La uncwadi lomtya: iivesi, imibongo, amabali kunye neziganeko ezibhalwe kumaphepha avulekileyo kwaye zicengcelezwe ngabathengisi bezitalato, kwiikwere, iimarike kunye nemiboniso yexesha, qhubeka ufunda! Olu hlobo loncwadi luya kukuthakazelisa.
Uncwadi lwetwine
La uncwadi lwetwine Ludidi loncwadi olusuka kumntla-mpuma waseBrazil. Iyinxalenye yoko kubizwa ngokuba luncwadi oludumileyo, yaye nangona yaqala emva phayaa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1930, ukudityaniswa kwayo kwenzeka kwinkulungwane kamva, phakathi kowe-1960 nowe-XNUMX.
Ngokusisiseko, le yimibongo ebhalwe ngamagcisa angama-eliterate ukuba acengcelezwe kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke kwaye apapashwe njengamaphecana. Ngokubanzi, ezi ncwadana zinemifanekiso ziquka amaphepha amane abotshelelwa ngeentambo ekunokuxhonywa ngazo. Kungoko igama elikrelekrele elinikwe le ntshukumo yoncwadi.
Ngokufanayo, kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba uncwadi lwetwine Ichaphazela imiba enxulumene, ubukhulu becala, ubunyani beeklasi ezingakhathalelwanga, ngaphandle kokutyeshela ezinye izihloko, ezinje: uthando, iintlekele zendalo, iintshukumo zasekuhlaleni, iziganeko zengingqi okanye zelizwe kwaye, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nezamazwe ngamazwe. Ukongeza, namhlanje, ijongana nemiba emikhulu, njengomzekelo, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo eziveliswa kumazwe ahlukeneyo.
Umvelaphi
ukuzalwa kwe uncwadi lwetwine Inokutolikwa njengempendulo yombongo kuluhlu lweziganeko ezenzeka eBrazil ngenxa yokuwa koBukhosi kunye nokudalwa kweRiphabhliki eNtsha. Iziganeko ezingokwembali ezenzeka kwelo lizwe ngowe-1889.
Kule nkalo, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba ezi ziganeko zaphawula ukuqala kwenkqubo yesimanje yelizwe, eyavelisa ukukrokra kunye nemvakalelo enamandla yokusongela abemi basemaphandleni, abazama ukubambelela kwiinkolelo zabo kunye nezithethe kuzo zonke iindleko.
Ngoko ke, i uncwadi lwetwine yeyona nto iphezulu yokuchasa utshintsho oluye lwenzeka ngenxa yophuculo. Nangona kunjalo, ekuhambeni kweminyaka iye yasuka ekubeni yingoma yokuculwa yaya ekubeni iguqulwe kwaye idityaniswe njengodidi loncwadi.
Ngokuphathelele le nkalo yokugqibela, sifanele siphawule ukuba kwakukwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX kuphela apho uncwadi lwetwine iyekile ukujongelwa phantsi. Kuba ngaphambi kwaloo mhla kwakujongwa ngokuchaseneyo noncwadi lwenkcubeko. Okwangoku, inandipha ukukhuselwa ngurhulumente waseBrazil kunye nomdla wemibutho ekhethekileyo ekubuyiseleni kunye nokukhutshwa kwakhona kwemibhalo yamandulo.
Izixhobo
Njengayo nayiphi na intshukumo yoncwadi, i uncwadi lwetwine Yimveliso yeminyaka yendaleko apho izinto ezintsha zibandakanyiweyo, ezenza iimpawu zayo eziphambili. Ezinye zazo zikhankanywe ngezantsi:
La uncwadi lwe umtya luhlobo lwenkumbulo ethandwayo esebenza njengomthombo wolwazi lwasekuhlaleni, nokuba lomasipala othile okanye urhulumente, okanye welizwe lonke. Yenza indlela yokubona kunye nokuhlalutya imiba ethile yezentlalo, yenkolo nezopolitiko. Ukongezelela, kuluncedo ukugxeka iimeko okanye izimo zengqondo ezinxulumene nazo.
Isebenza njengendlela yokunxibelelana ukuhambisa ulwazi lwembali, i-ethnographic kunye nomdla wentlalo. Ngenxa yokwanda kwenkcazelo yehlabathi esele isondele, indlela ezisasazwa ngayo iincwadana ezinemifanekiso yoncwadi iye yatshintsha kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba isasazwe nge-Intanethi.
Kwelinye icala, imarike yabathengi ye uncwadi lwetwine yanda. Ayisakhethekanga kwiiklasi ezidumileyo, kodwa ivulelekile kuye nabani na onomdla wokwazi inkcubeko yelizwe lemvelaphi, iBrazil.
Usasazo
Ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo, i uncwadi lwetwine yayigqalwa njengethandwayo nefikelelekayo. Oku, okunokwenzeka, kungenxa yendlela eyasasazwa ngayo kwaye yasasazwa ngayo.
Ngale ndlela, ukuthetha malunga nokusasazwa kwayo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuvuma ubukho bomntu ongaqhelekanga kakhulu: umthengisi ohambahambayo welo xesha, owaziwa ngokuba yimfama, ngaphandle kwale ntsingiselo yokuba yena ngokwakhe akanalo umbono.
Ngaloo ndlela, aba bathengisi basesitratweni yayingabo abazisa amaphepha entambo eluntwini ngokubanzi. Ngendlela efanayo ababewaxhoma entanjeni, ukuze batsale umdla woluntu, yayingabo ababecula okanye bacengceleze amazwi, iprose, iivesi, ii couplets, bade babhengeze iziganeko zamva nje, amabali, ezothando nemimangaliso. oko kwenzekile. Kwangokunjalo, njengokuba babenokutyelela iidolophu neendawo ezihlala kuzo, babenokuseka ii-kiosk kwezona ndawo zixhaphakileyo, kwimiboniso nakwiimarike.
Ekugqibeleni, njengoko sele sikhankanyile, utshintsho kunye nendaleko eziveliswayo kwinkalo yolwazi ngenxa yokuphuculwa kwentlalo yoluntu, iphelile ukuphelisa olu hlobo lwangaphambili lokusasazwa kolwazi. Umtya woNcwadi, de ifikeleleke ekubeni isasazwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchwepheshe zangoku.
Ukuqulunqwa kwamaphepha
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ukubunjwa kwamaphepha eentambo zenzelwe ukubamba ngokufanelekileyo ingqalelo yoluntu. Ngaloo ndlela, iinkcazo zabathengisi bezitalato bahlabelela okanye baphindaphinda zibandakanya iinxalenye ezine: Ukusekwa kwemeko yento echaphazelekayo kunye nendlela yokuzibonakalisa ngayo, inkcazo yeempawu eziphambili zesiganeko, ukuchongwa kwe-protagonist yesiganeko, kunye nendawo okuyo kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ukuqhubela phambili kwesiphelo sebali.
uhlobo lopapasho
Ngokubanzi, i uncwadi lwetwine ezi ziifom zexesha elide, ezibizwa ngokuba ngama-loose sheets. Amagqabantshintshi ayo akhankanywe ngezantsi:
Ifomathi yephepha ayisetyenziswanga, ilawula phantse ngokukodwa ifomathi yesi-4. Ukongeza, igoqwe kabini.
Kwelinye icala, isicatshulwa sisasazwa kwiikholamu ezimbini. Ibandakanya inkcazo kunye nemizobo yeplanga. Ukongezelela, i-typography ejikelezayo isetyenzisiweyo, idibaniswe nemiphumo ye-cursive ukugqamisa ezinye izihloko okanye iindawo ezithile zokusasazeka.
Okokugqibela, sebenzisa iphepha elikumgangatho ophantsi kwaye uphinde usebenzise imathiriyeli yokuchwetheza. Oku ukwenzela ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokuvelisa.
iimilo kunye nemixholo
La literatura yetwine Iquka iindidi ngeendidi zemibongo edumileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze uthande ukugcinwa komxholo ngabantu abangafundanga kakuhle kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, abangafundanga, kuqhelekile ukufumana imithombo yememori efana ne-antithesis, uphindaphindo kunye nokubala.
Ngendlela efanayo i uncwadi lwetwine udla ngokusebenzisa ulwimi lwencoko, kunye namaqhalo, amaqhalo namabinzana adumileyo avakalelo olukhulu, athwele uburharha nothando ngaphezu kwako konke.
Kule nkalo, unokuba nomdla wokufunda inqaku Ulwimi oluthethwayo.
Kwelinye icala, ukwanela kwamazwi akhuliswayo kuncwadi oludumileyo kunokujongwa, okukhokelela kuthando lwemixholo eyahlukeneyo, efana nale: yakudala, i-chivalrous, imbali, uthando, isihange, inkolo, ulwaphulo-mthetho, phakathi kwezinye. Ngokukwanjalo, sihlala sifumana iimitha eziqhelekileyo zomculo, phakathi kwazo: iingoma zothando ezonwabileyo kunye neemvakalelo, ezenkolo, ezopolitiko, ezentlalo, ukuthanda izwe, njl.
Kule nto, kufanelekile ukucacisa ukuba uthando lulandelelwano lweevesi ze-octasyllabic ezinemvano-siphelo ye-assonance ngababini. Ngelixa iingoma zomculo zibhekisa kwii-couplets, ishumi kunye neglosi ehamba nomculo kunye nemidaniso edumileyo.
Tremendism kunye nokwenza okungalunganga
I-Tremendism kunye nokwenza okungalunganga yinxalenye yeembongi eziqhelekileyo ze uncwadi lwentambo. Zisuka ikakhulu kwiimpawu zolu didi loncwadi oluxeliweyo, ngokusisiseko zibhekiselele kwimixholo kunye neefom ezikhankanywe kwiseshoni edlulileyo.
Ngale ndlela, kukuba i-tremendism ibandakanya ukugqithiswa kwenyani ngendlela engenakwenzeka. Oku, ubukhulu becala, ngenjongo yokubamba inani elikhulu labafundi ngokukhwankqiswa nokukhwankqiswa kwinqanaba eliphezulu.
Kwelo cala, ububi bubhekisa kumxholo wengoma ethile ejongene nezihange, ababaleki, ababulali namasela, abathi ekupheleni kwebali bahlawulelwe ngesizathu esihle, esithethelela izenzo zabo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo. Ekugqibeleni, aba balinganiswa abathile baphetha ngokubonwa ngendlela efanelekileyo ngabafundi kwaye bamkelwe ngokuqinisekileyo.
Ngamafutshane, kwiploti yeengoma ze uncwadi lwetwine Zixhaphakile izigigaba zogonyamelo lwasemzimbeni oluvezwa kwiindawo ezinegazi. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokubandezeleka okudabukisayo kunye nokude kwexesha elide le-protagonist, kwaye emva kokutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza, ibali lifika kwisiphelo esimnandi.
Abasebenzisi
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane bekukho abantu abaninzi abasebenzisa imitya yoncwadi. Kangangokuba kuqikelelwa ukuba ngoku kukho malunga nama-4000 ababhali eBrazil. Ukuzikhankanya zonke akunakwenzeka, kodwa phakathi kwazo oku kulandelayo kuyabonakala:
Leandro Gomes Barros
Wazalwa ngo-1865, wayengumbhali wokuqala waseBrazil wemisebenzi yeentambo, ekwathathwa njengeyona mbongi idumileyo eBrazil. Uninzi lwemisebenzi yakhe eqaqambileyo yasebenza njengesiseko samabali abanye ababhali.
Joao Martins de Athayde
Imbongi nompapashi waseBrazil, owazalwa ngowe-1880, owafak’ isandla kakhulu ekusasazweni koncwadi ngemitya ngomatshini wakhe wokushicilela. Igalelo lakhe eliphambili ekuveleni koncwadi lwecordel lubhekiselele ekufakweni kweefoto zamagcisa aseHollywood kwiqweqwe leencwadana.
UFirminio Teixeira wenza i-Amaral
Wayeyimbongi edumileyo kunye nentatheli owazalwa ngo-1896. Kubomi bakhe obufutshane wayegqamile njengomnye wababhali abaphambili boncwadi oludumileyo. Kuye kungenxa yokudalwa kolwimi lwe-twister, njengohlobo olutsha phakathi kwengoma.
UJose Fernando Souza kunye noSilva
Wayeyimbongi ebalulekileyo nemvumisi ngeenkwenkwezi owazalwa ngowe-1902. Ngaphezu kwako konke, waziwa ngokuba ngumyili weyona almanaki idumileyo kumntla-mpuma weBrazil, iAlmanac de Pernambuco, eyadlula imibhalo engama-70000 1936 phakathi kowe-1972 nowe-XNUMX.
Apolonio Alves Dos Santos
Lo mmeli we uncwadi lwetwine wazalelwa eBrazil ngowe-1926. Waqalisa ukubhala amaphecana xa wayeneminyaka engama-20 ubudala yaye ekupheleni kobomi bakhe wayesele ena-120 kuwo. Nangona kunjalo, akazange akwazi ukupapasha inoveli yakhe yokuqala kwaye ekugqibeleni wayithengisa kwelinye igcisa ngo-1948, owayipapasha kunyaka kamva.
Ulwakhiwo
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, uncwadi lwemitya lunemisebenzi engenakubalwa, nganye ineempawu ezahlukahlukeneyo ezibenza babe ngabakhethekileyo. Apha siza kukhankanya ezinye zazo:
Okanye Dinheiro.
Ihashe elikhuphe imali.
Idabi le-Oliveiros ngokuchasene neFerrabrás.
Ikrele kunye nesiphatho sesibane.
Ingxoxo yeembongi ezimbini.
Iqhawe uJoao Cangucu.
Umhambi wasemantla.
U-Olegario no-Albertina phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho nothando.
Enkosi ngolwazi olubalulekileyo, olupheleleyo.