsomi zenkcubeko nganye kukuba uninzi lwazo luhlala luzalana, ngakumbi ukufana kwabalinganiswa babo kunye nentsomi yamaNorse yenye yazo. Noko ke, kule meko akuzange kwenzeke ukujamelana okuqhelekileyo kokulungileyo nokubi kwesithethe soMbindi Mpuma, ekubeni izithixo namandla eziwamelayo zazahlukile, zingoothixo babemi baseScandinavia njengamagunya.
Ngale ndlela, uLoki wayengengomchasi ncam wezithixo, izigebenga zazingembi maxa wambi, zomelele kwaye zingaphucukanga. Ngoko ke, la mabali akachazi okulungileyo ngokuchasene nobubi, kodwa kunoko ulungelelwano ngokuchasene nesiphithiphithi. Ukuba zizithixo ezo zinxulunyaniswa nocwangco kunye nolwakhiwo, ngelixa izigebenga kunye nezilo ezikhulu zinxulumene nesiphithiphithi kunye nokuphazamiseka.
Abanye oothixo noothixokazi beentsomi zamaNorse nabo banxulumene neentsomi ezibalaseleyo, kunye nesiGrike kunye namaRoma, umahluko wokuba ngamnye kubo ugxile kwinkcubeko yabo.
IVoluspá
Into ehlobene nemvelaphi nekamva leentsomi zamaNorse zehlabathi ichazwa koko bayibiza ngokuba yiVoluspá. Lo ngumbongo we-Poetic Edda, apho ibali lendalo libonakaliswa kude kube sekupheleni, phantsi kwenkcazo ye-volva okanye imboni, ejoliswe ku-Odin.
Ngale ndlela, yenye yeembongo eziphambili ze-Poetic Edda, apho indinyana nganye yenziwe ngamabali eentsomi zaseNorse. Ngoko u-Odin wadibanisa umoya we-volva efileyo waza wamyalela ukuba enze isityhilelo sexesha elidlulileyo kunye nekamva.
ookumkani namagorha
Ukongeza kwaba balinganiswa bakhankanywe ngasentla, intsomi yaseNorse ikwachaza amabali amaqhawe nookumkani. Uninzi lwabo ngabo badala iziduko kunye nezikumkani, kukho abo bathelela kwinto yokuba ezinye zazo zisenokuba zazikho kumaxesha amandulo.
Ngamnye uchazwa ngokuxhomekeke kummandla welizwe lamaJamani eligutyungelwayo. Phakathi kwazo kukho:
- Siegfried: ekwabizwa ngokuba nguSigurd, owabulala inamba waza wahlamba igazi layo, waba ngongenakufa.
- Weyland: Ekwabizwa ngokuba yiVolundr, ethathwa ngokuba yingcibi yengcibi kunye nengcibi, amabali akhe achazwe kwiPoetic Edda nakweminye imithombo yemibongo yaseJamani.
- Bodvar Bjarky-Omnye wabasebenzi abaqeshwe nguHrólfr Kraki, umlo weViking ukusuka kwi-Age of Vendel.
- hagbard: kwakhona iViking evela eScandinavia kwiVendel Era, umntakwabo Haki kunye nenzala kaHamun. Kwamanye amabali uchazwa njengokumkani waselwandle wasentsomini yamaNorse.
- starkad: elinye lamaqhawe eViking, elichazwe ngokugxininisa kwiGesta Danorum kunye ne-Icelandic sagas.
- URagnar Lodbrok: UKumkani waseNorway, waseSweden, nowaseDenmark owayelawula ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX.
- Sigurd Ring: Inkosi yaseSweden kunye neDenmark.
- Ivar Vidfamne: ukumkani waseSweden, eNorway, eDenmark, eSagonia nakwezinye iindawo zaseNgilani.
- UHarald Hiditonn: UKumkani weSweden yangoku, iDenmark, iNorway, kunye nezinye iindawo eJamani.
- Skaldmos: abafazi ababengamagorha, abaziwa ngokuba ngamaqhawekazi.
Ukuba ubunomdla kulwazi olukweli nqaku, unokuba nomdla wokwazi malunga neentsomi zeCeltic.