I-Sea Lion sisilwanyana esanyisayo sasemanzini esifumaneka kakhulu elwandle nakulwandle olusemazantsi. Sisilwanyana esitya inyama etya intlanzi, ingwane kunye nesquid. Zide kwaye zityebile kwaye ngaphandle kokungalingani ngobukhulu kunye nobunzima phakathi kwesini zisebenzisa ukutya okufanayo. Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi ngezi zidalwa zaselwandle kufuneka uqhubeke ufunda.
Ingonyama yolwandle
Ingonyama yolwandle (i-Otaria flavescens), luhlobo lwesilwanyana esanyisayo sasemanzini esenziwe ngepinniped esiyinxalenye yosapho lwe-Otariidae kwaye nalapho bafumana igama le-otarinos. Zibukeka zifana namatywina, kodwa zinzima. Bahlala icandelo elikhulu leelwandle kunye neelwandle zehlabathi, apho batya iintlanzi, ingwane, i-squid, i-shrimp, phakathi kwezinye.
Ezinye zazo zibizwa ngokuba “ziingcuka”, kodwa ezinye zinamagama athile afana nengonyama yolwandle ehlekisayo, ingonyama yolwandle enoboya obunye, ingonyama yolwandle esemazantsi, ingonyama yolwandle yaseMzantsi Melika okanye ingonyama yolwandle nje.
Descripción
Inombala omdaka omnyama xa ifikelela ebudaleni kodwa ibemnyama ebutsheni bayo. Iinkunzi ezindala zidla ngokuba nobunzima obumalunga neekhilogram ezingama-300, nto leyo ebuphinda kabini ubunzima beemazi. Babonisa uhlobo loboya obubomvu-bumdaka ngaphezulu kwentamo yabo, le "mane" iyisizathu sokuba babizwe ngokuba "ziingonyama zolwandle".
Ubukho bazo buthwalwa ngokwamaqela amalunga ne-15 imizekelo, eyenziwe yindoda, inkazana yayo, kunye nolutsha olumbalwa. Kulo lonke ihlobo, ngoDisemba nangoJanuwari, baya kuzala kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo apho amawaka emizekelo ahlanganisana khona. Inkqubo yokumitha kwayo inokuhlala phantse unyaka, apho kuphuma inzala enye.
Ngalo lonke ixesha lokuzala, iinkunzi zidla ngokulwela indawo kunye neemazi, yaye kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba zingakutyi ukutya ngelo xesha. Ubomi bayo bunokongezwa malunga neminyaka engama-25 ukuya kwengama-50. Iingonyama zaselwandle zaziwa njengezilwanyana ezihlala kwindawo ethile.
Ukutya
Ekutyeni kwabo sinokufumana rhoqo intlanzi, i-octopus, i-squid, i-penguin kunye nezinye iintaka zolwandle. Zitya ukutya okuziikhilogram ezili-15 ukuya kwezingama-25 ngosuku kwaye kwangaxeshanye zizingelwa yiminenga ebulalayo kunye nookrebe.
Ingonyama yolwandle eqhelekileyo luhlobo oluyimfuneko lwenkqubo yendalo eselunxwemeni apho ihamba kakhulu kwishelufu yelizwekazi. Nangona kunjalo, amabhinqa ahlala enxwemeni ngakumbi kunamadoda ekutshintsheni kwawo. Ukutya kwabo kwaphononongwa emantla nasembindini we Patagonia kwaye kwakusekwe kuchongo lwe otoliths, (iintsalela eziqinileyo ekugqitywe ngazo ubudala bentlanzi), intlanzi kunye nemilomo ye cephalopod efunyenwe kwiziqulatho zazo zesisu.
Phakathi kwezona zinto zibalulekileyo zixhoba yihake (Merluccius hubbsi), iskwidi esiqhelekileyo (Raneya fluminensis), iskwidi (Illex argentinus neDoryteuthis gahi) kunye neengwane (iOctopus tehuelchus kunye neEnteroctopus megalocyathus). Kwakhona kubandakanywa i-anchovy (Engraulis anchoita), i-nototenias (i-Patagonotothen cornucola kunye ne-P. ramsayi), i-salmon yolwandle (i-Pseudopercis semifasciata), i-pollock (i-Genypterus blacodes), kunye ne-elasmobranchs ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwee-crustaceans, iintlobo ezininzi zafunyanwa, kodwa azibalulekanga, ngaphandle kweminyaka emininzi ye-shrimp (Pleoticus muelleri).
Ngokusekwe kwezi ziphumo, kucingelwa ukuba ingcuka eqhelekileyo luhlobo olungenelelayo oluthatha ithuba loluhlu olubanzi lwemithombo enokuthambekela ekubambeni ngokukodwa iintlobo zezilwanyana ezifana nedemersal kunye ne-benthic, ezinye zazo zinokubaluleka kwezorhwebo. Njengenxalenye ye-parasites yengcuka eqhelekileyo, i-nematodes ifunyenwe (i-Anisakis simplex, i-Contracaecum ogmorhini, i-Pseudoterranova decipiens, kunye ne-Uncinaria sp.); Ngokufanayo, i-acanthocephalus (i-Corynosoma australe) kunye ne-cestode (i-Diphyllobothrium pacificum) yafunyanwa.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ihlala kunxweme olusemazantsi oMzantsi Melika. KuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki ifumaneka kumanxweme asePeru naseChile; kwiZiqithi zeGalapagos (e-Ecuador) nakwiMalpelo neZiqithi zaseGorgona (eKholombiya). KuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki ihlala ukusuka kunxweme lwase-Uruguay, kunye namanxweme oLwandle lwase-Argentina, zombini kwindawo yelizwekazi lase-Argentina i-Patagonia kunye nakwiZiqithi zeFalkland kunye neZiqithi zaseSandwich zaseMzantsi. Ikwafumaneka nakulwandle olusemazantsi eAfrika, eOstreliya naseNew Zealand.
Ingozi yokuphela
Kudala bezingelwa ngabantu ukuze bafumane inyama neoli yabo, kodwa esona sizathu sokuzingela kwabo namhlanje kukusebenzisa izikhumba zamantshontsho abo asandul’ ukuzalwa, ezibizwa ngokuba “zipopos” (ezisuka kwinjana yamaNgesi). ibikwishishini loboya. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ukuxhaphaza kwazo ngokuthe ngqo ePatagonia kuthintelwe, iingonyama zolwandle zinxibelelana nazo zonke iintlobo zokuloba nangeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Kuyo yonke iminyaka yoo-1990 amazinga okubhubha abalulekileyo aye abalwa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zokulotywa komzantsi kunye nepelagic.
Inani lokufa lilonke ngonyaka liphakathi kwe 150 kunye ne 600. Ikwanxibelelana namashishini okuloba ngeegillnet kwiPhondo lase Buenos Aires ezisingelwe kookrebe kunye necroaker, apho izondla inxalenye yokubambisa, inciphisa ixabiso layo kwezoqoqosho. Ikwanxibelelana nokuloba ngentambo ende kwiSan Matías Gulf apho yonakalisa khona ukubanjiswa kwaye iphantsi kwentshutshiso yabalobi.
Olunye udidi lonxibelelwano namashishini okuloba lolo lunxulumene nokukodwa okanye lwendalo kwaye lunika ingxelo yeziphumo ezingathanga ngqo zokusetyenziswa kokuloba kumaxhoba axhaphakileyo kwezinye izilwanyana eziphila ngokutya kwindalo yaselwandle. Njengoko ingonyama yolwandle idume kakubi kwaye ixhaphake kakhulu kwinkqubo yaselwandle, kuqikelelwa ukuba isebenzisana namashishini okuloba ngokutya amaxhoba afana nalawo okuloba.
Umxholo wokutya kwerhamncwa elifana nengonyama yolwandle kulindeleke ukuba utshintshe njengoko ubuninzi bezinto ezinokuthi zibekho butshintsha; ingakumbi xa kujongwa ukuba ihake neskwidi zezona zixhoba kwaye zezona ntlobo zibalulekileyo ekujoliswe kuzo ekulobeni kulo mmandla. Ke ngoko, impembelelo enayo abalobi kubuninzi bezi ntlobo zokuloba iya kugcina iguqula ukutya kwezilwanyana ezizingelayo.
Kwaphuhliswa imodeli eneenkcukacha ezininzi equka isikwidi esiqhelekileyo, ianchovy, ihake kunye nengonyama yolwandle enoboya obunye kumantla nasembindini wePatagonia. iskwidi kunye nehake, ezinokuphembelela kakubi abemi bengonyama yolwandle ngokobunzulu besivuno ngasinye.
Inani leengonyama zolwandle kunxweme lwePatagonian liyakhula nangona lingekabuyeli kubungakanani bayo bokuqala. Izinto ezingeloncedo zokufa ngengozi kwizixhobo zokuloba, nangona bezikhe zaqwalaselwa ngaphambili, azikaqikelelwa yinkqubo yolawulo lokuloba. Imeko yezilwanyana ezikhaphayo ayiyonxalenye yenkqubo yovavanyo lwezixhobo zokusebenza zokuloba kwaye kwiinkqubo zabakhi-mkhanyo abakhoyo kuphela yimiba enxulumene neentlobo ekujoliswe kuzo ehlolwayo.
Ngokuphathelele ukhenketho, nangona kungenakuthathwa njengesongelo okanye ukuphazamiseka kolondolozo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iindawo ezintsha zeengonyama zolwandle zifumaneka kwiindawo zokuxhaphazwa kwangasese, kunye nokukhuselwa okuncinci okanye ukulawula okuncinci kwicala labakhuseli bezilwanyana okanye inkqubo yokulawula. yeendawo ezikhuselweyo.
Iindidi zeNgonyama yoLwandle
Intsapho ye-otarine, eyaziwa kangcono njengeengonyama zolwandle, isasazeka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeplanethi. Ngezantsi siza kukunika iinkcukacha zohlobo ngalunye kunye nendalo yayo yendalo.
Isitywina saseOstreliya nesaseMzantsi Afrika
Ngokwenzululwazi ibizwa ngokuba yiArctocephalus pusillus kwaye, njengoko igama layo libonisa, inokufumaneka kunxweme lwaseOstreliya, ngakumbi kwiziqithi zeBass Strait, nakunxweme loMzantsi Afrika, ngakumbi eNamibia. Sisilwanyana esinoxolo kakhulu kwaye sinobudlelwane, sinobuhlobo kakhulu emanzini kwaye siyathanda ukukhapha abantu abahlukeneyo ukuya kubunzulu beemitha ezingama-60. Emhlabeni bakholisa ukuba novalo nokoyika ubukho bomntu.
Ingonyama yoLwandle lwaseMzantsi Melika
I-Otaria flavescens yalo mmandla inikwe amagama ahlukeneyo, njengengonyama yolwandle yoboya okanye itywina lasePatagonia. Ihlala kumanxweme ePasifiki nakumazantsi eAtlantiki yaseMzantsi Melika kwaye inokufumaneka e-Ecuador, eChile, eArgentina naseUruguay. Ingonyama yolwandle yaseMzantsi Melika inombala omnyama omnyama, iinkunzi zinobunzima obumalunga neekhilogram ezingama-300, kabini iimazi, kwaye zibonwa ngokuba neenwele ezibomvu entanyeni yazo. Bahlala kwiikholoni ezenziwe yindoda kunye nentombi yakhe yabasetyhini, kwaye banenkampani yeesampulu ezincinci.
Ingonyama yoLwandle lwaseGalapagos
Ikwaziwa njengetywina loboya, igama layo lezenzululwazi yiArctocephalus galapagoensis. ZiziQithi zeGalapagos, e-Ecuador, kwaye azifuduki. Ukutya kwabo kwasemini kubandakanya iintlanzi ezinzulu elwandle kwaye ebusuku batya ezo ziza phezu kwamanzi.
Iinkunzi zineemitha ezi-1,5 ubude kunye nobunzima obumalunga ne-65 kilos. Kwelinye icala, iimazi zincinci kwaye zikhaphukhaphu. Yeyona ntlobo incinci kusapho. Zilungelelaniswe kwiikholoni zokuzala kwimiqolomba, apho iimazi zizala ngokulambisa inzala enye ngexesha lonyaka.
New Zealand Fur Seal
I-Arctophoca fosteri okanye i-fur seal yasemzantsi-mpuma ihlala kunxweme olusemazantsi e-Australia kunye neSiqithi saseMzantsi saseNew Zealand. Imimandla yamadoda inokufumaneka kwi-Cook Strait kwaye, njengento enomdla, ama-colonies e-Australia kunye ne-New Zealand ayidibanisi enye kwenye, nangona intlobo efanayo.
Iinkunzi zinobunzima obumalunga neekhilogram ezingama-150 kwaye zifikelela kubude beemitha ezimbini; ngelixa ubunzima beemazi bungama-50 kilos kwaye ubude bayo buzimitha ezi-1,5. Zombini izini zibonisa amaphiko angasemva agobileyo, impumlo etsolo, kunye namabhovu amade amhlophe. Umzimba wayo unombala ongwevu omdaka ngasemva kunye nombala okhaphukhaphu esiswini.
Antarctic Fur Seal
I-Arctophoca gazella ihlala kulwandle lwe-Antarctic kunye nolwandle olusemazantsi eArgentina naseChile. Owona mntla ude wabonwa kwiZiqithi zeKerguelen, ezikumgama omalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-2.000 230 ukusuka eAntarctica. Xa kuthelekiswa namanye amalungu entsapho, impumlo emfutshane yetywina loboya beAntarctic inokuqatshelwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iinkunzi, ezifikelela kwiimitha ezimbini ubude kwaye zinobunzima obufikelela kwi-XNUMX kilos, zibonisa ulusu olumnyama olumnyama, ngelixa kwiimazi kunye nolutsha lungwevu. Ukutya kwabo kubandakanya ikrill kwaye ekugqibeleni intlanzi.
Itywina laseMzantsi Melika loboya
Igama layo lezenzululwazi yiArctophoca australis australis, nangona yaziwa kakhulu njengengonyama yolwandle eneenwele ezimbini. Luhlobo oluhlala lukhona eMzantsi Melika, oluhlala kumazantsi eBrazil, Uruguay, Argentina kunye neChile. I-dimorphism yezesondo nayo ikhona kule ntlobo, apho amadoda makhulu kunamabhinqa (iimitha ezimbini kunye ne-200 kilos ngokubhekiselele kwi-1,5 yeemitha kunye ne-60 kilos, ngokulandelanayo).
Ukutya kwale ngonyama yolwandle yenziwe ngamakhrastaceans, i-cephalopods kunye neentlanzi; sisilo sethuba esidla oko sikufumana elwandle. Ingonyama yolwandle sisilwanyana esithandwa kakhulu kwi-hemisphere esemazantsi, apho inokubonwa khona kumanxweme, iqokelelana ngokwamaqela phakathi kwamatye okanye kumanxweme anesanti.
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