Ukuba ufuna ukwazi inkalo ebalulekileyo ye Paracas Culture Medicine, yiya kule post umdla. I-Paracas yenza utyando olukrwada, kodwa beyaziwa nangezinye izinto ezifanelekileyo, apha uya kufumanisa ngayo. Sukuphoswa yiyo!
Iyeza lenkcubeko yeParacas
Eli qela lobuhlanga laliyinkcubeko ebalulekileyo yasePeru yamandulo, ukususela kwixesha elibizwa ngokuba yi-Upper Formative okanye i-Early Horizon, eyavela kwi-peninsula yaseParacas, kwiphondo lasePisco, kwingingqi ye-Ica, phakathi kwe-700 BC. C. kunye no-200 AD
Iyinxalenye yenkcubeko yeChavín yangoku eyavela kumantla ePeru. Ngombulelo kuphando lomphandi uJulio Tello, wabiza ngokuthi "iParacas-Necropolis." Ivela kwimvelaphi yesinye isiko, esichongiweyo njengenkcubeko yaseTopará, isikhungo sakhe sasihlala ngasentla, kwiNtlambo yaseChincha.
IParacas yayiziqhelanisa namalaphu akumgangatho ophezulu, uboya kunye nomqhaphu, kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngodongwe ezihonjisiweyo kunye neebhaskithi ezihonjisiweyo. Baphinde benza i-cranial drilling, iinjongo zayo kusaxoxwa ngazo.
Inkcubeko yeParacas ngukhokho wenkcubeko yamaNazca apho inobudlelwane obucacileyo benkcubeko; enyanisweni, kubaphengululi abaninzi, isigaba sokugqibela seParacas enyanisweni sisiqalo senkcubeko yamaNazca.
Indawo yeendawo
I-Paracas yaqhubela phambili kakhulu phakathi kwe-Ica kunye ne-Pisco imilambo kunye ne-Paracas Peninsula (ingingqi ye-Ica). Ebudeni belona xesha likhulu lokwandiswa, yanabela emantla ukuya eChincha nakumazantsi eYauca kwingingqi yeArequipa.
Kwabaninzi, indawo efanelekileyo kakhulu yeParacas inokufumaneka eTajahuana, kwi-Ica Valley, kwicandelo le-Ocucaje. Yayisisixeko esinqatyisiweyo esakhiwe phezu kwengxondorha ekhuseleke ngokulula.
Unyango
I-Paracas ligama lesiQuechua elithetha imvula yesanti (nge, imvula kunye ne-acoustics, isanti) kwaye ibhekiselele kwimpembelelo ebangelwa yinkanyamba yemimoya ehlala ibetha rhoqo kulo mmandla, kunye nesanti kunye nebhere guano evela kwiziqithi ezikufutshane. kwaye ugqume umphezulu ngayo njengomaleko omhlophe.
Le nto ye-atmospheric yanika i-Paracas Peninsula kwaye, ngombono obanzi, inkcubeko yangaphambi kwe-Inca efunyenwe kulo mmandla kwaye ibizwa ngegama layo.
Iidiphozithi zeParacas
- IsiChincha: Bodegas, Lurín, Chincha.
- Pisco: Cerro Colorado, Disco Verde, Cabeza Larga, Chongos, Tambo Colorado.
- Ica: Tecojate, Huamaní, Ocucaje, Callango (Animas Altas kunye ne-Ánimas Bajas), Chiqueritos, Ullujaya, Tomaluz.
- Zive: Mollaque, Chichictara.
- Nazca: Soysongo, Atarco, Trancas, Cahuachi.
Ukufunyanwa
Inkcubeko yeParacas yafunyanwa ngoJulayi 1925 nguTello elunxwemeni lweBay of Paracas nakumazantsi ePisco. Ngo-Agasti waloo nyaka uTello waseka indawo yophando kwisiza ngoncedo lomfundi uToribio Mejía Xesspe.
UTello wafumana amangcwaba okuqala eParacas kwiinduli ezibomvu zeporphyry zaseCerro Colorado. Wafumana amangcwaba enziwe kakuhle angama-39, awawabiza ngokuba "yimiqolomba," kwaye ayenezithungu zamangcwaba ezisongelwe ngamacangci amancinci kwaye ajikelezwe ngodongwe, izixhobo zokuzingela, izikhumba zezilwanyana kunye nokutya.
Ngowe-1927 uTello noMejía Xesspe bafumana elinye ingcwaba eWari Kayan, kufutshane kakhulu neCerro Colorado, abathi yiParacas Necropolis. Apho wafumana izidumbu ezingama-429 eziqholiweyo, nganye kuzo isongelwe ngokwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo, eminye yayo mihle kakhulu. . Ziindawo zokuhlala ezidumileyo zeParacas ezigcinwe namhlanje kwi-MNAAHP.3
Ukongeza kula mangcwaba mabini, uTello wachonga isithathu kwi-peninsula yeParacas, awayibiza ngokuba yiArena Blanca okanye iCabeza Larga, isizathu sokubeka elo gama kungenxa yobukho bokhakhayi olude noluneziphene. Apho akafumananga nje amangcwaba aphangiwe, kodwa kwaneentsalela zezindlu eziphantsi komhlaba.
Ukwahlula ngokweTello
Ngokusekwe koko wakufumanisayo, indlela iParacas yabangcwaba ngayo abafileyo bayo kwaye yaxoxa ukuba le nkcubeko ibandakanya izigaba ezibini ezichazwe kakuhle. Eyokuqala wayibiza ngokuba yiParacas-Caverns; ngenxa yokuba bangcwaba abafileyo babo emangcwabeni agrunjwe ngokuthe nkqo emhlabeni, athi abe banzi ngaphambi kokuba afikelele emhlabeni, enika umzobo wekomityi eguqulweyo (nangona engamaqula kunokuba "imiqolomba").
Wathi okwesibini "Paracas-Necropolis"; ngenxa yokuba bangcwaba abafileyo kumangcwaba antsonkothileyo angoonxantathu, abathi “zizixeko zabangasekhoyo” okanye iindawo zokungcwaba.
Olu lwahlulo lweParacas lwalukhula kangangamashumi eminyaka, ngenxa yobungangamsha bukaTello, obizwa ngokuba "nguyise wezinto zakudala zasePeruvia", de abanye abembi bezinto zakudala babonisa ukuba le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi "Paracas-Necropolis" eneneni yesinye isiko lenkcubeko: qhuma.
IParacas Caverns (700 BC - 200 BC)
Isigaba esibizwa ngokuba yiMiqolomba yaseParacas sisusela kwiminyaka engama-700 ngaphambi kukaKristu. Abemi abaphambili benkcubeko yeParacas ngelo xesha iphuhliswe eTajahuana kumanxweme oMlambo i-Ica kwicandelo le-Ocucaje.
Eli gama livela kwindlela iiParacas ezazingcwaba ngayo abafileyo babo bekwimo yomntwana. Oku kungqinwa ziziphumo zeenyanda zomngcwabo ezifunyenwe eCerro Colorado.
Amangcwaba afunyenweyo agrunjwe ngaphantsi komhlaba ematyeni, enemilo ebonakala ngathi "indebe eguquliweyo" okanye ibhotile enentamo ephezulu, emazantsi apho iinyanda zomngcwabo zibekwe malunga neemitha ezi-6 ububanzi.
Ibingamangcwaba aqhelekileyo, nangona kungaziwa ukuba ngaba kungcwatywa kusapho olunye na, imizimba ingcwatywa ngenxa yemozulu nomhlaba. Ezinye izidumbu zibonisa trepanations kunye nokukhubazeka kokakayi.
IParacas Necropolis (200 BC - 200 AD)
Isigaba esibizwa ngokuba yiParacas Necropolis sifumana igama laso kwinto yokuba amangcwaba angamaxande afunyenwe eWari Kayan ahlulwa abe ngamagumbi aliqela okanye amagumbi angaphantsi komhlaba, athe uTello wabonakala njenge "Sixeko sabafileyo" (Necropolis).
Igumbi ngalinye elikhulu lalimele ukuba lelentsapho okanye isizwana esithile esasingcwabe ookhokho baso kangangezizukulwana ezininzi.
Iithiyori zikaTello ziye zaxoxwa ngabanye abembi bezinto zakudala. Kwindawo yokuqala, uWari Kayan akabonakali ukuba yi-necropolis, kodwa yindawo enkulu ehlala abantu, kwezinye izakhiwo ezingaphezulu kwama-400 ama-bundles afakwe kuyo, into yokuba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ayinayo ingcaciso eyanelisayo.
Inokuba yindawo enokuthi ithathwe njengendawo engcwele, ngenxa yombala obomvu weenduli zayo kunye nokusondela kwayo elwandle, okuya kuyibuyisela ekufeni kunye nokuzalwa kwakhona. Kwaye okwesibini, ukubonakaliswa kwenkcubeko yesi siza akukona okweParacas ngokwayo, kodwa kwesinye isithethe senkcubeko esahlukileyo, esasibizwa ngokuba yiTopará kwaye saphuhliswa kwiintlambo zaseCañete, Topará, Chincha kunye nePisco, ukuya kwi-peninsula yeParacas njenge. umda wasezantsi.
Ngamanye amazwi, uWari Kayan wayechanekile kumda phakathi kweenkcubeko ezimbini. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba inkcubeko yaseTopará yazibophelela ngenkohlakalo kulo mmandla emva kwemfazwe yokoyisa. Ubukho bezixhobo kwiipakethe ezininzi zemingcwabo, kunye nobukho obuninzi bokhakhayi olwaphukileyo nolunyatheleyo, iya kuba yimiqondiso yexesha elinobundlobongela kakhulu.
Kuphando kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-mummy isongelwe kwiileya ezininzi zelaphu, ezinye zazo ezikumgangatho oncomekayo kakhulu. La malaphu, ngokuchanekileyo, ngawona enza iParacas yaduma, kuba imizekelo yayo emihle intle kakhulu. Baziwa kwihlabathi liphela njengeParacas Mantos.
I-Architecture
Zombini kwi-peninsula yeParacas nakwezinye iindawo zeParacas, akukho mkhondo wemisebenzi enqabileyo efunyenweyo, ngaphandle kwentlambo ephantsi ye-Ica, apho kukho iindawo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: i-Ánimas Altas kunye ne-Ánimas. Phantsi.
I-Ánimas Altas inommandla oziihektare ezili-100 kwaye ikhuselwe ngodonga oluphakamileyo olwenziwe ngamaleko eendiza kunye nomhlaba ogqunywe ngama-adobes.
Iqulathe izakhiwo eziphakamileyo ezilishumi elinesithathu ezinendlela efanayo yokuqhelaniswa neyokwakha. Ezinye iindonga zayo zinemihombiso eyenziwe ngemigca eqatyiweyo ngoxa udongwe lusamanzi. Bamele iimazi zezilwanyana.
Kummandla we-Ánimas Altas yi-Ánimas Bajas, malunga neehektare ezingama-60, yenziwe ngeenduli ezisixhenxe ezixande ezakhiwe nge-adobe yobugcisa, ngokumila kweebhola okanye iinkozo zombona.
Ukuba iParacas, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, yayilandela umbhiyozo ongqongqo kunye nexesha elide. Isidumbu sacwiliswa ngobuchule obuntsonkothileyo, iinkcukacha zaso ezingaziwayo; kodwa ngokufuthi kunoko, baye babhenela ekugaleleni izidumbu zendalo, ezikhutshelwe kokusingqongileyo.
Umama, esongelwe ngeqhiya yakhe yaye ekwindawo yomntwana ongekazalwa, wafakwa kwingobozi eyenziwe ngentambo enothotho lwezinto, nto leyo eyayibonisa ingcamango yeParacas yobomi emva kokufa. Kwafunyanwa iimpahla, izilingi, amalaphu, neembiza ezineenkozo zamandongomane, izikhwebu zombona, njl.
Yonke yayigqunywe ngononophelo linani, lingasoloko lifana, leengubo okanye amalaphu omgangatho owahlukileyo; iphakheji eyenziwe ngolu hlobo ibizwa ngokuba yi-funerary package. Ingubo esondeleyo kumzimba kamama idla ngokuba yincinci, ihonjiswe ngemifanekiso emele ilizwe lentsomi yaseParacas.
Iileyile eziseleyo zikumgangatho ophantsi. Ezinye iipakethe zomngcwabo zisongelwe ukuya kuthi ga kwishumi okanye elinanye, kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngamalungu eeklasi ezilawulayo.
impahla
Amangcwaba afunyenwe eCerro Colorado ("Imiqolomba yeParacas") ngumthombo oyintloko apho iisampulu zobugcisa be-textile baseParacas zifunyenwe. Zenziwe ngomqhaphu (omhlophe kunye nomdaka omnyama) kunye noboya becamelid. Ukongezelela, iinwele zomntu kunye nemicu yezityalo zazisetyenziswa.
Imisonto idayiwe ngezinto ezinemibala eyahlukeneyo. Baphinda badaywa amalaphu emva kokuba enziwe. Enye indlela yokuhombisa yayiyi-embroidery, nangona oku kwenziwa ngokubanzi kunye neziphumo ezibalaseleyo eParacas-Necropolis.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimizobo yokuhombisa, imele abantu basentsomini kunye neempawu zomfuziselo, ngokubanzi ezinemilo yejometri eyomeleleyo, kodwa zonke zenziwe ngengqiqo enkulu yobugcisa.
Ngokukodwa, umfanekiso omnye uhlala uphindaphindiweyo: into ebizwa ngokuba nguMntu ofihlakeleyo, omele umzimba wonke okanye kuphela entloko yakhe. Inamehlo asendle, umlomo wekati, kunye nomzimba ogqunywe yimiqondiso ethi maxa wambi igqame ize iphile.
Kodwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ezona dyasi zibalaseleyo okanye amalaphu angqamana neParacas-Necropolis, nangona enyanisweni ayenziwe yinkcubeko yaseTopará.
Iiceramics
I-Paracas pottery inesitayile esicacileyo nesicacileyo, esiphindaphindwayo ngaphandle kwe-peninsula yeParacas, kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo phakathi kweentlambo zaseChincha ukuya ngasentla kunye nentlambo yeRio Grande (Palpa) emazantsi.
Kwi-Ica Valley, ikhonkco elide le-ceramic lisungulwe, eliqala kumaxesha angaphambi kweParacas kwaye liphele ekuqaleni kwenkcubeko yeNazca, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Ocucaje style, equkethe izigaba ze-10. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba olu landelelwano lwe-ceramic lolona lupheleleyo lwe-Andean Formative.
I-ceramics yale nkcubeko ineendlela ezahlukeneyo kakhulu: izitya, iikomityi, iipleyiti, kunye neebhotile ze-globular kunye nezikhongozeli ezineepuphu ezimbini ezithe nkqo ezidityaniswe nentamo yebhulorho. Ezinye ziyimilo eqingqiweyo, zibonisa imizimba yabantu efana neemela zenkcubeko yaseChancay.
Ngokuphathelele ubuchule bokuhombisa, kwakunje: amanani aqale anqunyulwa ngemigca ye-angular echoliweyo, ezotywe ngelixa udongwe lusemanzi. Emva kokudubula udongwe, ukuhlamba kwenziwa, apho kusetyenziswe ipeyinti ye-resinous.
Imibala ephambili eyayisetyenziswa yayimnyama, ebomvu, eluhlaza, etyheli kunye neorenji. Amanani amelwe abonisa ukusondela kubugcisa be-Chavín, ngokukodwa ukubonakaliswa komntu ongaphezu kwendalo kunye ne-feline, intaka kunye neempawu zobuntu, eziye zabizwa ngokuba yi-Flying Feline.
I-Iconography
I-iconography yeParacas ikhupha imixholo ye-cosmological kunye ne-mythological kwaye kwangaxeshanye ibhekisa kumabali embali anjengokoyiswa kunye nesiseko sokuhlaliswa kwabantu, iziganeko eziphawulwe ngeemfazwe kunye nemikhosi, apho umbingelelo wabantu wawuphindaphinda.
I-Cranial Trepanations
Kukho ubungqina bokuba baye benza utyando, olubizwa ngokuba yi-skull trepanations. Kwesi senzo, iParacas "ugqirha" wayesebenzisa iincakuba ze-obsidian, ii-tums okanye iincakuba ezimilise okwekrece (ezenziwe ngomxube wegolide nesilivere), ii-scalpels kunye ne-tweezers.
Basebenzisa umqhaphu, i-gauze kunye ne-bandages. Ukhakhayi lwahlatywa ngencakuba ye-obsidian kwaye ithambo elonakeleyo likhutshiwe okanye lakhutshelwa ngaphandle ngemela, lenza ukujika kwesetyhula okwanika ukuvulwa kobume obusetyhula.
Emva kokuba unyango olufanelekileyo lwenziwe, ukuvulwa kwatywinwa ngegolide okanye iipleyiti ze-matte (ithanga). Oku kuvumele utyando ukuba luphile ngaphandle kweengxaki.
Izizathu ezibangela lo mkhwa zixoxwe kakhulu; Kukholelwa ukuba zenziwe ngenjongo yokuphilisa iintanda eziwileyo zamathambo, ukuthomalalisa intloko ebuhlungu, nokunyangwa kwezifo zengqondo ngomlingo (mhlawumbi kwakukholelwa ukuba xa ukhakhayi luvulwa, kuya kuphuma imimoya. ).
Iingqayi ezininzi ezineempawu ze-trepanation zibonisa ukuba abantu baye basinda kulo mkhuba, ngenxa yobukho be-bone calluses kwindawo eqhutywe, efanayo eyenza kuphela kwiminyaka kumntu ophilayo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo akukho mntu wayenokuyicinga into eyayinokwenziwa ziiParacas.
Nokuba ngaphezulu Paracas Culture
Iqwalaselwe njengomanduleli weNazcas, inkcubeko yeParacas yamkelwa ngobugcisa bayo belaphu, ubudongwe bayo, ukunyathela kokakayi kunye nezidumbu zayo. Yafunyanwa ngo-1925 ngu-archaeologist uJulio Tello, yaphuhliswa kwingingqi yeParacas yasePeru.
Ukomelela kwabo kwanabela emantla ukuya kwiNtlambo yeCañete nasezantsi ukuya eArequipa, equka iChincha, iPisco, iIca, iPalpa kunye neRío Grande. Iidolophu zasePeña Ajahuana, Ánimas Altas kunye ne-Huaca Rosa ziintsika zale mpucuko.
Izinto eziqhelekileyo zenkcubeko yeParacas
Babenolwazi olukhulu ngobuchule be-hydrological ukukhuthaza ezolimo, ngokusebenzisa imijelo yokunkcenkceshela. Enye inkqubo eyayisetyenziselwa ukutyala yayiyi wachaque okanye amasimi atshoneyo, awayequka ukugrumba imingxuma de kufike umhlaba ofumileyo oyimfuneko ukuze kulinywe.
Ngale ndlela, bagqama ekulinyweni komqhaphu, iimbotyi nombona. Ngokukwanjalo, ngenxa yendawo ababekuyo kufuphi nonxweme, baphuhlisa indlela yokuhamba ngenqanawa yaye, besebenzisa izikhephe ezibizwa ngokuba yi<em>caballitos de totora, baxhakamfula ubuncwane obunikelwa elwandle.
Phantsi kwenkqubo yolawulo lobuthixo, eli qela lohlanga lalinolwahlulo lwamaqela ngabefundisi, amajoni aphakamileyo nabantu abaqhelekileyo. Apho inkolo yothixo wamehlo ebizwa ngokuba nguKon iphambili, ithathwa njengomdali wendalo iphela.
Imbali emfutshane yenkcubeko yaseParacas
Ngokwembali, zavela phakathi kowama-700 B.C.E. C. kunye no-200 AD, kwaye ngokutsho kwe-archaeologist yasePeruvia uJulio Tello, le nkcubeko inezigaba ezibini ezilandelelanayo:
Imiqolomba (700-500 BC).
Ekubeni yayilelona xesha lidala kweli qela lohlanga, babephawulwa njengabalimi, abaphumi-mkhosi, benkolo nabonwabileyo. Bakha izindlu emazantsi eentaba kunye nenqaba kwithafa lamatye, elaziwa ngokuba yiTajahuana, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yayilikomkhulu lale mpucuko.
Phakathi kwezinto ezifunyenweyo, i-ceramics enefuthe elinamandla le-Chavín kunye nezixhobo zomculo ezifana neegubhu kunye namaxilongo avelele. Ukongezelela, amangcwaba aqoshiwe ngendlela yekomityi eguqulweyo kunye nama-mummies angcwatywe, agcinwe ngokugqibeleleyo kwaye ahlanganiswe ngendwangu, avelele.
Necropolis (500 BC - 200 AD).
Ngokutsho kolunye uhlolisiso lwakutshanje lubonise ukuba eli nqanaba lelenkcubeko yaseTopará. Igama layo kungenxa yokufunyanwa kwengcwaba elikhulu elixande eWari Kayan, elifana nesixeko sabafileyo.
Apha, abantu bomthonyama be-elite bangcwatywa, besongelwe ngamalaphu ahonjiswe ngokucokisekileyo kwaye bahlotshiswe ngemifanekiso yeefeline okanye iinyoka, ezaziwa ngokuba yiparacas funerary packages. Iindonga zamangcwaba zazenziwe ngamatye amancinci adityaniswe ngodaka kunye nophahla lwamaplanga e-huarango.
Amayeza kunye notyando kwinkcubeko yeParacas
Iingcali ezithathelwa ingqalelo kungenelelo lotyando kunyango lokuqhekeka, usulelo okanye amathumba, ziye zaqhuba ngokubonakalayo i-cranial trepanation. Ukwenza oku, basebenzisa amagqabi e-coca kunye nesiselo sombona esibolile njenge-anesthesia, ngokuchasene neentlungu kunye nosulelo.
Kwi-cranial trepanations, "ugqirha" wesizwe wasebenzisa i-obsidian burs, iimela, i-scalpels, i-tweezers, i-cotton kunye ne-bandages. Kwinkqubo, ukhakhayi lwalugrunjwa nge-bur, lukhuhla ithambo elonakeleyo de kuvuleke isetyhula.
Umngxuma ke wagcwaliswa ngamacwecwe egolide, nto leyo evumela utyando ukuba luphole ngaphandle kwengxaki. Inyambalala yezidumbu ezifunyenwe zineentambo zokakayi zibonisa ukuba abantu basinda kulo mkhwa.
Kukholelwa ukuba olu qheliselo lwenzelwe ukuphilisa iintanda okanye ukudilika kweendonga zamathambo ezenzeka edabini. Kwakhona ukukhulula i-migraines okanye ukunyanga izifo zengqondo ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zemilingo, ukwenzela ukuba xa i-skull ivuliwe, imimoya ebangele umonakalo iphuma.
Ukubonakaliswa kwenkcubeko yeParacas
Phakathi kwezona mbonakalo zibalaseleyo zenkcubeko yeParacas zezi:
Itafile
Ngodumo olucacileyo kubugcisa belaphu, benza izixhobo eziphezulu ezifana nealpacas, ivicuña wool kunye neentsiba ezinemibala emininzi. Ingaba bayila ngeepateni zejometri, isilwanyana okanye izibalo ze-anthropomorphic kunye neskimu sombala omhle. Nangona ingubo eneneni iyeyona nto ibalaseleyo, eyenziwe ngesiqwenga esinye soxande, yayinxitywa entloko njengemantilla okanye njengeenyanda zomngcwabo. Phantse onke amalaphu eParacas achazwa zizitayile ezimbini:
I-Linear, kwilaphu lesiseko, basebenzisa imibala emine elukwe kumgca othe tye kunye ne-trim ejikelezwe ngamabhanti ahonjisiweyo. Iibhloko zemibala, ezineempawu zemizobo emincinci egobileyo kunye nephindaphindwayo kwimizobo eyahlukeneyo kunye nokugqitywa okugqanyisiweyo.
I-Ceramic
Ngokuphathelele ubugcisa be-ceramic, iyahlukaniswa ngemihlobiso eyinkimbinkimbi ye-polychrome kunye nokubonakaliswa kwenkolo. Into etshintshileyo kwisigaba se-necropolis seParacas, apho umlingiswa obalaseleyo wayeyi-monochrome, enqunywe ngokusetyenziswa kwekhrimu okanye imibala emnyama. Iimilo ngokuqhelekileyo zaziyi-oval kunye namanqaku amabini amafutshane kwaye zixhunywe ngesiphatho sebhulorho.
Ubugcisa kunye nemisebenzi yezandla
Ukongezelela kwizinto ezenziwe ngodongwe, babenemisebenzi yobugcisa ebalaseleyo, efana nezinti zamatye, iimela ze-obsidian, iibhotile zegourd, iirattles, iqokobhe okanye izacholo zamathambo, nezihombiso zegolide ezikhandiweyo.
Sinokugqiba ukuba inkcubeko yeParacas ishiye iminikelo kwiyeza nakwimpahla, enokubonakaliswa namhlanje.
Ukuba ulifumene linomdla eli nqaku, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: