Ubomi bukaSeneca, kufutshane kakhulu kumaziko amandla, siyaziwa kakuhle kuthi ngenxa yobungqina bembali-mlando yaseRoma enegunya lexesha elifana noTacitus, uSuetonius kunye noCassius Dio. Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ubudlelwane obugcinwe nguSeneca ngamandla, kufuneka siqale sihlalutye ixesha lembali apho azifumana khona.
Inqununu kaNero yayilixesha elinzima kakhulu, lizele yingcinezelo kunye noloyiko, nangona konke oku akuzange kwenzeke ngokukhawuleza. Enyanisweni, kamsinya nje akuba enyuke etroneni, uNero, kwakhona ngenxa yenkxaso eqinileyo yamadoda anjengoSeneca noAfranio Burro, uyakwazi ukugcina ulungelelwano phakathi koBukhosi baseRoma. Eli xesha lempumelelo labizwa ngababhali-mbali ixesha leminyaka emihlanu uNeronis o quinquennium felix, kanye kuba yayiyiminyaka emihlanu yoxolo nenzolo.
Amandla, ezopolitiko kunye nokuziphatha
Ngelishwa, eli xesha leminyaka emihlanu lalandelwa lithuba elilawulwa luloyiko kunye nokuphambana kukaNero, owabeka inqununu ngokuzenzekela, ethatha indawo yamanani amabini awayeyijikelezile ngaphambili. Idonki ithatyathelw’ indawo nguTigellinus, ngelixa kungekho mntu ukwisikhundla sangaphambili seSeneca. USeneca akayeki ukuzibonakalisa ngokwakhe kwaye akanciphisi kwizibophelelo zokuthatha inxaxheba kubomi bezopolitiko obubeka kuye, kodwa uhlala ehlawula kakhulu udumo lwakhe kunye nobutyebi obuqokelelweyo, ade anyanzeliswe ukuba azibulale.
Ngokulandelelana kweziganeko, ngo-AD 39, ubeka ubomi bakhe emngciphekweni phantsi kwemiyalelo kaCaligula kwaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva wanyanzelwa ukuba aye elubhacweni eCorsica nguClaudius, asuka kuye ekucingeni isimo sengqondo esikhohlisayo ukuze afumane uxolelo lwakhe ngokubhala i-Consolatio ad Polybium, ukuba athathe. ukuziphindezela ngokufa kwakhe. ukufa. ukufa, ebonakalisa yonke intiyo yakhe ngakuye I-Apocolocyntosis, umsebenzi apho amgculela kabuhlungu. Ukuba ngumfundisi kaNero, wazama ukuseka urhulumente wakhe kwimigaqo ye rex iustus, Ithiyori yomfanekiso wenkosana enemifanekiso kwi yeclementia, kodwa umlawuli oselula wathabath’ iintambo ngokukhawuleza.
Seneca kunye nezopolitiko
USeneca, ngokungafaniyo nabanye ababhali bale mihla, uziva enomsebenzi wokuthatha inxaxheba kubomi bakhe bonke kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko. kuba yena kakhulu kubalulekile ubudlelwane phakathi kobomi obusebenzayo kunye nobomi bokucamngca, ubomi boluntu kunye nobomi babucala, uthethathethwano kunye ne-otium, umntu kunye noluntu. Ihlala inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nomgaqo othi: "umsebenzi womntu kukuba luncedo kwamanye amadoda." Ukuze ube luncedo, uSeneca uqinisekisa ukuba indoda enesidima akufuneki ilubaleke uxanduva lwayo lomntu kunye noluntu. Ukuziphatha kukaSeneca enyanisweni kukuziphatha okusebenzayo, okusekelwe kumgaqo wokulunga komntu wonke.
Ke ubudlelwane beSeneca kunye nenqununu yingxaki. Ekuqaleni anelisekile bubukhosi bukaNero, wayebhala incwadi eya kumlawuli omtsha uNero, enesihloko esithi. Ukusuka eClementia. Kulo msebenzi uSeneca uncoma ukumodareyitha kunye nokuzingca nkosazana, kananjalo inika imodeli yokuziphatha ekufuneka ilandele. Umbhali uthi, uclement rule, kufuneka aziphathe njengotata ebantwaneni bakhe. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufundisa izifundo isoloko iyeyokucenga kunye nokuyala, ingekhe ibe yeyoyikiso noloyiko.
amandla ngamandla
I-Seneca ayilibuzi igunya elipheleleyo lomlawuli kwaye, enyanisweni, iyayiqinisekisa njengamandla avela kuThixo. I-Fate inike uNero umsebenzi wokulawula abantu bakhe kwaye kufuneka enze lo msebenzi ngaphandle kokubenza bazive ubunzima bamandla, kwaye kufuneka abe ngumqinisekisi womlinganiselo. Jikelele. Uphakamisa umgaqo omnye ekusebenzelaneni namakhoboka: "Hlala nomntu ongaphantsi kwakho njengoko ungathanda ukuba umphathi wakho aphile nawe."
Ukumkani uyintloko yeLizwe, abalawulwa ngamalungu, ngoko ke aba bamva bakulungele ukuthobela ukumkani njengoko amalungu ethobela intloko yaye elungele ukujongana nokufa ngenxa yakhe: “Yena, okunene, ungumxokelelwane lowo urhulumente uhlala emanyene, ngumoya obalulekileyo ophefumlwa ngawo onke la mawaka amadoda. Bona, ngokwabo, bebengayi kuba ngumthwalo kunye nexhoba kwabanye, ukuba loo mphefumlo woBukhosi ulahlekile.
De Beneficis de Seneca
Emva kokuphawula ukusilela kwemfundo kaNero yokuziphatha, uSeneca ubhala athi uDe iinzuzo, incwadi eneencwadi ezisixhenxe ejongene nombandela wokwazi ukunika nokufumana inzuzo, eqondwa njengomnikelo wekhonkrithi wento elungileyo, kwaye ichaphazela ukukhulelwa ngokubhekiselele kwinhlanhla kuphela inokumisela imeko yenkululeko okanye ubukhoboka. Ngoko ke wonke umntu makayazi indlela yokuzakhela uzuko lwakhe ngomsebenzi nangemigudu, ngaphandle kokubala ukuba ookhokho bakhe bamshiyela ntoni na..
USeneca, ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa "yokungahambelani" kwakhe ebusweni begunya, uye wakwazi ukugcina udumo olukhulu kwiinkulungwane ngenxa yezizathu ezibini: oorhulumente bobuzwilakhe kunye nabacinezeli bayayixabisa indlela aziphatha ngayo njengesifundo, ngelixa iinkcuba-buchopho zabelana ngendlela yakhe yokuchasa abalawuli. .
USeneca uyayithanda indlela yokuziphatha yamaStoyike kwaye uyisebenzisela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zobomi obusebenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuzibulala, uyakwazi ukuhambisa umfanekiso wakhe kwimbali, ukukhulula ngokuqinisekileyo ubomi obuphikisanayo. Mhlawumbi le yeyona nto yamenza waduma kakhulu kwaye, ngokuzibulala kwakhe, wabhala iphepha elibalulekileyo kubukho bakhe.
inkululeko ngaphezu kwazo zonke
USeneca kwiintlekele zakhe uya kugxila kwicala elingaziwayo lobuntu bakhe, oko kukuthi vir sapiens kunye neebhonasi, oya kuzibulala ngenxa yesizathu esifanelekileyo senkululeko. Inkululeko, yeSeneca, ingaphakathi kuthi kwaye akukho mntu unokuyicinezela: ngobulumko, ngokudelela umzimba wethu we-ephemeral, inkululeko ikhuselekile.. Ukuba siyayazi indlela yokujikela kwizinto ezinkulu kunobukhoboka bomzimba, siya koyisa inkululeko yangaphakathi, siya kuba ngabethu. «Ngaba uyandibuza ukuba yeyiphi indlela eya enkululekweni? Nawuphi na umthambo emzimbeni wakho.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukwazi kuphela ukwahlula okulungileyo kokubi, kuba kuphela ngabo bakuphumezayo abaya kukhululeka ngokwenene, kuba inkululeko ayiveli ekuzalweni kudidi oluthile, nokuba luhlwempuzekile okanye luhloniphekile.. Kumbhali, idabi lokoyisa inkululeko linokuliwa kuphela ngesixhobo sefilosofi, kangangokuba waqinisekisa ukuba zizilumko kuphela ezikhululekileyo.
Ingcamango yefilosofi kaSeneca
USeneca akayena ifilosofi okanye ingcamango ecwangcisiweyo: injongo yakhe ephambili kukudlulisa ingcamango yobomi kunye nemilinganiselo ethile yokuziphatha, ngokwenene imveliso yakhe ihluke kakhulu kwezinye iingcali zamandulo ezifana noPlato okanye uAristotle. Akanqweneli ukunika inkqubo yefilosofi, kodwa kunoko ukukhomba kubalandeli bakhe nabafundi bakhe iimpawu zokuziphatha zeStoicism. Nangona uninzi lweencwadi zakhe zoncwadi zibandakanyiwe phantsi kwesihloko esithi "dialogues", ezi zahlulwe ngokucacileyo kwezikaPlato endaweni yoko zithatha imo yemonologues yokwenyani, apho uSeneca ethetha nabani na onomdla kwingcinga yakhe.
Umlingiswa ongacwangciswanga wengcinga kaSeneca kunye nokuvakaliswa kokuzimela kwemithombo kusisigxina esisisigxina kuwo wonke umsebenzi wefilosofi. Kuyo yonke imveliso yemisebenzi yakhe kuvela utoliko ngokutsha lobuqu lolwazi olugqithiselwe kwintanda-bulumko ngabafundisi-ntsapho abahambisana nobukho obucacileyo bobustoic. Imigaqo emibini esisiseko yefilosofi kaSeneca ivela ngokuchanekileyo kwiStoicism: indalo kunye nengqiqo.. Ngokutsho kweSeneca, umntu kufuneka ngaphezu kwayo yonke into ahambelane nendalo kwaye, ngokufanayo, athobele ingqiqo, ebonwa njenge umlinganiselo, IsiGrike uphawu, umgaqo wobuthixo olawula ihlabathi.
Izilumko azinabuntu, enye yeengcamango zikaLucio
Inqaku leqela elithile elivela kwimfundiso yamaStoyike liphantsi komfanekiso we sapiens, izilumko. Umoya kaSeneca wepragmatic yesiLatini umkhokelela ekupheliseni imikhwa ekhohlakeleyo ebizwa ngokuba yizilumko. Ngaloo ndlela ubulumko buthabatha imo yokulawula okunengqiqo kweminqweno kungekhona ukungakhathali nokungakhuseleki kwiimvakalelo.
I-asceticism yokomoya ye-sage iquka izigaba ezintlanu ezisisiseko: i uloyiso phezu kwenkanuko, ezinjengoloyiko, intlungu neenkolelo; yena ukuvavanywa kwesazela, into eqhelekileyo kwimfundiso kaPythagoras; i ulwazi lokuba yinxalenye yeelogo kwaye ke ngoko siqonde ukuba sizizidalwa ezinengqiqo, siyinxalenye yeprojekthi yokubonelela ngengqiqo; ukuzamkela nokuzazi, eneneni umntu osisilumko uyayiqonda into eyinxalenye yengqiqo nento engeyiyo, eqonda ukuba uyinxalenye yako.; kwaye ekugqibeleni i impumelelo ye uyamkhulula ingaphakathi: ngesizathu umntu angaphila kamnandi.
Ubulumko ke buqulunqwe njengendlela hayi njengesiphelo. Iqwalaselwe njengendlela umntu afumana ngayo inkululeko yangaphakathi hayi ulwazi ngokwalo.
Aristotle kunye Seneca
Kwimbono yefilosofi kaSeneca, ingcamango yefilosofi yenzululwazi ephefumlelwe nguAristotle iphinda ifumane indawo. Uphononongo lweziganeko zendalo, enyanisweni, luvumela umntu ukuba azi umlinganiselo ezikuwo zonke, aze, ngazo, azihlanganise nawo.
I-Seneca ikwachaza iinkalo ezine ezisisiseko zobulumko: Ubushushu oko kunceda ukulawula iinkanuko; amandla, iluncedo ekulweni noloyiko; ubulumko, enkosi apho izenzo eziza kwenziwa zinokubonwa kwangaphambili; ubulungisa,enokuthi ngayo umabele ngamnye into ehambelana naye. Xa umntu ekwazi ukufezekisa isidima, ukhululwe kuloyiko kunye namaxhala emeko yakhe yokufa kunye neyomzimba kwaye ekugqibeleni angabanga ukuba wonwabe ngokwenene, kuba ukuqonda kwakhe ngokupheleleyo kubandakanya isidima kunye nokuphucula kwakhe kwaye akaxhomekekanga. ..iminqweno yethamsanqa, ingaxhomekekanga kubutyebi okanye kwimpilo, izinto ezingaphaya kwamandla ethu nezingekho kumandla ethu.
Ifilosofi kunye noonobumba zihambelana ngokugqibeleleyo namandla
Ngokuqinisekileyo uSeneca uyisithandi sobulumko kunye nendoda enobumba eyayiyazi indlela yokubambisana ngokunyanisekileyo ngamandla, ishiya uphawu oluhle ngexesha leminyaka yomsebenzi kunye nomlawuli omncinci, esebenzisana ngokukhutheleyo ukwenzela uluntu, kodwa okwaziyo ukuziqhelanisa. kuye xa engasameli umntu ongumzekelo omhle, elahla amalungelo kunye nobabalo ngaphandle kokuzisola, njengoko kuchaziwe kwi Busikelele ubomi: "ukwazi ukunandipha ubutyebi xa bukho, kodwa ukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwabo ukuba bayayeka."
Kwelinye icala, ukurhoxa kwakhe kubomi basesidlangalaleni kwaba neziphumo ezibi kuNero owathi, eshiywe yedwa ukuba alawule, kwiminyaka emihlanu yokugqibela yamandla akhe, wavelisa ukungamkelwa kwabemi kangangokuba wagwetywa, emva kokufa kwakhe, ukuba " agwetywe. inkumbulo», la Esona sigwebo sibi kakhulu ukuba umRoma angahlupheka, ngelixa inkumbulo kaSeneca iya kuhlala kwiinkulungwane ngenxa yobulumko bakhe obunzulu kunye nokuzinikela kwakhe esidlangalaleni.
Kwimeko yokungabikho kozinzo kwezopolitiko nezentlalo kwi Caput Mundi ixesha, I-Seneca ivakalisa zonke izinto ezingaqondakaliyo, imida kunye neminqweno yeklasi yengqondo, eyahlala ikuphela kwayo yokuchasa amandla ezopolitiko, emva kokungeniswa kweklasi ye-senator.. Nge-Seneca, ukubakho kweklasi yengqondo ezalisekisa umsebenzi we-organic ngaphakathi kwamandla ezopolitiko kuyasilela. Emva kwakhe "abacebisi benkosana" baya kuba ngabakhululi kunye nabaphathi kwaye iingqondo ezinengqondo ziya kukwazi ukuxelela kuphela okwenzekayo.
unokufunda kwakhona ULucius Anneo Seneca (Icandelo 2)