Siyakumema ukuba ufunde kweli nqaku malunga Gaucho Literature Yazi imbali yayo ebalulekileyo!Olu hlobo luqale ngenjongo yokwandisa uluhlu olutyebileyo lwemisebenzi kunye nababhali abavela kwiRío de la Plata. Fumana ubukho bayo kunye nendalo.
Yintoni uncwadi lweGauchesca?
Uncwadi lweGaucho, i-subgenre yegrama yaseLatin America, ijolise ekubuyiseleni ulwimi lwe-gaucho kunye nokubalisa indlela yakhe ekhoyo. Ingundoqo yayo isekelwe ekugcineni i-gaucho njengabasebenzi abaphambili, kwaye idlulisa iziganeko kwiindawo ezivulekileyo, ezingenabantu, njengoko kwenzeka kwi-Argentine Pampas.
Luhlelo olulungelelanisiweyo lolwimi lwe-Hispano-American, izama ukuguqula ulwimi lwesigaucho kwaye iphinde ichaze indlela yobukho bayo. Imeko yayo isekelwe ekugadweni kwe-gaucho njengabasebenzi ababalulekileyo, kunye nokuhamba ngeziganeko kwiindawo ezivulekileyo, ezingenabantu, njengoko kwenzeka kwi-Argentine Pampas.
Uhlobo lwe-gaucho luthathwa njengemvelaphi kummandla waseMelika: eNyakatho Melika naseMzantsi Melika, apho indlela yokuphila, ukucinga kunye nokusebenza kwindawo yentlalo ebekwe ngokukodwa kwindawo yejografi ye-American Argentina.
Olu hlobo loncwadi lwe-gaucho lufanelekile njengolunyanisekileyo kwintsimi yaseMelika: ngakumbi eMntla naseMzantsi Melika, iindawo apho ubomi bemihla ngemihla buqhubeka khona, iingcinga kunye neziganeko zalo, kwindawo yentlalo, ebonwa kuphela kule nxalenye yejografi.
Ngokuphakanyiswa kwe-Romanticism kunye namandla eembongi kunye nababhali ukubonisa izinto zelizwe labo, uncwadi lwe-gaucho lwaqala ukuvela. I-subgenre entsha eLatin America, kwaye ngokukodwa ibonisa ubomi beklasi yoluntu olufakwe kwi-Argentine Pampas.
Njengoko kunjalo kwezinye iindawo ezifana nePhondo laseTucumán, amaphondo aseSalta, eCórdoba, eSanta Fe, kwiPhondo laseBuenos Aires, e-Entre Ríos, eRío Grande del Sur kunye ne-Banda Oriental.
Ababhali babefuna ngemibhalo yabo, ukuze kucace ukunyaniseka okwakuyinxalenye yoluntu lwabo, kwaye nabo babengakuthandi ukubonwa kakuhle phakathi kwezilumko okanye amaqhawe angoohlohlesakhe. Bona inqaku: Ndiculela iBolivar
Kodwa, ngokufika kwentshukumo yothando, uncwadi lwajika amehlo abo kumazwe abo, kwaye bafuna ukugxininisa ezona mpawu zabo zokwenyani kunye nezithethe. Ngale ndlela, ii-gauchos zaphinda zaba kumgangatho obalulekileyo kuluntu kunye nenkcubeko yazo.
Nangona le nkqubo yayingelula, ukuthandabuza ngoburhalarhume nokubuya umva kweegauchos kunye nokulula kwazo kwakunzima ukoyisa. Kwakungekho ngokwenene de kwavela umsebenzi we "Martín Fierro", ukuba umntu akanako ukuphawula ngebali, elibonisa ngokuqinisekileyo uthando, intlonipho kunye nokuncoma i-gauchos. De kube ngoko, amaxesha amaninzi igaucho yayiboniswa kuncwadi, wayebonakala enendelelo.
Ngokubanzi, kwiincwadi ze-gaucho, kukho ubungqina bokuguqulwa kwe-folkloric kunye nenkcubeko, esetyenziswa njenge-censorship, ukongeza ekuvezeni ukugxekwa kwentlalo. Kulwimi lwengingqi, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezafobe, amagama, ii-archaisms, namagama emveli kwahlulwa. Ukusetyenziswa okuncinci kwezithethantonye kuyabonwa, kwaye imonologue yongamela incoko.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko ezirhoxisiweyo zoncwadi lwe-gaucho, ukuqala ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, emva koko ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX kuxa lufakwe ngokucokisekileyo njengohlobo. Imizekelo yekhulu leshumi elinesithoba isisiseko se-epic: iindinyana zezopolitiko zikaBartolomé Hidalgo, izibongo zikaHilario Ascasubi, ngexesha lokuthunjwa, iSantos Vega nguRafael Obligado, kunye nomsebenzi ka-Estanislao del Campo no-Antonio Lussich.
Phakathi kwemibongo ye-gaucho, eyona nto idumileyo inokubizwa ngokuba nguMartín Fierro nguJosé Hernández. Inxalenye yokuqala yalo mbongo yavela ngo-1872, kwaza kwalandela eyesibini, eyaziwa ngokuba yiLa Vuelta de Martín de Fierro ngowe-1879. ukucinga nokuziphatha ngokweso sihlandlo.
izinto ezichazayo
Uncwadi lweGaucho lubhekisa kuhlobo lwendalo yoncwadi, apho imbongi igxile ekuboniseni ubukho beegaucho kunye nezithethe zabo. Ke, kukubhala apho ukubonakaliswa komhlaba kunye neziganeko zemihla ngemihla zaba baphambukeli bangamahlwempu ziyaphuphuma.
Kuncwadi lwe-gaucho, umbhali udla ngokubonisa umfanekiso we-gaucho ngendlela efanelekileyo, ngokuchasene nendlela owawuboniswe ngayo kude kube ngoku. Kuthethwa ngomntu osebenza ngamandla nendalo, onamandla, odlamkileyo, okhaliphileyo nokwayimvumi.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, iqhawe lothando liyinto efanelekileyo, umntu wendabuko kunye ne-folkloric, odityaniswe ngokuqinileyo nendalo.
Endaweni yokujonga amahlwempu njengezidalwa ezingazi nto kwaye azihlanjululwanga kwaphela, babonwa njengabathwali bobulumko besizwe, bezithethe kunye nabantu abakhululekileyo abahlala kubunzulu kunye nendalo entsha.
Uncwadi lweGaucho lwaba nesiqalo ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, nangona kunjalo, akuzange kube yinkulungwane ye-XNUMX apho le subgenre inokuxoxwa ngokwenene ngendlela epheleleyo nepheleleyo.
Historia
Uncwadi lweGauchesca lunembali yalo kwaye luyachuma, olunokukhankanywa lwenzeka ngexesha eliphambi kweNkululeko, kwaye lunokuchazwa ngokwamanqanaba amathathu achazwe kakuhle, ngalinye lineempawu zalo, ezizezi:
Ngomnyaka we-1818, imbongi eyaziwayo yaseMpuma, uBartolomé Hidalgo, yapapashwa eBuenos Aires, umsebenzi othi "Cielito Patriótico", apho wabela i-gaucho intetho echaza isiganeko seDabi laseMaipú, eshiya umkhosi waseSan Martín uloyiso. ., phambi kwemikhosi yokwenene.
Inkqubo elawulwa ngu-Hidalgo kunye nezinye "i-cielitos" kunye "neengxoxo ze-gaucho", zithathwa ngamanye abhaliweyo, ezinye izinto ezingaziwa, kunye nabanye abafana noLuis Pérez, uJuan Gualberto Godoy kunye noHilario Ascasubi, abathatha intetho ye-gaucho ukuya. vakalisa malunga namadabi eNkululeko kunye neziganeko ezenzeka ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya nezopolitiko.
Kwimixholo yazo, izinto ezinjengokoyikiso, uburharha, kwakunye neentlobo ezintsonkothileyo zobuntatheli bemfazwe, isigama namabinzana, ziyadityaniswa. Bona inqaku: Uncwadi lweSpanishi lwaseMelika
Njengoko kunokubonwa, kumbongo odumileyo ka-Ascasubi othi "La refalosa", owavela okokuqala ngqa kwiphephandaba iJacinto Cielo, eMontevideo ngo-1834, apho ibinzana linikezelwa kutshaba lwezopolitiko, kuba yimeko ethile: i-gaucho " mazorquero” kumkhosi kaNjengele uManuel Oribe owathi, ngelo xesha, wasingqinga isixeko saseMontevideo, ukuze xa ephinda ebalisa indlela yokufela ukholo nokubulawa, eyaziwa ngokuba yi “la refalosa”, uvuyo lomthuthumbisi, luphawula olunye ujijo. uloyiko lwezopolitiko.
Ngomnyaka we-1886, umbhali u-Estanislao del Campo, kwinoveli yakhe ethi Fausto, uzobe umfanekiso ohlekisayo we-gaucho: ubalisa, kwiindinyana ze-gaucho, incoko phakathi kwabahlali ababini, malunga nokutyelela komnye wabo kwi-Teatro Colón, efumaneka. kwisixeko saseBuenos Aires, apho i-opera ethi "Faust" kaC. Gounod yenziwa.
Ngoko, umlingiswa ongathandekiyo, ukuqonda oko akubonayo, ngenxa yendawo engaqhelekanga kwindawo yakhe yasemaphandleni, yintoni eyenza umthombo oyintloko wokuhlekisa. Kodwa, uburharha obufanayo, bukhokelela kumasiko athile kunye namalungiselelo eendawo ezisezidolophini.
Ekupheleni kwesigaba sesithathu, ekubeni ngumnyaka we-1872, uJosé Hernández upapasha incwadana, echaza ubomi buka "El gaucho Martín Fierro", nangona kunjalo, into entsha kukuba inika i-gaucho ithuba lokuxelela ibali lobomi bakhe, Yimbali yakhe kwintsomi, ebalisa into emangalisayo malunga nomsebenzi wakhe wokuzilibazisa, oveliswe yinkqubo yezopolitiko ekhohlisayo kwaye iphinda ihlasele ubukho bakhe, iguqule ngonaphakade.
Ngomnyaka we-1879, umbhali ubuyela ukuthatha ubomi be-gaucho Martín Fierro, wongeza namanye amabali e-gauchos, iigitala kunye neengcebiso ezivela kubazali kubantwana babo kumsebenzi wakhe "Ukubuya kukaMartín Fierro. Kodwa, uLucio V. Mansilla, kunye nengxelo yakhe ethi "Miguelito" kumsebenzi wakhe othi "Uhambo oluya kumaNdiya aseRanquel" ngonyaka we-1870, waqhubela phambili ubomi bukaMartín Fierro.
Oko kuguqulela, ukuba inkqubela phambili yolu hlobo ibonwa, ukusuka kwimvakalelo yoncwadi lwe-melancholic, ukuyijika ibe luhlobo loncwadi njengolu hlobo, kuba kwizigaba zokuqala, isihobe siyanda, intsingiselo yegrama yesihobe kunye namava, enika indlela yokufikelela kwi-dealism. isenzi.
Kuncwadi lwe-gaucho genre, izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwazisa abantu abangenayo lula ukufumana umbhalo, umatshini wokushicilela, okanye imfundo, kwaye abathi, emva kokufudukela kwi-metropolis, bamkelwe kwiindawo ezingqongileyo, bavakalisa oku. , kuxa kwabhaliswa inani elikhulu labantu.
Xa ucamngca ngesini, i-genesis yayo ifumaneka kwimiba emithathu eyahlukeneyo: uqoqosho lwenkululeko oluguqula uhlobo lwemveliso kunye noqoqosho lommandla, ukusekwa okucothayo kwedolophu, kunye nokukhula kwemfundo kwiindonga ezimbini zoMlambo i-de la Plata. , kunye noJosé Pedro Varela kunye noDomingo Faustino Sarmiento, njengabakhuthazi benguqu.
ULauro Ayestarán wayengumculi womculo waseUruguay, ugcina ukuba uhlobo lufana nomlingo woncwadi, kuba lubhekiselele ekukhangekeni rhoqo ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, ukudlulisa iingcamango neemvakalelo zommandla othile woluntu, nangona kunjalo, ngakumbi kwiinjongo zokuzoba. umfanekiso we-gaucho we-decadences.
UBartolomé José Hidalgo, umbhali wasempumalanga, uvulindlela wemibongo ye-gaucho evela kwiPhondo eliManyeneyo laseRío de la Plata, waqwalasela "imbongi yokuqala ye-gaucho", kwi-Patriotic Dialogues ye-1822, waqala uncwadi lwe-gaucho; Estanislao del Campo, e-El Fausto Criollo, kwi-Fausto Criollo ye-1866, u-Hilario Ascasubi, kwincwadi yakhe ethi Santos Vega ngo-1870.
Kuncwadi lwe-gaucho, kwakukho ababhali abahlukeneyo abaseka imibongo ye-gaucho, eyavela kumaphondo aseRío de Planta, phakathi kwayo kubonakala umbhali wasempumalanga owaziwa ngokuba nguBartolomé José Hidalgo, ochazwa njenge "mbongi yokuqala ye-gaucho", kunye nomsebenzi wakhe odumileyo. I-Patriotic Dialogues ukusuka kunyaka we-1822. Njengo-Estanislao del Campo, kunye nomsebenzi wakhe u-El Fausto Criollo ukususela ngonyaka we-1866, kunye no-Hilario Ascasubi, kunye nomsebenzi wakhe odumileyo we-Santos Vega ukususela ngonyaka we-1870.
U-Antonio Dionisio Lussich Griffo, umnini weenqanawa wase-Uruguay, i-arborist kunye nombhali, uthathwa nguJorge Luis Borges ukuba wayengumntu wangaphambili "uMartín Fierro", owayephila ngexesha lakhe kunye nosaziwayo uJosé Hernández, omnye we-gauchos ezintathu zasempuma, enye njengoMartín Fierro, eyahlelwa ngowe-1872, yaza yabonisa igaucho ephakamileyo, enomoya oqaqambileyo, enconywa ngabahlali ngenxa yamandla akhe omzimba nawokuziphatha.
Ngendlela efanayo, ukususela ngonyaka we-1830, eyona nto inkulu kakhulu yenkulungwane ye-1845, iincwadi zoncwadi zikaJuan Baltasar Maciel, zaphuma, zisazi ukuba ngomzuzu wokungabi nanjongo yoncwadi, malunga nomxholo we-gauchos, nanku umsebenzi wokuqala we-gauchos. iSan Juan Sarmiento; ngobuchule unyana we-gaucho, kunye neFacundo yakhe ngonyaka we-XNUMX.
Ngubani ogcina ikhonkco elixubeneyo lothando nentiyo ngokubhekiselele kwinto ebhekiselele kwi-gaucho: wenza i-gaucho ifaneleke njengelungileyo: umhloli wamazwe kunye nonolwazi, okhoyo kwimeko yokumanyana nendalo; kunye nokubi: "indoda eqhawule umtshato noluntu, ethintelwe ngumthetho; ... i-wild in white", equlethe imvumi, ehamba "isuka kwi-tapera isiya kwi-barn", ibetha i-adventure yakhe engafanelekanga.
Ngomnyaka we-1857, uSantiago Ramos wazuza udumo oluthile, kunye nomsebenzi wakhe woncwadi onesihloko esithi "El gaucho de Buenos Aires".
U-Eduardo Gutiérrez, uzuze ukuthandwa okukodwa, malunga neshumi elinambini leenoveli ezibalisa nge-gaucho, ngokucokisekileyo egxile kwi-gaucho embi, imisebenzi yakhe izele yimilo enegazi, udlwengulo kunye neziganeko ezimangalisayo.
Phakathi kweenoveli zakhe ezidumileyo nguJuan Moreira, owabhalwa ngowe-1879, kwibali legaucho elakhokelela ubukho bakhe phakathi kogonyamelo olungokohlwayo nolwezobupolitika. Ngokufanayo, i-oriental Elías Regules inokukhankanywa njengomnye umbhali omkhulu we-gaucho, owayeyintandokazi phakathi kwabafundi belizwe ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, njengoko kuboniswe nguJorge Luis Borges kwibali lakhe elithi "Imbali yomntwana obone i-duel".
Kwakhona phakathi kwababhali abadumileyo nguMartiniano Leguizamón, ophuhlisa imixholo ye-gaucho.
Ngonyaka we-1895, ababhali be-gaucho be-Río de Plata benza upapasho lwe-El Fogón, olwalukhethekileyo kuncwadi lwe-gaucho.
Ukwaziwa ngamabali e-gaucho kunye nemisebenzi yoncwadi, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, yaphuhliswa ngendlela echukumisayo, xa kwasekwa uluntu oluninzi malunga neBuenos Aires, kunye nase-Uruguay, amaqabane abo ayengabafuduki abanxibe iimpahla ezifana ne-gauchos, kwaye baphinde izithethe zabo. Ngokuhamba kweentsuku, kwaveliswa amaphephandaba apho imiba ye-gaucho yayinxulumana.
Kwabaninzi kwakubonakala ngathi umahluko phakathi kwe-gaucho elungileyo nembi, kwintsomi yakhe, ubalasele kakhulu kuba uyavuma ukuqonda ukunqaba kwale ntsomi.
USarmiento ugxininisa kwisigxina sokuhamba kwe-gaucho, kwisimo sakhe sengqondo esikrwada, ekukwazini kwakhe ukuhlala ePampa, emenza abe nobuhle bayo be-antimagnetic kunye nomngcipheko ofihliweyo, ngakumbi kuba uqaphela ummi wasePampa njengomntu oqhelekileyo, ngokuchaseneyo. ukuya kuphuhliso, ngokuhambelana nabemi abasulungekileyo "abanxiba iimpahla zaseYurophu, baphila ubomi obuphucukileyo ... [aphi] imithetho, iingcamango zenkqubela phambili, iindlela zokufundisa ... njl."
Ubukho be-gaucho embi bufana noJuan Moreira wonyaka we-1880, umsebenzi woncwadi kaEduardo Gutiérrez. Kule noveli, ubalisa ubukho bomntu wembali oqhelekileyo wendalo yasePampas: uJuan Moreira. Ibalisa malunga nemidlalo yale "Robin Hood", i-Argentine, ukuba i-aristocracy yakhe iyahluka kunye nentlupheko yokubulala ngokukrakra, kunye nokufa okukhohlakeleyo. Kodwa, olo lwaphulo-mthetho lunesizathu esithethelela i-gaucho.
Kumsebenzi woncwadi kaGutiérrez, i-gaucho, yenzakaliswa luluntu, yenziwa yingozi ngenxa yokungabikho kokusesikweni aphantsi kwayo, uqhanqalazo oluchasene nomthetho. Ububi bakhe kwaye kwangaxeshanye ubudenge bakhe, sisiseko sentsomi yesiCreole, eyaqalwa nguMartín Fierro.
Ukonakala kwakhe kwentlalo, kunye nempembelelo yakhe ekhohlakeleyo kufuna ukuba i-gaucho irhoxe, ibe ngumntu otyhutyhayo nongancokoliyo. Olu hlobo lwegaucho ludume njenge "gaucho matrero"
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, isazi sase-Egypt saseFransi uGaston Maspero wapapasha kuphando lwakhe olunesihloko esithi "Sur quelques singularités phonétiques de l'espagnol parlé dans la campagne de Buenos-Ayres et de Montevideo", eguqulela "Kwizinye iilwimi ezithethwa iSpanishi. iphulo leBuenos Aires kunye neMontevideo”, isincoko esinjalo sifanelwe yimpembelelo ekhethekileyo, ebhekiselele kwiifonology zolwimi lwabantu bomthonyama bephulo kumazwe ahlukeneyo kumazibuko eBuenos Aires naseMontevideo.
Kwakhona, ngaloo maxesha de kwayinxalenye yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, iincwadi zomthonyama wase-Entre Ríos, uEleuterio F. Tiscornia, azilibaleki.
Uhlelo lwakhe lokuqala lukaDon Segundo Sombra ukusuka ngonyaka we-1926. URicardo Güiraldes, eDon Segundo Sombra, uphinde wajika intsimi ibe yi-epic. Ngokwamazwi kaLugones: “Imbonakalo-mhlaba kunye nomntu zikhanyisa kuwo ngethemba namandla amakhulu. Esinjani sona isisa somhlaba esivelisa obo bomi, olunjani ukhuseleko loloyiso kuhambo olukhulu olusingise kulonwabo nobuhle”.
Nje ukuba iphakamise i-gaucho nge-epic touches ye-virtuety kunye nesibindi kwiqhina elipheleleyo lokumanyana kunye nendalo, ikhulisa ingcamango eyenze imodeli ye-gaucho, ekhunjulwa kakhulu kwisithethe sase-Argentina.
Xa uxelela ibali le-gaucho embi, umntu uya kufuneka aqale nge-Santos Vega, apho i-gaucho ikhohlakele kwaye inetyala, kwaye iqhubeke noMartín Fierro, enyanzeliswa ngumthetho ongekho sikweni ukuba abulale kwaye alwe "iqela", nangona kunjalo, ijoyina. ekugqibeleni kunye nenkqubo.
Ngelixa eseMoreira, i-gaucho matrero, iba ngumlo omkhulu, owathi wonzakala kakhulu ngobulungisa, ekugqibeleni wafela emthethweni wakhe.
Ukuthetha ngentsomi yeqhawe labavukeli: sifumana, kwimihla yethu, iqhawe lesikrelemnqa uMate Cosido, owayexhatshazwa ngamapolisa eChaco ngamapolisa, ngumlinganiswa abamthandayo kwaye ukhuselwe ngabemi, kuba wenza njalo. ungebi kumahlwempu, kodwa koosomashishini abakhulu abaxhaphazayo, aze ngaloo ndlela abe ngumphindezeli wabacinezelweyo.
Kufuneka kwakhona kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba bobabini uJuan Moreira kunye noMate Cosido babengabantu bokwenyani, hayi nje abalinganiswa ababonakala kwimisebenzi yoncwadi, njengoko kunjalo ngoMartín Fierro. Ngokubhekiselele kwiSantos Vega, umlingiswa woncwadi, mhlawumbi isekelwe kumlingiswa okhoyo ngokwenene, nangona kunjalo, akukho nto eyaziwayo ngobukho bakhe.
Kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX, uncwadi lwegaucho luyehla, nangona lusekho, ngakumbi ekuphuculweni kweendinyana, nakumazwi eengoma zomthonyama, njengoko kunokungqinwa kumbongo kaManuel J. Castilla, waseSalta, kunye nelizwe lakhe. i-“cuchi” Leguizamón, okanye abo bomthonyama waseBuenos Aires, uHéctor Roberto Chavero, owaziwa ngegama elinguAtahualpa Yupanqui, owathi kunye nomfazi wakhe ongumFrentshi uPaula Nenette Pepín, ababekumntla wephondo laseCórdoba eArgentina, bazinikela. ukuqamba iigauchescas zemibongo kwinxalenye yesibini yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Nangona kunjalo, isiganeko esingaqhelekanga senziwa: ukubonakaliswa kwe-gaucho kwi-comic strip, ukuba yimeko kaLindor Covas, nguWalter Ciocca; Santos Leiva, nguRicardo Villagrán, noRaúl Roux, El Huinca; UFabián Leyes, usebenza ngu-Enrique José Rapela; imisebenzi kaCarlos "Chingolo" de Casalla ezifana "El Cabo Savino", kunye nezikripthi ngumyili ofanayo kunye noJulio Álvarez Cao, uChacho Varela noJorge Morhain, owabonisa i-gaucho yekhulu le-XNUMX kwiifom zakhe ezingumzekelo.
Ezi gauchos ezihlekisayo ziphakanyiselwe ngobuninzi, zine-counterweight yazo kwibali elibonakalayo lemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-70, kunye nokuqala kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, nguCao, uyise, kunye nemizobo echazwe nguFlorencio Molina Campos, owathi ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. ubabalo luboniswa i-gauchaje yabantu ngakumbi, kwi-XNUMX, isiko elibonakalayo elenza umntu ngokuhlekisayo, nangona ngokuncoma i-gauchaje iqhutyelwe ngamanye ama-gauchos opopayi.
I-gaucho Carayá, kwaye ngokukodwa, i-Inodoro Pereyra, i-El Renegau, i-sublime tribute kwifom ehlekisayo, eyenziwe nguRoberto Fontanarrosa. Ngo-Matshi 2000, uMartín Fierro wapapashwa, kunye nemizobo kaCarlos «Chingolo» Casalla. Ngethuba lonyaka we-2014, uhlelo lukaMartín Fierro luboniswa, luyalelwa nguCarlos Montefusco.
Yayingoobani iigaucho?
Iigauchos zibhekisela kuhlobo oluxhaphake kakhulu lwabantu kwimibutho yaseLatin America, olwaqalisa ukubonakala ehlabathini lonke. Iigaucho yayingabantu ababehlala emaphandleni kumazwe afana neArgentina. Babengabantu abazinikele ekulimeni amasimi, kwaye bekrelekrele kakhulu ekuqhubeni ngamahashe njengendlela yokuthutha.
Ngenxa yesimo sabo sentlalo, ngokuqhelekileyo babengabantu abalula nabanobutyebi obulinganiselweyo bezoqoqosho, nangona kunjalo, benenkululeko epheleleyo yokuhlala kwindawo engqongwe yindalo. I-gaucho ibonwa ngabantu abathandanayo njengendoda ebalaseleyo, umntu onxibelelana ngokusisigxina nemekobume yendalo kwaye ekhululekile kuyo yonke into emngqongileyo kwaye inokumenzakalisa kwaye iguqule umoya we-epic.
Ngokufanayo, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba i-gauchos yayineengoma ezininzi ezidumileyo, kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu, ngenxa yabaninzi abathandanayo babefaneleka njengeembongi zokwenene. I<em>gauchos, ibhekisela kubantu ababesebenza emasimini, yaye kwabo bafundileyo, yayingabantu abangahlaliyo kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni, ngoko bashenxiswa kwinkcubeko yaye umfanekiso wabo wawuthotywa isidima.
Izixhobo
Kweli nqaku, elithetha ngoncwadi lwe-gaucho, kubalulekile ukwazisa iimpawu zayo ezibandakanya le subgenre yoncwadi, siya kukwazisa ngezantsi:
I-gaucho njenge-protagonist
Enye yeempawu eziphambili zolu hlobo loncwadi kukuba i-protagonist yi-gaucho, i-exploit yayo, ukuziphatha kunye nemikhwa yemihla ngemihla ibaliswa.
indawo yendalo
Ngokunjalo, ngokubanzi, ngenxa yewonga lakhe njengegaucho, indawo apho umsebenzi okanye umbongo ubaliswa khona yenzeka kwindawo yendalo. ILa Pampa yaseArgentina, yenye yezona ndawo zifuna kakhulu.
ubuntu Gaucho
Ngokuqhelekileyo, umlingiswa we-gaucho uboniswa njengomntu othobekileyo, othobekileyo, olula, nangona kunjalo, uhlala ngokusisigxina kunye nokusingqongileyo, kwaye unamandla okuhamba ngokwemvelo kwindawo yakhe.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo
Ukuqukumbela ngowona mfanekiso ubalaseleyo we-gaucho yemveli, kuqhelekile ukuba ababhali babonise lo mfanekiso kunye nezinye izinto ezikhethekileyo ezinjengalezi: amahashe, i-poncho yakhe, imela, kunye neqabane lemveli alinakushiywa ngasemva.
ilizwe vs isixeko
Ngokubanzi, inxalenye enkulu yemisebenzi yoncwadi ebalisa malunga ne-gauchos, ibonisa ukufana phakathi kobomi basemaphandleni, obunqweneleka ngabathandanayo, kwiparadesi elahlekileyo yokwenene; kunye nobomi esixekweni, obuvezwa ngokweenkcukacha kwimbono engenangqondo neyingozi.
Iinkcazo ezininzi
Kuncwadi lwe-gaucho, kukwakho nentaphane yeenkcazo kuzo zonke iinkalo. Kwinkalo yokusingqongileyo, njenge-gaucho, amasiko, imisebenzi yentsimi, phakathi kwabanye. Ababhali bangathanda ukomeleza umfanekiso wegaucho, ngoko bamnika indawo edume kakubi kuncwadi.
ulwimi olulungisiweyo
Ngaphandle kolu hlobo lwemisebenzi yoncwadi, umbhali unokubonisa i-gaucho ngendlela enyanisekileyo, eguqulela, intetho ethi isetyenziswe xa umbhali enika umlinganiswa wakhe ulwimi oluthethwayo, olungacwangciswanga oluzele zizimvo. Ngokunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba kuphawulwe ukuba kolu hlobo lwemisebenzi yoncwadi, imonologue yongamela ingxoxo, yonke into njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, igaucho ngumntu oyi-hermit.
Ukugxekwa kwezentlalo
Inxalenye enkulu yemisebenzi yoncwadi yodidi lwe-gaucho, sifumanisa ukuba umbhali wayefuna ukuphosa isigxeko esiqatha kuluntu lwamaxesha, olwaluwahlulahlule kwaye lwaphatha kakubi i-gaucho, xa inyaniso, ngokomfanekiso wakhe yayifihliwe yonke isithethe. .abona bantu banyanisekileyo eluntwini.
Kungagqitywa ukuba uncwadi lwe-gaucho lunandipha ukuba neempawu ze-homogeneity, i-compact, kunye nengxabano ehlangeneyo, eguqukayo ngokuhamba kwexesha, kunzima ukuhlula ababhali bayo, ngenxa yesitayela, ibumbano elingenakuguqulwa, elinobumbano oluqinileyo nolunamandla. ubume. Ugxininiso lubekwe kubudlelwane phakathi kwe-gaucho kunye nendalo kuhlobo oluthile "i-psycho-cosmic parallelism", ebonisa impembelelo indalo enayo kumlinganiswa wolu hlobo loncwadi.
Ukuvela kohlobo
Nge-gaucho eguqulwayo ibe ngumxhasi obalulekileyo wemvakalelo yesizwe yabantu base-Argentina, uncwadi lwe-gaucho luya kuphuphuma ngokuhombisa kwaye luguqule lube yintsomi esebenzisa ikopi ebunjiwe nguHernández.
Umsebenzi woncwadi we-gaucho, owenziwe ngu-Eduardo Gutiérrez, uJuan Moreira ngonyaka we-1882, uqala kwi-current ebanzi yeencwadana ze-gaucho, apho i-protagonists ayisekho i-gaucho yavela emasimini, kodwa kunokuba i-gaucho iphakanyiswe ngamanoveli.
Noko ke, kukho ababhali abathile abawandisa umbono we<em>gaucho ngaphandle kokuwungxenga, okhokela kuludwe uRicardo Güiraldes, ngowe-1887 ukusa kowe-1927, ngokupapashwa konyaka we-1926, kunye nenoveli yakhe ethi Don Segundo Sombra, ukuvela kwakhona kohlobo lwegaucho. . Kukwafanelekile ukukhankanya umsebenzi woncwadi olubalisayo olunomxholo we-gaucho woncwadi uRoberto J. Payró.
Umbhali
Uncwadi lweGauchesca, olunjalo, ngokuqinisekileyo luvela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kunye nababhali:
UHilario Ascasubi: 1807-1875
Kuqikelelwa i-gauchesco yokuqala yoncwadi. Kangangokuba ngomnyaka we-1829, waqala ukupapasha iphephandaba lokuqala lezopolitiko kunye ne-gaucho ebizwa ngokuthi "El arriero argentina". Kwandula ke ngowe-1833, wapapasha incwadi yakhe yokuqala ethi gaucho eyayinengxoxo phakathi kukaJacinto Amores noSimón Peñalva.
UHilario Ascasubi: 1834-1880
Lo mbhali woncwadi lwe-gaucho uqala ukuthatha inxaxheba kwakhe kwiphephandaba elaziwa ngokuba yi-“Los debates”. Ngaphantsi kwegama elithi "Anastasio el Pollo".
UAntonio D Lussich: 1848-1928
Umbhali we-Uruguayan, kunye nenxaxheba yakhe "I-gauchos ezintathu zasempumalanga", ezavela ngonyaka we-1872, ngokungenelela kwakhe kuphumelele ukuba uJosé Hernández, uya kupapasha umsebenzi wakhe "Martín Fierro".
UJose Hernandez: 1834 - 1866
Waba ngumbhali oyintloko weencwadi ze-gaucho, owapapasha umsebenzi wakhe ngo-1872: "El gaucho Martín Fierro", eyafumana impumelelo enkulu ngendlela ecacileyo. UHernández ubekwe kwindawo edumileyo neyaziwayo umntu owahlukileyo kuluntu lwaseArgentina. Umlingiswa waba ligorha laseArgentina kunye nelothando lwangoku.
Ababalisi boncwadi lweGaucho
Phakathi kwababalisi bolu didi loncwadi, bafunyenwe bebalulekile abanje:
UBenito Lynch, umbhali wokwenyani, umbhali weEl Inglés de los güesos, unyaka we-1924, kunye neRomance de un gaucho, unyaka we-1936. ULeopoldo Lugones, kunye nomsebenzi wakhe uLa Guerra Gaucha wonyaka we-1905. URicardo Ricardo Güiraldes, umbhali weDon Segunda Sombra 1926 del año .
Ndicinga ukuba ndifumene impazamo kwisicatshulwa. Kwicandelo lababhali, umbhali owayehlala kwi-1834 ukuya kwi-1880, akayena u-Estanislao del Campo?