Funda kweli nqaku malunga nobomi kunye nomsebenzi we UMartin Luther, indoda eyabongoza icawa yamaKristu ukuba ibuyele kwiimfundiso zayo zantlandlolo, iphawula imbalasane embalini ngokushiya ilifa njengomkhuthazi oyintloko woHlaziyo lwamaProtestanti.
UMartin Luther
UMartin Luther wayeyimonki yaseJamani kunye nomfundisi wezakwalizwi ngamaxesha aphakathi. Uluhlu lweemonki awayekulo lo mfundisi yayiziimonki zamaKatolika zika-Augustinian.
Igama likaMartin Luther likwazile ukudlula kwimbali ngokuba ngomnye wabakhuthazi abaphambili bohlaziyo lwezenkolo kwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa, elasasazeka ngaphaya kwemida yaseJamani. Yaye nemithetho okanye imigaqo eyayikhuthaza uhlaziyo lobuProtestanti; kwakunye noko kwakuza kwaziwa kamva njengenkqubo yezakwalizwi yobuLuthere.
Kwiingcamango ezavakaliswa nguLuther kuhlaziyo lwakhe, wabongoza iCawa yamaKatolika ukuba ibuyele kwindlela yantlandlolo yemiyalelo enikelwa nguThixo, ebhalwe eBhayibhileni. Ukongezelela, zonke iingxoxo ezakhutshwa nguMartin Luther zabangela ukuba alungelelaniswe ngokutsha amabandla amaKristu eYurophu.
Phambi kwayo yonke le mvukelo kaLuther yobuProtestanti, igunya lobuKatolika laseRoma alizange lithathe xesha lide ukusabela, laqalisa ukuchasa uhlaziyo. Enye into eyashiywa yile monki ilwela uhlaziyo yenye yezona nguqulelo zibalaseleyo zeBhayibhile ukusuka kwisiLatini ukuya kulwimi lwesiJamani.
Ubomi bukaMartin Luther
UMartin Luther, igama lakhe ngesiJamani nowaziwa ngcono ngokuba nguMartin Luther, wazalelwa kwisixeko saseJamani i-Eisleben ngoNovemba 10, 1483. Abazali bakhe yayinguHans Luther noMargarethe Luther, iminyaka yokuqala yomntwana uMartin wayehlala kwidolophu yaseJamani yaseJamani. Mansfield.
Indawo eyafudukela kuyo usapho lukaLuther ngowe-1484 apho uHans wayesebenza njengomphathi wemigodi yobhedu eliqela. Efuna ukuba unyana wakhe afunde kwaye anganeliseki ngokuba ngumlimi njengoyise, uHans Luther wabhalisa uMartin kwizikolo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezikuloo ndawo nakwiidolophu ezikufuphi.
Imfundo ephezulu
UMartín oselula ungena kwiYunivesithi yase-Erfurt kwikomkhulu lelizwe laseJamani iThuringia ngonyaka we-1501, eneminyaka eyi-18. ULuther obizwa ngokuba yi "Philosopher" kule ndlu yezifundo, wathweswa isidanga se-bachelor ngo-1502.
Kamva, ngowe-1505, wafumana isidanga se<em>master’s, engowesibini kunyuso lwabafundi abali-17. UMartin ngenjongo yokuzalisekisa iminqweno kayise uqhubeka nezifundo zakhe ngokungena kwiFaculty of Law yeYunivesithi yase-Erfurt.
Noko ke, isiganeko esineziganeko zendalo simenza atshintshe ikhondo lakhe. NgoJulayi 2, 1505, kwabakho isaqhwithi sombane, kwabetha umbane kufuphi neMartin, waza wadanduluka esithi Help Santa Ana! aze azinikele ukuba abe yimonki, uLuther ungena kumzi woonongendi woonongendi baka-Augustinian kwisixeko sase-Erfurt ngoJulayi 17 kwangaloo nyaka.
Ubomi bakhe njengemonki
Ukususela kwiminyaka engama-22 ubudala, uMartin waqalisa waza wachitha ixesha lakhe ephila ubomi boonongendi, ezinikela ngokupheleleyo ukuze akholise uThixo. Ngenxa yoko, wenza imisebenzi yesisa kwaye wazibeka kwinkonzo yabona basweleyo ngemithandazo yakhe yemihla ngemihla.
ULuther wayezimisele ukukholisa uThixo kangangokuba okukhona wayekwenza oko, kokukhona wayenetyala nesono ngakumbi phambi kwakhe. Ngenxa yoko, wazibhokoxa ngokunzulu ekuthandazeni nasekuzileni ukutya, ukongezelela ekuzifuneni kwakhe ikratshi nokuvuma izono rhoqo kuThixo.
Imonki nonobhala wekhaya loonongendi iVon Staupitz, yakubona isimo sengqondo sikaLuther, yaphembelela lo mfana ukuba aqalise umsebenzi wokufunda, ukuze aphazamiseke kwihambo yakhe egabadeleyo yonqulo. Ngoko, emva kokuba uLuther emiselwe njengomfundisi, waqalisa ukufundisa ngezakwalizwi kwiYunivesithi yaseWittenberg ngowe-1508.
Kwangaloo nyaka mnye wawongwa ngesidanga sebhayibhile kwizifundo zeBhayibhile, kamva wafumana isidanga sobugqirha kwiBhayibhile ngo-1512 yaye kwiminyaka emithathu kamva umiselwa njengomongameli womyalelo ka-Augustinian. Owabela iimonki ezili-11 phantsi kolawulo lwakhe, ngeli xesha uLuther wazinikezela ekufundeni iilwimi ezinjengesiGrike nesiHebhere.
Iilwimi eziya kukunceda ukhangele indlela ebhetele yokutolika izibhalo ezingcwele zeBhayibhile. Zonke ezi zifundo zavumela imonki kwixesha elizayo ukuba iguqulele iTestamente eNdala yamaYuda.
UMartin Luther kunye nemfundiso yobabalo
UMartin Luther unomdla wokufunda ngokucokisekileyo izibhalo ezingcwele zeBhayibhile kunye nokuphonononga kulwazi lwecawe yobuKristu bokuqala.
Ngokusekwe kwesi sihloko, sikumema ngobubele ukuba wazi apha ¿owaseka ibandla YamaKristu kwaye yenzeka nini?
Kuba enyanisweni, nakubantu abaninzi, lo mbuzo uphumela ekungaqiniseki, yaye koku mhlawumbi kongezelelwa ukuswela ulwazi lwelizwi likaThixo. Ke ngoko landela eli nqaku linomdla ukuze ufunde ngesiseko sebandla lamaKristu.
Njengoko uLuther wayengena nzulu kufundo lwebhayibhile, wafumana intsingiselo entsha xa kufikwa kumagama anjengocamagushelo nokuziphatha komntu. Kwakhona le monki yakwazi ukuqonda ukuba amagunya ecawa ayewujikile umendo oyintloko wobuKristu ukuze avumelane nombono wokwenyaniso ofundiswa kwimibhalo engcwele yeBhayibhile.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yeyokuba oko uLuther wakuhlolisisayo kwakusisigidimi sokugwetyelwa ngokholo kungekhona ngemisebenzi, njengoko ibandla lalifundisa. Ukusuka apho imonki yaqalisa ukusasaza imfundiso yokuba usindiso sisipho esivela kuThixo kuphela, ngobabalo lukaYesu Kristu nokuba lufunyanwa ngumntu kuphela ngokholo.
UMartin Luther womeleza imfundiso yobabalo ngokuseka umahluko phakathi koko wawungumthetho kaMoses kunye nesigidimi seendaba ezilungileyo. Ukuba kwimonki le yayiyeyona nto iphambili ekuqondweni kwesigidimi sikaYesu nokuba ukungabi nalu lwazi kwakubangele ukuba ibandla lomhla wakhe lenze iimpazamo ezibalulekileyo zezakwalizwi.
Izicatshulwa zikaLuther ezingama-95
Ezi ngxelo zikaLuther ezingama-95 zaba ngumphumo wempikiswano eyaphakamayo ngokuxolela izono iCawa yamaKatolika yayikuvumela ngokuvumela abantu ukuba bathenge usindiso lwabo. Oku kwayicaphukisa le monki yaza yamkhokelela ekubeni aqulunqe imibhalo eyayibhalwe kwimixholo engama-95 yaza emva koko yabethelelwa kumnyango wecawa yaseWittenberg Palace ngo-Oktobha 31, 1517.
Ngelo xesha yayiyifomu okanye imfuneko eyayifunwa yiYunivesithi ukuze kuqaliswe ingxoxo-mpikiswano okanye impikiswano ngomba othile okanye ngesihloko.
ULuther wafumanisa ukuba yayikukusebenzisa kakubi igunya lecawa ngokuthengisa amadini okuxolelwa kwezono, ukuqhatha abathembekileyo ngobuxoki. Owathi ngokufumana amatyala kapopu waphuncuka kwiisakramente zesivumo sovumo nenguquko yokwenene.
UMartín wayekhapha ezi ngongoma zingama-95 ngokushunyayelwa kwemfundiso okuthathu okwaqhutywa ngokwemo yeentshumayelo phakathi konyaka we-1516 nowe-1517. Kwenye yezi ntshumayelo wazinikela ekufundeni isicatshulwa seBhayibhile esithi:
KwabaseRoma 1:16-17 : 1960 Kuba andinazintloni ngazo iindaba ezilungileyo zikaKristu, kuba zingamandla kaThixo okubulala. usindiso kubo bonke abakholwayo; kumYuda kuqala, kwanakumGrike. 17 Ngokuba kuzo iindaba ezilungileyo Ubulungisa bukaThixo butyhilwa ngokholo nangokholonjengokuba kubhaliwe kwathiwa, Ke wona amalungisa aya kudla ubomi obuphuma elukholweni.
ULuther wasekwa kwesi sicatshulwa ukuze amisele oko kwakuza kubizwa ngokuba luHlaziyo lobuProtestanti. Amanqaku kaMartin Luther angama-95 akhutshelwa aza ashicilelwa ngokubanzi, esasazwa kulo lonke elo lizwe yaye kamva kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Impendulo kapopu ngelo xesha kwezi ngongoma zingama-95 yaba kukuvakalisa uLuther njengomqhekeki waza wabhala incwadi echasene nohlaziyo ephikisa oko kwabhalwa yimonki yaseJamani.
Ukugxothwa kukaLuther
Ngowe-1521 uMartin Luther wagxothwa nguLeo X kunqulo lwamaKatolika ngomyalelo kapopu owapapashwa ngoJanuwari 3 waloo nyaka. Kwandula ke kwindibano yeenkosana zoBukhosi Obungcwele baseRoma eyayiseWorms, eyaziwa ngokuba yiDiet of Worms ngoJanuwari 22, 1521, uLuther wajamelana nokurhoxa okanye ukuyiqinisekisa kwakhona imfundiso yakhe.
Emva kweentlanganiso ezininzi uLuther wayiqinisekisa kwakhona imfundiso yakhe phambi kwabasemagunyeni, ekuphenduleni uMlawuli uCharles V wayila iDecree of Worms ngoMeyi 25, 1521. Kulo myalelo uMarin Luther wavakaliswa njengomwexuki oyimbacu kwaza akwalelwa ukusasazwa kweencwadi zakhe.
Ukugxothwa kwinqaba yaseWartburg
Ngaphambi kokuba uCharles V akhuphe uMyalelo weNtshulube, iNkosana uFrederick III waseSaxony wamfihla uMartin Luther kwinqaba yaseWartburg e-Eisenach, eThuringia, eJamani. Wahlala apho kangangesithuba esingangonyaka, esebenzisa eli thuba lokuguqulela iTestamente Entsha yeBhayibhile, eyiprinta ngoSeptemba 1522.
Ngokufanayo, ukuhlala kwakhe kwinqaba yaseWartburg kwamnceda uLuther ukuze afumane uqeqesho njengendoda elinene nomhlaziyi. Phakathi kwemibhalo emininzi ngexesha le-cloister, wabhala isikhokelo sokuvuma izono apho uxelela ababingeleli ukuba oku akufanele kube sisinyanzelo kodwa ngokuzithandela.
Ngeli xesha wenza inkqubela kwindlela yakhe yobudlelwane phakathi komthetho kaMoses nomnqophiso wobabalo lukaThixo ngoYesu losindiso lwezono.
Umtshato kunye nosapho lukaMartin Luther
UMartin Luther ngo-Epreli 1523 waqalisa ukunceda ishumi elinesibini loonongendi ababefuna ukushiya ubomi bekhaya leemonki kwisixeko saseNimbschen, kufutshane neGrimma eSaxony. Uyakwazi ukubakhupha kwikhaya loonongendi ngokuwafihla kwimiphanda emikhulu.
Omnye waba nongendi balishumi elinesibini wayebizwa ngokuba nguCatherine waseBora, owathi ekugqibeleni watshata noLuther ngoJuni 13, 1525. Bobabini bafudukela kwikhaya likaLuther kumzi woonongendi omdala ka-Augustin eWittenberg, esi sibini sakhawula abantwana abathandathu.
- UJohannes, (7/6/1526): Wafundela ubugqwetha yaye wayeligosa lenkundla, wafa ngowe-1575.
- U-Elizabeth, (10/12/1527): Le ntombazana yasweleka ngaphambi kwexesha ngomhla we-3/08/1528.
- UMagdalena, (5/05/1529): Wasweleka eneminyaka elishumi elinesithathu kwaye ukufa kwakhe kwaba sisibetho esinzima kubazali bakhe.
- UMartín, (09/11/1531): Wakhetha umsebenzi wezakwalizwi, wafa ngowe-1565.
- UPaul, (28/01/1533): wafunda amayeza, wafa ngoMatshi 1593.
- UMargaretha, (17/12/1534): Lo mfazi uselula watshata nohloniphekileyo uGeorge von Kunheim, wafa eneminyaka engama-36 ubudala. Ukusuka kumnombo wakhe kuphuma umgca wokuphela kukaLuther okhoyo namhlanje.
IBhayibhile yesiJamani kaLuther
Ngowe-1534 uLuther wenza enye yezona nguqulelo zibalaseleyo zeBhayibhile kulwimi lwesiJamani. Ngelo xesha uninzi lwabemi baseJamani lwahlala lukwinqanaba lokungakwazi ukufunda. Abemi baseJamani abafundileyo babengamalungu ecawa.
Abantu abangafundanga babefumana ulwazi lwenkolo ngomlomo, becengceleza yaye bephindaphinda iindinyana zeBhayibhile. Ekubeni inguqulelo yeBhayibhile yesiJamani iguqulelwe yaza yashicilelwa ngeekopi ezininzi, uLuther uyakwazi ukwenza izibhalo ezingcwele zifumaneke kubantu abaninzi ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe.
Ngale ncwadi ishicilelweyo yeBhayibhile yesiJamani, inceda ekusasazeni imfundiso yoHlaziyo lwamaProtestanti, ikwazi ukwahlulahlula iCawa yamaKatolika eJamani. Olona sukelo luphambili lukaLuther ekuguquleleni iBhayibhile yayikukuze abantu abaqhelekileyo bakwazi ukufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwizibhalo ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokulwazi kakuhle ulwimi lwesiLatini.
Ekubeni iBhayibhile eyayikho ngelo xesha yayisaziwa ngokuba yiLatin Vulgate, eyayiguqulelwe nguSaint Jerome ukusuka kwisiHebhere, kwisiAramiki nakwisiGrike ukuya kwisiLatini. Wandula ke uLuther athabathe inxalenye yayo aze ayiguqulele kwisiJamani ukuze ifikeleleke kubantu abaqhelekileyo.
Okokuqala, waguqulela kuphela iTestamente eNtsha kwaye ngexesha lale nkqubo, uLuther wafikelela kwiidolophu ezikufutshane kunye neemarike. Ngenjongo yokusebenzisa ijagoni eqhelekileyo yolwimi lwesiJamani kwaye ngaloo ndlela ikwazi ukubhala inguqulelo yayo ngolwimi oluthethwayo.
Eminye imibhalo kaMartin Luther
Umsebenzi woncwadi kaMartin Luther ubanzi kakhulu, nangona ezinye zeencwadi zakhe, ngokutsho kwabahlalutyi bembali, yayiyimizobo kunye nabahlobo abanikela umanduleli wohlaziyo. Bakwenza oku ngokucacileyo befuna ukufumana abaphulaphuli abaninzi, phakathi kwemibhalo ebalaseleyo kaMartin Luther kunokukhankanywa oku kulandelayo:
- I-Weimar Ausgabe, ingqokelela ebanzi yemibhalo yombhali eneencwadi ezili-101 ezingabhalwanga okanye imiqulu.
- Iincwadi apho umbhali echaza ukusekwa kweencwadi zeBhayibhile, ngokwemigaqo yokubhalwa kwemibhalo engcwele, ihemeneutics, i-exegesis kunye nokuchazwa. Ukongezelela ekucaciseni kuzo indlela iindinyana zeBhayibhile ezinxibelelene ngayo.
- Imibhalo ethetha ngolawulo lwasekuhlaleni nolwecawa, kunye nekhaya lamaKristu.
Ukufa kukaMartin Luther
Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, uLuther wayesiya rhoqo kwisixeko sobuntwana nobutsha bakhe, iMansfeld. Olu hambo luthe rhoqo lwalubangelwa kukuxhalabela kukaLuther ngabazalwana noodade bakhe.
Apho amadoda eentsapho aye aqhubeka nomsebenzi kaTata uHans Luther kwimigodi yobhedu yasekuhlaleni. Ngelo xesha imigodi yayiphantsi kwesoyikiso esivela ku-Count Albrecht waseMansfeld, ukulawula ulawulo lwemigodi ngenzuzo yakhe.
Emva koko uLuther waya edolophini efuna ukungenelela kwiingxoxo ukuze afikelele kwisivumelwano namatyala amane aseMansfeld. Ekupheleni konyaka we-1545 wenza ezimbini zolu hambo lokuthethathethana yaye ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo wenza utyelelo lwesithathu kwisixeko sabazalwana bakhe, ukuze aqukumbele ngempumelelo uthethathethwano ngoFebruwari 17, 1546.
Ekubeni enguLuther e-Eisleben nabantwana bakhe abathathu, ebusuku uziva iintlungu ezinamandla esifubeni. Ugqiba kwelokuba alale kwaye kuyo uthandaza kuThixo ekhwaza la mazwi alandelayo:
Ndiwuyekela ezandleni zakho umoya wam; Uyandikhulula, Yehova, Thixo othembekileyo.
Kuthi qheke ukusa, iintlungu esifubeni sakhe ziya ziba mandundu yaye izalamane zakhe zibhijela umzimba wakhe ngeetawuli ezishushu. ULuther wavakalelwa kukuba ukufa kwakhe kwakusondele yaye ngezo zihlandlo waphakamisa umthandazo kuThixo embulela ngobomi bonyana wakhe uYesu Kristu awayekholelwa kuye.
UMartin Luther wafa kwisithuba sesibini nesithathu kusasa ngoFebruwari 18, 1546, kwidolophu yakowabo e-Eisleben, kamva wangcwatyelwa kwicawa yeBhotwe laseWittenberg, kwindawo ekufuphi nepulpiti.Moya
Ilifa likaMartin Luther
Elona lifa liphambili elashiywa nguLuther kukuba ngumkhuthazi ophambili woHlaziyo lobuProtestanti eJamani. Ukusuka apho yasasazeka kuyo yonke iYurophu, ngenxa yomyili womatshini wokushicilela welo xesha.
Ngoko ke iipostulates zakhe ezibhaliweyo zafundwa okokuqala eJamani kwaza emva koko kwiYurophu iphela. Yonke le mibhalo yasebenza njengokhuthazo lokusekwa kwabanye abahlaziyi abakhulu, iintanda-bulumko neenkcuba-buchopho ezavelisa iindidi ngeendidi zamabandla obuProtestanti kungekuphela nje eYurophu, kodwa nakwihlabathi lonke.
UHlaziyo lobuProtestanti olwakhuthazwa nguLuther kunye neCatholic Counter-Reformation ukuphendula, lwalumele iziganeko ezibini ezibalulekileyo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo kweYurophu ngelo xesha.
Kwiminyaka elikhulu emva kobuProtestanti bukaLuther, imfazwe yeminyaka engama-30 yaqala eBohemia ngenxa yokungavisisani phakathi kwenkolo yamaKatolika namaProtestanti.
Qhubeka ufunda kunye nathi malunga nobomi babalinganiswa bebhayibhile kumanqaku: UPawulos waseTarso oNgcwele: Ubomi, ukuguqulwa, ukucinga kunye nokunye. Kamva UGidiyon: ukusuka kwindoda ebuthathaka ukuya kwigorha elinesibindi.
