Ngexesha langaphambi kweColumbian, iZapotec yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimpucuko yaseMesoamerica, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkcubeko yaseMonte Albán; Ukuqala kwayo kwaphenjelelwa ziiOlmecs. Ngeli nqaku, siyakumema ukuba ufunde ngakumbi malunga IiZapotec nangaphezulu
Inkcubeko Zapotec
Enye yezona mpucuko ziphambili eMesoamerica ngexesha langaphambi kweColumbian yayiyinkcubeko yaseZapotec, nangona imvelaphi yayo ingakacaci, amaZapotec ayekholelwa ukuba ayeyinzala yamafu, ngoko ke, njengabantwana abathe ngqo bezithixo, bazibiza ngokuba abantu abahlala emafini okanye “binni záa”; isiteketiso esikwabhekiselele ekuhlaleni kwabo kwiintaba eziphakamileyo. Le nkcubeko yaphuhliswa phakathi kwe-500 BC kunye ne-800 AD, ishiya ubungqina benkqubela phambili yayo kunye nefuthe elikhulu laseTeotihuacan.
Abantu bokuqala baseZapotec bahlala kwimimandla yeentaba yelizwe langoku laseMexico i-Oaxaca, kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha basasazeka eGuerrero, ePuebla nase-Isthmus yaseTehuantepec. Ngobuchule, amaZapotec akhetha induli enomhlaba ochumileyo ukuze akhe ikomkhulu lawo eliphambili: iMonte Albán, eyathi, ngenxa yendawo yayo yeemitha ezingama-400 ngaphezu komgangatho wentlambo kunye nezakhiwo zayo ezinkulu, yabonakalisa amandla ayo. Malunga ne750 AD C. inkcubeko yaseZapotec yawa phantsi ngokusebenza kweMixtec.
Indawo yokuHlaliswa kweZapotec
AmaZapotec ahlala kwintlambo yaseOaxaca, iikhilomitha ezingama-200 kumzantsi weSixeko saseMexico sanamhlanje; ikomkhulu layo eliphambili laliyi-Monte Albán, ibekwe kwi-10 km ukusuka kwisixeko sase-Oaxaca, eyayiyindawo ebalulekileyo ukususela apho ungabona iintlambo (iseti yeentlambo ezintathu zomlambo). Ikomkhulu lalinezakhiwo ezimile okwephiramidi zezakhiwo ezingcwele, amangcwaba kunye neemarike.
AmaZapotec aphuhlisa iindawo zokuhlala ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, ezazahlulwe zaba ziidolophu ezintathu: intlambo, iintaba, nezantsi. Baye bakwazi ukuzinyanzela kule mimandla ngobudlelwane obusondeleyo obunemveliso kunye nempucuko ye-Olmec kunxweme olusemazantsi eGulf, ngokungqingwa komkhosi kunye nokuvalelwa kweenkokeli ezikhuphisanayo ezivela kwizixeko ezikufutshane. Malunga ne900 AD C. isixeko saseZapotec saseMitla (kwintlambo yaseOaxaca) saba sesona sibalulekileyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kulwakhiwo lwaso olunezakhiwo ezimbejembeje ezilungelelaniswe malunga neeplaza.
IZapotec: Umbutho weNtlalo
Njengakwezinye iimpucuko zangaphambi kwe-Hispanic, le mpucuko yayimelwe luluhlu lwentlalo oluphawulweyo:
- Umlawuli okanye iGocquitao: wayengumthunywa phambi koothixo kwinqwelo-moya yasemhlabeni kunye nombingeleli omkhulu.
- Elite: yenziwe ngababingeleli, amajoni kunye nabarhwebi, ababegcina amandla abo ngemitshato nezalamane zabalawuli bemimandla eyoyisiweyo.
- Iingcibi: ezikhethekileyo kumsebenzi wamatye, iilomu kunye neeseramikhi.
- Abalimi: babesebenzisa inkqubo yokunkcenkceshela ephucukileyo, eyayibavumela ukuba bavelise ukutya okuninzi, njengombona.
Umbutho wezopolitiko weZapotec
Abantu baseZapotec babephawulwa ngophuhliso lomkhosi olwabavumela ukuba bandise inkcubeko yabo, phantsi komyalelo wobukhosi bonqulo. Ezona zixeko zibalulekileyo zale mpucuko zezi: iMonte Albán, iYagul, iTeotitlán kunye neZaachila, abathe bakwazi ukulawula ngobudlelwane borhwebo kunye neeOlmecs ezingabamelwane, kunye noloyiso lomkhosi kunye nokubamba abalawuli abakhuphisanayo bezixeko ezingabamelwane.
ULwimi
Isithethe samaZapotec sasinolwimi olukhulu, oko kukuthi, ulwimi oluneelwimi ezahlukeneyo ezazingaqondwa phakathi kwazo. Oku kwakungenxa yobudlelwane obusondeleyo bezorhwebo enabo kunye nezixeko ezingabamelwane, ezinjenge-Olmecs, iTeotihuacans kunye neeMayans.
AmaZapotec adala indlela yawo yokubhala, exhaswa yimiqondiso kunye neempawu, eziqingqwe ngamatye, izakhiwo kunye namangcwaba. Ukongezelela, bavelisa inkqubo yamanani emelwa ngamanqaku nemivalo, abayichaza ngonyaka weentsuku ezingamakhulu amabini anamashumi amathandathu neyaba sisiseko sekhalenda yamaMayan nama-Aztec.
Inkolo
Unqulo lwamaZapotec lwaphawulwa sisibakala sokuba amaZapotec ayenqula oothixo abaninzi, ekholelwa ukuba ikamva lomntu linxulunyaniswa nesilwanyana. Ngokwale nto, babedla ngokubeka uthuthu kwindlwana yomntwana, ukwenzela ukuba unyawo lwesilwanyana esithile siza kubonakalisa ubuntu bomntwana. Babebahlonela yaye bebabeka abafi babo, ababebangcwaba kwimibhobho yodongwe baze bahonjiswe ngamadini, emva koko beze ukwakha iitempile zokungcwaba. Uthixo wabo oyintloko yayinguXipe Totec, uhlobo lwesithixo esinguBathathu Emnye owakhiwe:
- I-Totec: uthixo omkhulu owayebalawula.
- Xipe: lowo wavelisa yonke into engajikeleziyo.
- tlatlauhaqui: uthixo welanga.
Oothixo abahlukeneyo benkcubeko yaseZapotec banxulunyaniswa neziganeko zendalo, izilwanyana okanye ubomi bemihla ngemihla obumelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- UPitao Cocijo: uthixo weendudumo nemvula, owenziwe ngumntu ongumxube wenyoka, ijaguar kunye neempawu zeengwenya.
- pitao cozobi: isithixo sombona omncinane, omelwe ngesigqubuthelo sobuso sesilwanyana, esilungiswe ngeenkcukacha zeentsiba nezikhwebu zombona.
- Coqui Bezelao: isithixo sokufa kunye nomhlaba wabafileyo.
- Xonaxi Quecuya: ibonakale kwiinyikima.
- Pitao Cozana: ibinguthixo wezinyanya.
- Picique Zina: Waxelisa ilulwane elinxulunyaniswa nobumnyama, ukufa, nezithethe zokunqunyulwa kwentloko.
Qoqosho
Uqoqosho lwale nkcubeko kunye nomsebenzi walo lwalulawulwa yi-agronomy, ukuzingela, ukuvuna, ukuloba kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Baqhubela phambili kwiindlela zokutyala kuphahla oluyingqokelela, nto leyo eyabanika isivuno esihle sombona, amathanga, iitumato kunye netshokolethi.
Inkqubo yorhwebo yaseZapotec yayisekelwe kwinto yokuba umzi ngamnye wawusebenza njengequmrhu elinemveliso; ngaphezu koko, urhwebo lwenzeka kwimarike, apho umbona okanye ikofu yayisetyenziswa njengemali. Amakhonkco orhwebo kunye nezinye izixeko kwaye, ngakumbi, kunye ne-Olmecs ekhokele inkcubeko yaseZapotec ukuba ibe liziko le-axis yaseMesoamerican.
Enye ipropathi ebalulekileyo yezoqoqosho lolu luntu kukuba ilizwe ngalinye linendawo ekhethekileyo kwezoqoqosho. Kwingingqi yentlambo, amalaphu odongwe kunye neebhasikithi aye aveliswa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemicu yemifuno, kwaye amalaphu esikhumba kunye nomqhaphu ayenziwe emantla ethafa.
Ukusebenza koQoqosho lwaseZapotec
Iqela lesizwe saseZapotec ngokuphucula iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela nokulima kumathambeka eentaba zeembotyi nombona, kunye nemijelo ekwimihlaba ethe tyaba ukuze bafumane iziqhamo nemifuno ethile; kwaye yintoni eyayisongezo esincinci kuqoqosho lweZapotec yaba lishishini elinengeniso ephezulu.
Ukusuka kubathengi, baba ngabavelisi abakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukuphumeza enye ikhonkco lezenzo, kwakhona kwinqanaba elikhulu, njengokutshintshiselana kweempahla ezingaveliyo, kunye nokuthengisa, okuye kwaphuhlisa ngakumbi inkqubo yezoqoqosho yaseZapotec. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Zapotec yayisebenza ngexesha elifanayo ishishini lohlobo lwezobugcisa, olulinganiselwe kwimveliso yeekeramics kunye nokulungiswa kweefayili zengubo.
Le migca kunye nezolimo kumlinganiselo omkhulu kwaze kwakhokelela ekucacisweni kunye nokusetyenziswa kobhedu oluyintsimbi kunye nokumelwa kwe-T. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, sibona ukuba uqoqosho lwaseZapotec luyihloniphe ngokupheleleyo imigaqo yenkqubo yezoqoqosho yokwenyani: ukusetyenziswa kwempahla. , ukwenziwa kweempahla, ukusasazwa kunye nokuthengiswa okulandela oko. Mhlawumbi oku kukhula okukhawulezileyo, kunye nezinto zemozulu kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ebuthathaka, kubangele ukuhla kwenkcubeko yaseZapotec ekuweni ngokupheleleyo kwale mpucuko.
Ukubonakaliswa kobugcisa
Inkcubeko yaseZapotec yayineenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, eziphawulwa ngokuba zikhetheke kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ezinje:
I-Architecture
Baye bahluke ngomsebenzi wabo wokukrola wamatye ekukhululekeni okuphantsi njengezinto zokuhombisa izakhiwo; Ikwaphawulwe kusetyenziso oluninzi lweemosaics, umsebenzi ovulekileyo, amaplanga kunye nemizobo eseludongeni njengemihombiso. Kwinkoliso yendalo yakhe, iimfazwe namadini zazibalasele.
Ukwakhiwa kwemithamo emifutshane yohlobo oluthe tye kunye nee-engile ezichanekileyo, ubungqina bobuchule obukhulu kulawulo lwendawo. Ukongezelela, baye basebenzisa iintsika ze-monolithic njengenkxaso yophahla olusicaba.
ubugcisa bomngcwabo
Benza izakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo zokungcwaba kunye neevestibules, amagumbi kunye neevaults, ezihonjiswe ngemizobo eseludongeni; Ngaphaya koko, bapeyinta iiurns zodongwe ngemibala eyahlukeneyo efana nomthubi, oblowu, omhlophe, obomvu nomnyama.
Iiceramics
Yayiyeyohlobo olusetyenziswayo kunye nokuhlobisa izithethe kunye nokungcwaba; basebenzisa ubuchule obuphambili bokukrola imikhumbi enemifanekiso yabantu okanye yezilwanyana. Ekuqaleni basebenzisa udongwe olungwevu kunye nokugqiba olukhazimlisiweyo, kamva batshintshela kwi-orenji kunye noyilo lokuhombisa. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yodongwe eyenziwe ngobuchule obukhulu kunye nomfanekiso wesithixo uPitao Cocijo nawo ayegqamile.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yale nkcubeko, yinto eyongezelelweyo yokwakhiwa kwayo kwi-lintels, amangcwaba kunye ne-stelae, bafezekise igalelo elixabisekileyo lobugcisa, bahluke ngokubandakanywa koothixo okanye ababingeleli ababekwe njengezipho emangcwabeni.
Elona gama liphezulu le-Zapotec effigy lenziwe umntu kwi-stelae yase-Los Danzantes, ebekwe kwisikwere esiphethe isichazi esifanayo e-Monte Albán.
Ukubhala
Umbhalo oboniswa yile nkcubeko wawunemo ethile yesilabhili okanye igama ngalinye lolwimi lwayo, elenziwe ngemiqondiso okanye ihieroglyphs. Ngexesha lokubhalwa kwayo, basebenzisa izinto ezinjengamaplanga, ilaphu, iphepha, uboya, kwanamatye akroliweyo, amaqokobhe, amathambo nezitya zomdongwe. Babedla ngokubalisa amabali obomi bemihla ngemihla kunye neziqephu zemfazwe.
Impahla
Impahla eyayisetyenziswa ngaba bantu baseMesoamerica, ngaphambi kokuba amaSpanish afike kula mazwe, ayebonakala kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamandulo. Siyabona ukuba amaZapotec azo zombini izini ayedla ngokugcina isifuba okanye isifuba singabonakali, oko kukuthi, sityhilekile. Apho babenxiba iimpahla, ngeenjongo ezilula zokugubungela indawo yangasese, kwakusuka esinqeni ukuhla. Amadoda ayenxiba i<em>maxtlatl okanye i<em>mastate, uhlobo oluthile lweqhiya, yaye abafazi babenxiba umbhinqo, elenziwe ngelaphu le<em>rustic elalizidayiye ngokwalo.
Kukho iimbono eziphikisanayo ngokumalunga nazo zonke ii-aggregates ezenza iingubo zeZapotec, abaninzi bagxininisa ukuba bahlala ngaphandle kwezicathulo kunye nayiphi na i-accessory.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ezinye izinto ziya kudityaniswa kwisinxibo saseZapotec; Nangona ibhulukhwe yangaphantsi yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo yokunxiba emadodeni, iibhulukhwe zangaphantsi ezidityanisiweyo zeza endaweni yazo ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Impahla yokugqoka yabasetyhini iya kutyetyiswa, okokuqala ngokusetyenziswa kwe-enredos, idayiwe ngeedayi zendalo, kunye ne-rustic kunye ne-huipiles ethobekileyo.
I-decorum yenkolo yaseSpain, kunye nezinye izikhokelo zolu buntu, ziya kulawula ukongeza ezinye iingubo kwiingubo zaseZapotec. I-huipil egqitywe kakhulu okanye i-bidaani, equkethe i-square top engenamikhono; ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kweepeticoat okanye i-bizuudi kwenziwa imihla ngemihla kubasetyhini. Kucingelwa ukuba abafazi ababumba udidi oluhloniphekileyo lwenkcubeko yaseZapotec babenxibe iimpahla ezingaphezulu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlebe kunye neentsimbi zokuhombisa.
Ingqikelelo ye-matriarchy kuluntu lwase-Zapotec, phantsi kwesitayile esiphucukileyo, ingakhuthaza abasetyhini ukuba babonakale, ngakumbi phakathi kwabo banemvelaphi yase-Isthmian, ababefuna ukuluka imizobo yaseMesoamerican kwisinxibo saseZapotec. kunye nezo zezinye iinkcubeko zasemzini.
IKhalenda yeZapotec
Enye yezinto ezikhangayo zenkcubeko yaseZapotec, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ukujonga kunye nokubalwa kwexesha ngokusekelwe kumaxesha eenkwenkwezi, kuba basebenzisa iikhalenda ezimbini:
- Uyasela: yayiyikhalenda yonqulo neyemibhiyozo, eyathabatha iintsuku ezingama-260, yasasazeka kwiinyanga ezili-13.
- yza: Isingathwe ngemisebenzi yezolimo nezopolitiko, yayiquka iintsuku ezingama-365 kunye neenyanga ezili-18 ngokusekelwe kumjikelo welanga.
Inyanga nganye yayineentsuku ezingama-20 yaye ekugqibeleni zaziziintsuku ezi-5 ezongezelelekileyo zokugqiba unyaka. Nangona inyathelo lekhalenda linikezelwe kumaMayans, yayingamaZapotec awayeyisebenzisa ngaphambili.
Inkcubeko yeZapotec namhlanje
Sithethanje, kusekho amaZapotec athile kwiintlambo ezikumazantsi eOaxaca nakwi-Isthmus yaseTehuantepec, nangona bezibanga bengamaKatolika, basaqhubeka besenza izinto ezithile zookhokho babo.
Ulwimi lwaseZapotec luyinxalenye yembali, njengoko luphakathi kwezona lwimi zithethwa kakhulu eMexico. Kwizithethe ezinzulu, kukho iminyhadala emininzi yenkolo efana nale:
- I-Las Velas, ngumsebenzi ogcwele imibala obhiyozelwa phakathi kwe-17 kunye ne-24 kaMeyi kunyaka ngamnye, uvuza izibonelelo zeengcwele ezahlukeneyo kwiCawa yamaKatolika.
- Usuku lwabafileyo ngowona mthendeleko uphambili wale nkcubeko, ubhiyozelwa iintsuku ezisithoba, ukususela ngo-Oktobha 22 ukuya kuNovemba 1, oko, ngokwezithethe zabo, ukufa kuthetha ukudlulela kwelinye ihlabathi.
- I-Lunes del Cerro, ngumbhiyozo obonisa isenzo sokupha, ngolu hlobo, umnikelo uquka imidaniso kunye neengoma ezibizwa ngokuba yiGuelaguetza, ezinikezelwa kubathathi-nxaxheba.
Iminikelo yeNkcubeko yaseZapotec
Inkcubeko yaseZapotec yaphenjelelwa yiOlmec; nangona kunjalo, impucuko yaseZapotec yayikwazi ukusulungekisa ubulumko obuzuzwayo kunye nokufikelela ukuphakama okuntsonkothileyo kulwakhiwo, ubugcisa, ukushicilela kunye noshishino. Amanye amagalelo amakhulu kwimpucuko yamva aquka:
- Umbona njengeyona mveliso iphambili.
- Inkqubo yokunkcenkceshela ephucukileyo.
- Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yayo yokubhala.
- Ukwenziwa kwekhalenda.
- Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yedijithali.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku nguLos Zapotecas linomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: