Yonke inkcubeko yakudala inenkqubo yeemfundiso, ingcamango yendalo iphela kunye nehlabathi, ukuhlanganiswa koothixo bokunqulwa kunye nombono ongaqondakaliyo wendawo ehlala abantu emhlabeni; le nkqubo idla ngokuboniswa ngamabali, yiyo loo nto siya kufuna ukwazi ingcinga ye intsomi yamaMaya.
intsomi yamaMaya
Iintsomi zamaMaya, njengezinye iinkcubeko zaseMesoamerican, zibonakaliswa ngokuba neenkolelo ezibanzi, isizathu esithethelela i-polytheism. Iinkolelo zabo zisekwe kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, ngokukodwa ngaphambi kwewaka leminyaka yokuqala ye-BC, into eqinisekisiweyo kunye nokwakhiwa kweetempile zokuqala zale mpucuko, apho imibhalo eyahlukeneyo yafunyanwa apho ngumzekelo wezithixo zabo.
Le mpucuko ibisoloko igcina isithethe sokusonga kunye nokuseka iinkolelo zayo zonqulo kunye neziqinisekiso kwizizukulwana ezitsha, ijonge indlela yokuyenza ihlale ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yabo yenkolelo yabandezeleka ngokungafaniyo, ngenxa yobukho beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo zaseMesoamerican, kwakusele kuxhaphake kakhulu ukuba phakathi kweenkcubeko, nangona zahluke kakhulu kwixesha kunye noluntu, babelane ngeenkonzo. , amasiko, izithethe namasiko; enye yezona mfundiso zibalaseleyo zamaMaya.
Nangona kunjalo, aba bantu bakhulu bagcina iminyaka emininzi izithethe ezikhethekileyo kunye nezihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zikhona kwimpumelelo yazo njengoluntu, kwaye le yinto yokuncoma kwilifa labo elakhelwe ihlabathi.
Izixhobo
Nangona ukuwa kwale mpucuko ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ngenxa yezizathu ezingekaqinisekiswa, apho bashiya izixeko zabo eziphambili, imimandla kunye nezakhiwo ezihlala zigcina imibhalo yazo kunye nemiboniso eqingqwe ngamatye embali yabo, izithixo, iinkolelo okanye ezinye iintsomi zaseMayan; le mpucuko okanye uluntu owasala kuyo feverishly waqhubeka ukugcina izithethe, izithethe kunye neenkolelo, nangona ukuba abayi kuqhubeka ukushiya irekhodi yembali kunye neentsomi zabo.
Imimandla ephawulwe yiMayan Mythology
Iinkolelo kunye nezithethe zamaMayans zinokubonwa kwii-relics kunye nezakhiwo ezisahlala kwizixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo eziye zaphuhliswa ngexesha le-post-classical, kwimimandla esemantla eMexico, ezi zifumaneka eYucatan, ezinempembelelo enkulu unxweme lweGulf kunye nemimandla esembindini yaseMexico; ngelixa emazantsi ngokukodwa eGuatemala, ngeli xesha ukwakhiwa kwale mpucuko yayimbalwa kakhulu.
Xa abahlali baseSpain benza ubukho kule mimandla, apho bamisela izenzo zonqulo ezinxulumene nobuKristu kunye nobuKatolika kubantu bomthonyama, inkcubeko yamaMaya yakwazi ukubambelela kwimbali, izithethe kunye nenkolo yayo, idlulisela olu lwazi kwikamva, ikwazi ukuzigcina. nangoku eMexico. .
ingxelo yeenkolelo
Njengazo zonke iinkcubeko zaseMesoamerican, inkcubeko yamaMeya yatshutshiswa kwaye yathotywa ixesha elide yiSpeyin, ngenxa nje yokuba nenkqubo yayo yokholo; Uluntu lwamaMaya olwasinda kule ngcinezelo, lwakuba lwamkele ubuKristu ngendlela ethile, lwakwazi ukugcina ubuni babo bungqinwa kakuhle yimbali yenkcubeko neenkolelo zalo.
Ilifa le-Mayan liye lahlala ixesha elide, njengoko liye laziwa ngemibhalo eyahlukeneyo ye-epigraphic ukuba le mpucuko ishiye kwizakhiwo zayo apho ngokubanzi babonisa imixholo enxulumene nezikhumbuzo ze-dynastic kunye nokulandelelana; ngokunjalo, kwiitekisi ezintathu kuphela Mayan kunye nenxalenye yesine ezinokuthi zigcinwe kwaye zigcinwe ukutyhubela iminyaka.
Akusekho nkcazelo yenyama yale mpucuko kunye neyezinye iinkcubeko, ekhuthazwa kukuba ngexesha le koloni, ngemiyalelo kaBhishophu u-Diego de Landa ngo-1562, iinzame zenziwa ukuphelisa ngokutshisa nayiphi na inkcubeko kunye nenkolo. irekhodi yamaMayans kunye nezinye impucuko, iMesoamerican, ukuze izalisekise injongo yayo yokubakhokelela kwiindlela zobuKristu.
Ulwazi nolwazi esinalo ngamaMaya lulinganiselwe kakhulu, ngaphandle kwengxelo encinane ebhaliweyo noko kunokuboniswa zizixeko zawo; irekhodi, amabali, iinkolelo kunye nezithethe ekwabelwana ngomlomo ngabemi bomthonyama emva koloni, zezona zenze ulwazi olusondeleyo ukwazi nokuqonda le nkcubeko yamandulo.
Imbono yehlabathi yeMayan Mythology
I-Worldview ye-Mayan bubutyebi benkcubeko ngaphaya kokuqonda kwethu okunengqiqo; Kuyo, ukukhulelwa kwamaMayans kwenziwa ngoku ngamabali entsomi malunga nemvelaphi yendalo yonke, ihlabathi, oothixo balo kunye nabantu, ukubonelela ngolwazi olufanelekileyo malunga nendlela ubomi obuvezwe ngayo ngokudibanisa nazo zonke ezi zinto.
Ngoku, ukuze ube nomfanekiso ocacileyo wendlela amaMayans akhulelwe ngayo isakhiwo sento yonke kunye nehlabathi eliya kuba yiyo, imifanekiso efakwe kwii-codices ze-postclassic, ngokukodwa i-Chilam Balam, kunye nemithombo eyahlukeneyo yamakholoni, i-cosmogony yamaMeya. apho babecinga ukuba kukho iindlela ezintlanu eziphambili:
- mantla
- on
- Este
- Oeste
- Centro
Kwaye kumbindi ngamnye wale mimandla kwakukho umthi ongcwele (umthi we<em>ceiba ) onentaka yasezulwini phezu kwawo, apho wawukwabelwa umbala othile ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- ebomvu empuma
- emhlophe emantla
- mnyama entshona
- tyheli emazantsi
Iimbombo zone ezimele le ndalo iphela ngokulandelelana zazixhaswa ziiBacabob ezine, eneneni yayingoothixo aba-4 ababethunywe kukugcina isibhakabhaka phezulu sahluliwe kumphezulu, ukuze singawohloki nangaliphi na ixesha; ezi zichongwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Zac-cimi esemantla
- Hosan-ek ukwenzela iNtshona
- hobnil emazantsi
- Canzicnal ngasempuma
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kwisicatshulwa esisekwe njengesalathiso kwaba thixo, sikhankanya isiprofeto esibonisa oku kulandelayo:
"Isibhakabhaka siya kudilika kwaye siwele phezu komhlaba, apho iiBacabob zikhoyo, abo bathintela intlekele yeplanethi yethu."
Kwicala lamaMayya, kwakukho intlonelo enkulu kwaba thixo, ngakumbi abo babehlala kwimimandla yaseYucatan; Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba kukho abaphandi abavakalisa inkolelo yabo kubukho be-bacab yesihlanu eyayisembindini kwaye yayimele umbala oluhlaza.
Ukongeza, esi sakhiwo sahlulahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba amathathu awayemelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Umhlaba wawusemva kwengwenya (Itzam Cab Ain)
- Ihlabathi eliphezulu okanye izulu (Oxlahuntikú)
- Umhlaba wangaphantsi (Xibalba)
La manqanaba mathathu adityaniswe ngomthi ongcwele we-ceiba (Yaxché). Ihlabathi eliphezulu libuye lenziwe ngamanqanaba alishumi elinesithathu alawulwa liqela lezithixo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Oxlahuntikú "oothixo abalishumi elinesithathu", ababethathwa njengothixo omnye kwaye kwangaxeshanye oothixo abalishumi elinesithathu. Nganye kwiinqwelomoya ezilishumi elinesithathu zineempawu zayo kwaye kunye zenza ihlabathi eliphezulu lomoya; amandla angaphezulu alishumi elinesithathu asetyenziswa ekuthandazeni kwinkalo yawo yoothixo.
Emva koko, i-underworld (i-xibalbá) yakhiwe ngamacandelo e-9, apho icandelo ngalinye lilawulwa ngomnye weenkosi ezisithoba ze-underworld; abemi bale ndawo bagqalwa njengeentshaba zoluntu, ekubeni ngokuqhelekileyo bezisa izifo nokufa kwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.
Oothixo baseMayan Mythology
I-Pantheon ye-Mayan yoothixo yi-aggregate ye-anthropomorphic omnipotences ekhoyo eyayihlala inxulumene namandla angaqondakaliyo e-animistic. Njengoluntu, izixeko ezikude zomnqophiso ezaziwa ngokuba ngamaMaya ezopolitiko okanye amaziko amandla abelana ngazo zonke izithixo, kodwa izithixo ezithile zachongwa ngamaziko athile amaMaya okanye iintsapho zabalawuli bezo zixeko.
Oothixo babenamandla onke, kodwa asingabo bonke ababedunyiswa. Iintsomi ezahlukeneyo zale nkcubeko, eziqulethwe ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX uPopol Vuh, zatyhila indlela ababenokuba nenkohlakalo ngayo nabangenabuntu, baqhathwe, benzakaliswe, okanye bade babulawe ngabantu abakrelekrele okanye izithixo ezifana namawele angamaGorha.
Ngokweengxelo zamakholoniyali, kwakukho inqwanqwa loothixo, i-Itzamná isentloko. Kule nkcubeko kukho oothixo abaninzi abaneziteketiso ezininzi kunye nobuninzi bobuso, okwenza kube nzima ukukhomba ngokuthe ngqo ukuba bangaphi oothixo baseMaya: mhlawumbi ubuncinane be-200 okanye ngaphezulu. Phakathi koothixo esinokuthi sibabize kwiintsomi zaseMayan sinazo:
Izamna
Wayexatyiswa ngokuba nguthixo wesibhakabhaka siphela, wanikwa imbopheleleko yokukhusela inzululwazi, ukubhala ngokukodwa ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi apho amaMayans ayegqwesa; Ukwabizwa ngokuba nguthixo wobulumko, uthixo wemini nobusuku, kunye nomoya wobomi bendalo yonke osebenzisa isiphithiphithi kwindalo. Ukongezelela, wabonwa njengothixo wamaMaya ofuzisela amandla adala amanzi.
hunab ku
Unguthixo ekuthiwa akabonakali, akakho yaye ukho kuyo yonke indawo; Kwakhona kuthiwa wayengumdali wendalo iphela, umhlaba nomntu kunye ne-Itzamná.
Pawahtun
Okwabizwa ngokuba nguBacab, sisithixo sequadripartite esifumaneka kwiimbombo zone zehlabathi ebambe zombini izulu nomhlaba, aba bamelwe njengabadala ababebizwa ngokuba nguZac-cimi, Hosan-ek, Hobnil kunye noCanzicnal.
yhu kax
Yayisisithixo esinxibelelene nezolimo, ngakumbi umbona; uyilo lwalo thixo lunxulumene nezigaba ezahlukeneyo zokukhula kombona.
kawuil
Lo yayinguthixo wamaMaya wombane kwaye, kwi-iconography yakudala yamaMaya, abalawuli bale mpucuko bahlala bembona ephethe intonga, ukwabonwa ngesipili ebunzi apho kuphuma izembe, impumlo ephezulu kunye nenyoka. njengomnye wemilenze yakhe.
Isiphithiphithi
Lo thixo wayehlonitshwa ngokuba ngumbane, iindudumo kunye nokwandiswa kwemvula namanzi, ngoko kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukuba kuzuze ezolimo.
ek yhu
Wayesisithixo somrhwebi kwaye ekwangumxhasi wecocoa, amaMayans ammela ngombala omnyama nomhlophe ngeempumlo zakhe ezinde kunye nomlomo wakhe ongezantsi ojingayo, oqhele ukuthwala ingxowa yentengiso emqolo.
yum kimil
Lo thixo wayemele ukufa kunye nehlabathi eliphantsi phakathi kwamaMayans, elalimelwe ngentloko yamathambo ngokupheleleyo.
ix chel
Wayenguthixokazi wenzala, wokuzala nokuphilisa. Olunye ubonakaliso lwakhe lwaluyi-Chak Chel «I-Rainbow enkulu» emele njengebhinqa elidala; Ukongeza, wayekwagqalwa njengengcwele engumxhasi wokuluka. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, ungumfazi ka-Itzamná.
Ixbalanque kunye neHunahpu
Amawele amawele, amaqhawe aseMayan mythology, intsomi yabo iqala ngebali likayise nomalume wabo, kunye nokufa kwabo bobabini kwelabafileyo ezandleni zeeNkosi zale ndawo; apho aba bhuti baphindezela ukufa kukayise nomalume wabo ngokoyisa iiNkosi zobumnyama ngomdlalo webhola. La mawele aboniswa njengabafana abahle, abadla ngokunxiba iiqhiya ezimhlophe kunye neempawu zoothixo. I-Hunahpú igqunywe ngamachokoza amnyama, ngelixa i-Ixbalanqué inamabala esikhumba sejaguar.
Kukulkan
Lo thixo wayenxulunyaniswa nokunyuka kweChichen Itza ngexesha leTerminal Classic kunye neMayapan kwiPostclassic. Ukunqulwa kweNyoka Eneentsiba ngamaMaya kwachatshazelwa ngamandla lihlelo likaQuetzalcoatl, elaqala kumbindi weMexico laza lasasazeka kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica.
Xtabay
Yayisisithixo esinxulumene nokuhenda, ukuzibulala. AmaMayans ayedla ngokumenza umntu njengesidumbu esibolileyo esinamehlo avaliweyo, sijonge emthini.
Buluc Chabtan
Unguthixo wamaMaya wemfazwe, ubundlobongela kunye nokufa ngequbuliso (ungabhidaniswa nokufa okuqhelekileyo njengoko kunothixo wayo).
Chac Bolay
UThixo ufakwe kwinyama yejaguar, umzimba wayo ugutyungelwe ngamabala, intloko yakhe yeyejaguar, amazinyo e-incisor aphume ngathi ngamazinyo nanjengeenwele ezisecaleni, kuba amaMaya esi silwanyana sasifanekisela ukomelela namandla kwimpucuko.
Hun-Hunahpu
Eyaziwa njengomnye woothixo bombona, unguyise ka-Ixbalanqué kunye noHunahpú owaphindezela ukufa kwakhe waza wabuyisela intloko yakhe kunye neyomntakwabo uVucub Hunahpú, waphinda waphinda wabuyela ebomini njengombona, apho achongwa njengombona. uthixo uyafa aphile.
ixquic
Unguthixo wenyanga yegazi kunye nomgcini weentombi; Ukwayintombi endala kaCuchumaquic, umntu omnyama we-12 ye-Xibalbá kunye nomama kaHunahpú kunye no-Xbalanqué.
Ixmucane
Ngoothixo abalishumi elinesithathu abathabatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni komntu ngokohlobo olunye lwentsomi; Ukwangugogo wamaqhawe omzalwana odumileyo, owathi kunye nomyeni wakhe uXpiayoc wavelisa abantu ngombona; Bajongwa njengezithixo ezindala kunye nezilumkileyo ze-pantheon yaseMayan.
Ah bantakwethu
Isithixo esinenkalo yothixo welanga (Kinich Ahau), oku kulawula imbalela nezifo (ekwaziwa ngokuba nguAh-Kinchil).
Inkanyamba
Eyaziwa ngokuba "yiNtliziyo yezulu" kunye "nomlenze omnye", u-Huracán nguthixo wesiphango. Kwi-Popol Vuh, ungumsunguli ophezulu wehlabathi ohlalutya malunga nobukho, inxalenye yemvelaphi yabantu kwaye ithumela umkhukula omkhulu ukutshabalalisa indalo yakhe engaphantsi. Ngapha koko, waziwa njengeNkosi yeSiqhwithi yaye ugqalwa njengomnye woothixo (ngamanye amaxesha okuphela kothixo) owazisa umlilo ebantwini.
Tepeu
Iyinxalenye yesethi yoothixo abasukayo, le nto yayiyinxalenye kunye noGucumatz kunye noHuracán, ekudalweni kwabantu.
Izilwanyana zaseMayan zasentsomini
Ukususela ekuqaleni kweenkcubeko ezibalulekileyo zehlabathi, izilwanyana bezisoloko zikhona kwiinkolelo zoluntu. Aba ngabemi besi sijikelezi-langa kudala ngaphambi kwabantu; ke ngoko, babedla ngokuwalawula onke amahlathi, amahlathi neelwandle.
Izilwanyana zazibonwa zilingana nobuntu, zineemvakalelo nobuntu. Ngezi nkolelo, unxulumano lwentlonipho nokuhlonelwa kolunye uhlobo lwasekwa kangangamawaka eminyaka. Inkcubeko yamaMaya yayihlala engqongwe ngamahlathi ashinyeneyo anezityalo ezininzi; Ngesi sizathu, indalo ithande ukuhlalisana kwayo nazo zonke iindidi zezilwanyana, amacilikishe, iikati ezinkulu, amawaka eentaka kunye nezilwanyana zasemanzini.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba zininzi kangakanani na iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo, amaMayans anxulumene kakhulu neenkolelo zabo zonqulo, ulwazi lweenkwenkwezi, ubugcisa kunye norhwebo; umsebenzi ngamnye okhethekileyo wokudibanisa izulu, umhlaba, nomhlaba wangaphantsi wawusenzelwa isilwanyana esahlukileyo.
- Macaw: Umlilo welanga eliphumayo wawunxulumene nemibala yeentsiba zemacaw ebomvu.
- Jaguar: zalawula ubumnyama bobusuku entshinyeleni; Esi sesinye sezona zilwanyana zingumfuziselo welizwe lamaMaya, isidalwa esihle nesihle esikwamele awona magorha abalaseleyo kunye neendidi eziphezulu zoluntu. UBhalam uthetha ijaguar ngolwimi lwaseMayan kwaye ikwalelo gama lisetyenziswayo ukubhekisa kubabingeleli ababalaseleyo abafunda isigidimi soothixo.
- Ingcungcu: nangona ubukhulu bayo, buxabiswa kakhulu kwiinkolelo zamaMaya; Ibali libonisa ukuba zithwele iingcamango ezilungileyo kuphela phakathi koluntu.
- IMariposa: bamele amagorha anamandla namagorha abulewe edabini.
- UQuetzal: (ihlonishwa kwaye yamkelwa njengenye yeentaka ezintle zaseMelika) yayiluphawu lobomi kunye nokuchuma; Ukwahlukaniswa kwale ntaka kwakungangokuba amaMeya akwalela ukuzingela. Kunoko, amaMaya ayedla ngokuwabamba ngenxa yeentsiba zawo ezimibalabala ukwenza iimpahla nezihombiso zeerhuluneli, azithabatha aze azithumele simahla; iintsiba zezi ntaka ziyakhula.
- Izikhova: yayingabagcini behlathi ebusuku; Iinkolelo zixelele ukuba ziyayazi indlela yokufikelela kwi "Xibalbá", ihlabathi lokufa. UThixo wokufa wabanyula ukuba babe ngamadlelane abo; ke ngoko, ubulumko kunye nokucacisa yayiluphawu lwezikhova.
- Iibots: babengabagadi bemiqolomba kunye neesenti; ezi zilwanyana nazo zazinxulumene nokufa, amadini nobumnyama.
- Inyoka: imele ihlabathi elisemhlabeni kunye nolwazi loluntu; enyanisweni, zigqalwa njengesimntwiso selanga. Sisilwanyana esigqithileyo kuzo zonke iinkcubeko zaseMesoamerican, ezifana neMayans, Toltec kunye nama-Aztec. Ikwayenye yezona nkolelo zibalulekileyo kwezi nkonzo lihlelo likaQuetzalcoatl okanye iKukulcán, inyoka enentsiba eyehla emhlabeni.
- Inja: kwingingqi zabo kukho inja yomthonyama ebizwa Xoloitzcuintle; omsebenzi wawukukukhusela nokukhokela umphefumlo wenkosi yakhe endleleni eya eXibalbá.
Kukho ezinye izilwanyana ezazigqalwa njengomlingo, umzekelo ixhama elalinokuzingelwa kuphela ngabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu, kuba inyama yalo yayifanele ukuba ineziphumo zobugqi. Ngoku lixesha lokuya elwandle, apho amafudo ayengabagcini bolwandle.Iqokobhe labo lalimele uMhlaba. Enyanisweni, uPawahtún, uthixo ongumdali wendalo iphela uyavela kwiCodex nakwimizobo eseludongeni enxibe iqokobhe likafudo; ubomi obude kunye neendudumo yayiziintsingiselo ezinxulumene nofudo.
Ukugqiba, uhambo ngalunye kwinkcubeko yamaMaya kunye neentsomi lulandela i-destiny ngaphakathi komjikelo wendalo; apho sonke siyinxalenye epheleleyo.
Iimpawu kunye neempawu zeentsomi zamaMaya
AmaMaya ayengomnye wempucuko yamandulo embalwa eyadala eyabo inkqubo yokubhala; ngoko ke iisimboli zayo okanye ii-hieroglyphs ziyimvelaphi yesi sizwe esikuMbindi waseMelika; uninzi lwezinye impucuko ezibolekwe kwiinkqubo zokubhala esele zikhona.
UmMelika uJohn Lloyd Stephens kunye neNgesi uFrederick Catherwood ngabo abafumana imiqondiso yokuqala yamaMaya ngo-1839; yaye kwaba ngowe-1973 apho intsingiselo yawo yaqondwa. Oku kufunyenweyo kukhokelela ekuqondeni ukuba le miqondiso inokusetyenziswa ngokuzimeleyo ukubonisa igama, okanye iisimboli ezinonobumba abancinane zinokusetyenziswa kunye ukwenza igama elipheleleyo.
Gcina ukhumbule ukuba kungakhathaliseki ukuba abaphengululi, abavubukuli kunye nososayensi baye bafumanisa kangakanani malunga nenkcubeko yamaMeya, kusekho into engaziwayo; Iifom zamaMaya ubukhulu becala aziqondakali. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-3.000 kamva, kuye kwenzeka ukuba uzame ukwakha kwakhona nokuqonda iintsingiselo zaba bantu bakudala ngemiqondiso yabo, phakathi kwabo:
Jaguar
Ibheji yokukhuthaza, ubuthixo kunye negunya lehlabathi, oko kukuthi, ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinto, umntu onamandla wamandla kwinkcubeko yamaMaya kunye neentsomi. Ebusuku, uthixo wejaguar wayeya kuyalela umhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba wamaMaya, ngemini awayehambahamba ngayo esibhakabhakeni sasekuseni ukusuka empuma ukuya entshona, ebuyela kwelabafileyo ngorhatya; imikhosi yendalo yonke yemini nobusuku kubukumkani bejaguar. Isimboli sesizinda esibalaseleyo kuzo zonke izinto zasezulwini, kunye nophawu oluphezulu lokuthembela nobunkokeli.
Ukhozi
Ukhozi lufanekisela ingcinga ecamngcayo. Xa kugxininiswe, lo mqondiso wamaMaya unceda ukufikelela kubulumko bangaphakathi; Eyaziwayo ngamandla ayo okucaca, lo mqondiso uququzelela ukugxila kwengqondo ecacileyo. Emva kwexesha, ukugxila kwiimpawu zommeli wokhozi lwesimboli saseMeya kuya kuvula indlela ephezulu okanye i-telepathic acuity. Ama-Eagles nawo aluphawu loluntu kunye nomanyano lwentsebenziswano phakathi kweqela elihlukeneyo.
UMurciélago
Igama lesiMayan lelulwane ngu "zotz." Ilulwane limele umgcini wehlabathi langaphantsi. Kananjalo umfuziselo othandabuzekayo, otyebileyo kwizinto ezimbini, unqulwa ngenxa yokulawula kwawo ubumnyama, nomqondiso onamandla wokuphawula ngokuchasene neentshaba; Kwintsomi yamaMaya, kwazotywa umgca omhle kakhulu phakathi kwengcamango yokulungileyo nokubi.
Oko kukuthi, okulungileyo nokubi kwabonwa ngokupheleleyo endaweni yokwahlulwa okuphawulweyo. Ngenxa yoko, ilulwane lalinqulwa ngenxa yeempawu zalo ezimnyama nezilula; babonisa ngokubanzi ilulwane loMbindi Merika elinempumlo ende, eyayixhaphakile kulo mmandla kwaye yabalaseliswa kwiiglyphs zabo zamaMaya.
Umhlaba
Iquka i-oscillation kunye nohlengahlengiso lwendalo; lo mahluko wamaMaya ugxininisa kuthi ukuba kukho amandla amakhulu asebenzayo, kwaye i-metamorphoses yethu (ngokusisiseko ngamaxesha anzima) kufuneka iqhutywe ngomonde. Isimboli somhlaba, xa sigxininisekile, siya kukunceda ukuba uzibeke kwindawo yakho njengoko ungena nzulu kwiintshukumo zeengcinga zakho zangaphakathi ukwenza utshintsho olufunayo.
NguNoche
Isimboli sokulinganisela kunye nokuphumla kunye nenjongo yoxolo. Imele ukubeka iingxaki ecaleni kwaye uzivumele ukuba zihlale de umoya wakho ulungele ukuzikhupha kwakhona ukuze ucamngce; ikwaluphawu lokunikezela. Ubusuku bumele ingubo okanye isithunzi esithotyiweyo ukuze i-subconscious okanye umoya wangaphakathi wenze umsebenzi wawo, ngelixa izenzo zenyama kufuneka zithuliswe kwaye zithotywe ngelixa lo msebenzi wangaphakathi usenziwa.
Sol
Uphawu olubalulekileyo kwiintsomi zamaMaya zokuphakama, ukukhanya, kunye nobulumko; ukugxila kulo mfuziselo kunika ukukhanya. Ilanga lalixatyiswe kakhulu yinkcubeko yamaMaya kunye neentsomi. Oku kwavuselela isivuno esinenzuzo kwaye oku kwavela ngexesha lemveliso enkulu. Ngaphakathi, ilanga livelisa imveliso yefilosofi; Ukuzisa ilanga kukucamngca kwethu kufudumala ukuqonda kwethu kwaye kuvumela ubungcwele bethu ukuba buchume.
Olu phawu lwaziwa ngokuba nguAhau kwaye lunokutolikwa njenge "master". Iyavakala indlela ukuqonda xa kuthelekiswa nokukhanya; kule meko, ukukhanya kolwazi (ukuqonda) kuthululwa ngumfundisi okhanyiselweyo okanye umcebisi.
Popol Vuh
IPopol Vuh yinguqulelo yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yebali lendalo leK'iche Maya nguFrancisco Ximénez waseDominican. Ekuqaleni igcinwe ngesithethe somlomo, iPopol Vuh, eguqulela ngokuthi "iNcwadi yeBhunga," yabhalwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX. IPopol Vuh yenziwe ngamacandelo amahlanu:
- Intshayelelo echaza injongo yale ncwadi.
- Inxalenye 1, yingxelo yokudalwa kwehlabathi nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, ingakumbi iimvavanyo ezininzi zoothixo bokudala abantu.
- Icandelo 2, libalisa indlela amawele angamaHero abulala ngayo idemon yentaka uVucub Caquix kunye nabantwana bakhe.
- Icandelo 3, ibali likayise kunye nomalume we-Hero Twins Hun Hunahpú kunye ne-Xbalanqué: indlela abaye bakhohliswa ngayo oothixo behlabathi elingaphantsi komhlaba kunye nendlela ababulawa ngayo ekugqibeleni. Oku kulandelwa yingxelo yobomi bokuqala bamawele amaHero kunye nokufuna kwabo ukuziphindezela kuyise.
- Icandelo 4, ligxininisa ebantwini.
Izithethe zenkolo yeentsomi zamaMaya
AmaMaya aziwa kakhulu ngemisitho yawo yonqulo emikhulu; unqulo lwaba nendima ebalulekileyo kubukho bukaMayan. AmaMayya ayekholelwa kwidini legazi ngenxa yesi sizathu ookumkani benza amasiko egazi kwinqanaba ngalinye lobomi, umcimbi ngamnye obalulekileyo wezopolitiko okanye wenkolo kunye neziphelo ezibalulekileyo zomjikelo wekhalenda; KumaMaya amandulo, isiqalo nesiphelo yayisisihlandlo somsitho.
Elona gazi lingcwele livela endlebeni naselulwimini, ngokugqobhoza iindlebe zabo amaMayya azivula ukuze aphulaphule izityhilelo zoothixo; ngokunqumla ulwimi lwabo, kuthiwa babekwazi ukuthetha oko bakuvileyo.
Unqulo lwamaMaya lwalusenza amadini ngabantu; Ezi zithethe zazisenzelwa ukwanelisa izithixo nokuqinisekisa ucwangco ehlabathini ngokoko kuqulethwe kwiintsomi zamaMaya. Ukongezelela, kwakukwakho nezithethe nemisitho eyahlukahlukeneyo eyayingqamana nezenzo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinjengomtshato, ukuvumisa nobhaptizo; ezizinkonzo ezinxulumene nemijikelo yonyaka, imijikelo yexesha nemisitho yokubingelelwa koothixo.
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeziyobisi neziselo ezinxilisayo zazisetyenziswa kule mibhiyozo; ukunxila kwakunxulumene noqheliselo oluxhaphakileyo lokuvumisa, isenzo esingokwesithethe esilungiselelwe ukuvumela unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo namandla athile angaphezu kwawemvelo, njengalawo umntu unokuwabona kwixesha elizayo. Imeko enxilileyo yayifanele inike ubani ingqiqo yokutolika izizathu zokugula, ilishwa nemozulu embi, phakathi kwezinye.
Ukudalwa kwehlabathi ngokutsho kwamaMaya
KwiPopol Vuh, intsomi yokudala idlala indima ebalulekileyo; Kule nto, amaMaya achaza indlela ihlabathi kunye nobomi obukulo obudalwe ngayo, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Oothixo ekuqaleni bavelisa umhlaba kunye nesibhakabhaka, ukuze kamva baqhubeke nezilwanyana kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, kunye neentaka kunye nezinye izinto eziphaphazelayo zobomi. Oothixo babefuna ukunyanzelwa, banqulwe yaye bakhunjulwe, kodwa izilwanyana zazingakwazi ukuthetha. Ngaloo ndlela, oothixo basilela kwimigudu yabo yokuqala. Yiyiphi enye indlela esinokucelwa ngayo kwaye sikhunjulwe ngayo ebusweni bomhlaba? Senze umzamo wethu wokuqala kumsebenzi wethu kunye noyilo, kodwa kwavela ukuba abazange bahlangabezane neentsuku zethu, kwaye abazange basizukise.
Ngenxa yoko, bavelisa ilinge lomntu, basebenza ngomhlaba nodaka ukwenza umzimba. Kwakhona, iinzame zakhe zokuqala zasilela njengoko umzimba wawunokuchithakala kwaye uqhekeke. Umzamo wakhe olandelayo wawubandakanya iinkuni, kwaye nangona ezimbini zangaphambili zasilela, lo waphumelela; wenziwa ngokunjalo umntu wokuqala.
Bazalwa, banda, baba neentombi noonyana, ezi dummies ziqingqwe ngomthi. Kodwa kwakungekho nto ezintliziyweni zabo kwaye kungekho nto ezingqondweni zabo, bengakhumbuli ingcibi yabo kunye nomakhi wabo, bahamba nje bahamba apho bafuna khona; ngoku babengayikhumbuli iNtliziyo yeZulu.
Oothixo babengekaneliseki kuba babefuna ukwenziwa izithixo, ngoko balutshabalalisa uluntu ngomkhukula omkhulu; kwiPopol Vuh umboniso okrwada kakhulu wentshabalalo uyaboniswa. Enye ingongoma ecebisayo ekuthethwa ngayo kule ncwadi kukuba iinkawu kuphela kwenzala yalo mzamo wesithathu wokudala amadoda.
Umzamo wesine kunye nowokugqibela ufumana umdla ngakumbi; Oku kubhalwe ukuba umbona oxutywe namanzi zizithako ezisetyenziselwa ukudala inyama yomntu. Abantu abane bokuqala ngamadoda okuqala amane kwesi sigaba sesine sendalo. Ngeli xesha izidalwa ezibunjwe ngoothixo zizinto zonke ezithembayo nangaphezulu: kungekhona nje amadoda amane okuqala athandaza kubadali babo, kodwa banombono ogqibeleleyo kwaye ngoko ke ulwazi olugqibeleleyo.
Oku kufezeka kwabothusa oothixo. Kucacile kwimibhalo kaPopol Vuh ukuba oothixo babengafuni ukuba ezi zidalwa zibe namandla okuba ngoothixo ngokwazo, kodwa zazifuna nje ukunciphisa amandla abantu ekunquleni nje. NgokukaPopol Vuh, yiloo nto abayifezileyo kwelo linge lesine nelokugqibela lokwenza umntu.
Oothixo bothuswa kukuba izidalwa ezidalwe ngabo zinamandla afana nothixo, ngoko bagqiba kwelokuba, emva kwencoko yabo eqhelekileyo, bawafake amehlo abantu. Emva koko benza abafazi abane kula madoda mane, kwaye kwezi zibini kuphuma iminombo ephambili yamaQuiche.
Isiphelo sehlabathi ngokutsho kwamaMaya
Ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, umntu uye waxela kwangaphambili ukuba njani, nini kwaye phi i-debacle epheleleyo yehlabathi njengoko siyazi namhlanje iya kwenzeka, kodwa iziprofeto malunga nenkcubeko yamaMaya kunye neentsomi ziye zachaneka kakhulu. Ezi ziprofeto zilandelayo zithetha ngongcelele lweziganeko eziya kwenzeka ngaphambi kokufika kwemini yokugqibela zize zitshayele uluntu.
isiprofeto sokuqala
Ugxininise ukuba kwiminyaka eli-13 phakathi kwe-1999 kunye ne-2012, i-luminescence ekhutshwa ngumnyele iya kulungelelaniswa nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo kwaye iya kubavumela ukuba bafikelele ngokuzithandela kwi-metamorphosis yangaphakathi ejoliswe kwizinto ezintsha.
isiprofeto sesibini
Emva koku ngasentla, ukuziphatha kobuntu kuya kutshintsha kakhulu emva kokusithwa kwelanga yilanga. Ngokutsho kwamaMayans, ngoku sijongene nexesha lokutshintsha ukwakha ixesha elitsha kwimbali yoluntu.
isiprofeto sesithathu
Oku kuphakamisa ukuba ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo okushisa kunye nokuziphatha komntu ongekho ngokwemvelo, izibonda ziya kuqala ukunyibilika, umoya ongakumbi welanga uya kuveliswa, ukuqhuma okukhulu kwe-coronal kuya kwenzeka, kwaye iplanethi iya kulahlekelwa ubomi.
isiprofeto sesine
Utshintsho lwemozulu, ijoloji kunye nentlalo luya kwenzeka oluya kutshabalalisa imvisiswano phakathi komntu nendalo; oku kuya kwenza indalo kamama ingabinankathalo ngabantu.
isiprofeto sesihlanu
AmaMayans agxininise ukuba umntu uya kuyeka ukwenza irhamncwa kwaye ajongane naye, kuya kufuneka alungelelanise uluntu ngokusekwe kwindaleko ye-harmonic.
isiprofeto sesithandathu
Ihlabathi lenzondo kunye nokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo liya kuphela kunye nokupheliswa koloyiko, ekubeni uluntu lwaluneminyaka eyi-13 ukusuka kwi-22/12/2012 ukuguqula ingqondo kunye nendlela yokubakho, kodwa ayikagcini ukuhambelana kwayo neplanethi. Iimfazwe zommeli ngoku ziphezu kokutya kunye namanzi kwaye izizwe zibonakala zingenabemi.
isiprofeto sesixhenxe
Ngomhla weshumi elinesithathu ngoDisemba 22, 2012, inkqubo yelanga ishiya ukukhanya ukuze kungene kwixesha lasebusuku kumnyele. Umntu uya kuphelelwa ngamandla kunye nezityalo kwaye inani labantu liya kwanda ukusuka kumawaka ukuya kumakhulu ambalwa.
Iindawo ezingcwele zaseMayan mythology
Imfihlelo yempucuko yamaMaya kunye neentsomi yenze ukuba ukufunda kwayo kukhuthale ngakumbi; le mpucuko yayifuna iindawo eziphakamileyo zokunqula izithixo zayo, ezibizwa ngokuba ziindawo ezingcwele nezingaqondakaliyo. Phakathi kwezo zibalaseleyo:
Palenque
Namhlanje igqalwa njengendawo enendibano enkulu engaqondakaliyo kunazo zonke iindawo ezingcwele; Yindawo engcwele kuba ibizwa ngokuba lingcwaba lenye yezona rhuluneli zibalulekileyo nezidumileyo kwimpucuko yamaMaya, uLord Pakal, ekuthiwa waphila phakathi ko-615 no-683 AD. Oku kugqama ngokubaluleka kwayo kuba ifunyenwe kwisarcophagus apho igama lakhe libhalwe ngesandla kwilitye lentloko.
Xel Hayi
KwiCaribbean, kanye elunxwemeni lwayo, yiMayan Rivera eyaziwayo minyaka le itsala amawaka kunye namawaka abakhenkethi eMexico, ngakumbi kwiPeninsula yaseYucatan. I-Xel Há ibizwa ngokuba "yi-water inlet".
Chichen Itza
Esinye isiza esingcwele esiye safumana ukubaluleka okukhulu, apho abembi bezinto zakudala bagqiba ubuhle bayo obukhethekileyo kunye nembonakalo entle eqingqwe kakuhle kwaye yasebenza.
Kabah
Kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba zonke iindawo ezingcwele zempucuko yaseMeya ziyintsonkotha ngokwenene kuba indawo nganye ihlobene ngokusondeleyo, nangona ikude enye kwenye. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kule ndawo unokubona iindawo ezininzi zezinto zakudala ezigubungela izakhiwo ezinkulu ezintsonkothileyo njengetempile yeCodz Pop.
quelepa
Kulo mmandla wezinto zakudala onokubonwa e-El Salvador, kukho malunga nezakhiwo ezingama-40 ezibonisa ukuba yayiyintoni na inkcubeko yamaMaya. Ukufunyanwa kwayo yinto entsha ngokwenyani, ibifihliwe ukusukela oko yaphinda yafunyanwa.
Tulum
Enye i-jewel yempucuko yamaMaya, yaqala ukubizwa ngegama elithi Zamá, elithetha ukuthi (kusa), ngelixa i-Tulum ithetha (udonga), inikwe ngakumbi ngenxalenye yayo ebiyelwe ngodonga kuba izifundo ezahlukeneyo zimisela njengeziko lophando ngeenkwenkwezi.
Ilitye laseCeren
Impucuko yamaMaya iye yahlala ixesha elide kwiinkulungwane kangangokuba i-jewel yaseCerén yafunyanwa ngokungazifuni kwi-1976 (iPompeii kuMbindi Melika), ngenxa yokuba i-volcano yaqhuma e-El Salvador ngo-600 AD yachaza iNdawo yeLifa leMveli ukususela ngo-1993.
bonampak
Uyilo lolwakhiwo sesinye sezona zakhiwo zikhulu okanye ezibiyelweyo, yeyanamhlanje, yeyoqobo, ivelisa izinto ezintsha kwakunye nokuba nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo epeyintwe kakuhle nehonjisiweyo yiyo loo nto igama layo (iindonga ezipeyintiweyo), yeyona nto itsala umdla wabo bonke abakhenkethi abafika ngemini. emini ukuze uyonwabele.
Ihlathi laseLacandon
Inokufumaneka eChiapas eMexico, elinye igama layo ngu (Desierto de la Soledad). IiLacandones zihlala kule mimandla kwaye kuzo igama lehlathi lithatyathwe; le yinzala kaMaya. Lo mmandla ulihlathi kwaye kukho iziko lemibhiyozo elibizwa ngokuba yiLacan-Tun. Inxalenye nganye yenkcubeko yamaMeya inendima yayo kwimbali yoluntu, ubuhle bayo bezinto zakudala, imibingelelo yayo yezithixo zayo, indlela yokuphila, indlela yokusebenza phakathi kwabanye.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku linomdla malunga nemvelaphi yeMayan Mythology, izithixo zayo kunye nembali, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: