Ngaba uyazi ukuba ithini na iNcwadi eNgcwele yobuBhuda? Kaloku, ukuba awuyazi, apha siza kukuxelela yonke into ngeBuddhavacana okanye iPali Canon, eyona ncwadi ingcwele yawo onke amaBhuda kwaye enendele ngokunzulu. ukubaluleka kweminyaka emininzi.
Incwadi Engcwele yeBuddhism
Incwadi engcwele yamaBhuda okanye kaBuddhavacana yaqalisa ukusasazwa ngomlomo ngabefundisi ababengabalandeli bakaBuddha, kamva iimfundiso zabo zaqalisa ukuqanjwa nokutolikwa ngeelwimi ezahlukahlukeneyo zaseIndiya, zaguqulelwa kwezinye iilwimi ngendlela efanayo. ukuba ubuBhuda babusanda.
Indlela ababefuna ukuba le ncwadi ibonakale ngayo yasekwa ukususela mhla imibhalo yabo yaqala ukuyilwa, kuquka iDharma ekwakukholelwa ukuba yayithethwa nguBuddha kuphela. Ngaphakathi kule mibhalo unokufumana ezinye iincwadi ezidityaniswe kuyo, njenge<em>Mahāsāṃghika ne<em>Mūlasarvāstivāda ezaziyinxalenye yeentetho ezazinikelwa nguBuddha nabafundi bakhe abaninzi.
Kukho neesutras eziyinxalenye yezi ntetho zichasene neVinaya kwaye kufuneka zibonwe ngendlela edibeneyo malunga neDharma, zonke zenza iBuddhavacana, eyaziwa njengezo zonke iimfundiso uBuddha wazinikela. kuSamgha okanye abalandeli bakhe.
Ngoku, kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-Theravada Buddhism, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Buddhavacana kwenziwa, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Pali Canon, ekukholelwa ukuba ezinye zeengxenye zayo kunye ne-Agamas zinokuba nazo kumxholo wazo izifundo zangempela ezinokuqinisekiswa. ezi zezo Buddha ngokwakhe. KwiBuddhism efumaneka eMpuma yeAsia, iBuddhavacana iqokelelwa kwiBuddhism yaseTshayina egama layo lidumileyo yiTaishō Tripiṭaka.
KumaTshayina, kukho izidalwa ezihlanu ezikwaziyo ukuthetha ngeesutra zamaBhuda: uBuddha, umlandeli othembekileyo kaBuddha, uDeva, uRsi okanye ukusasazwa komnye wabo. Kodwa bonke bashwankathela ukuba i-Dharma yokwenyani ivela kuBuddha. KwiBuddhism yaseTibet, iBuddhavacana inokuqokelelwa kwimibhalo yeKangyur, leyo, ngaphandle kokuqulatha iVajrayana, i-sutras kunye ne-vinaya, ikwabandakanya i-tantras.
Gautama Buddha kunye nobuBhuda
UbuBhuda buyindlela yokukholelwa kuhlobo lwefilosofi kunye nokomoya, apho kungekho Thixo, oko kukuthi iphika ubukho boMdali wendalo yonke, kwaye yenza ubudlelwane bentsapho ye-dharmic evela kwiBrahmanism kunye neVedism. Umqalisi wayo yayinguSiddharta Gautama, umIndiya oselula osuka kwizidwangube owayephila malunga ne-600 BC, kwaye emva kokuphila ubomi obutofotofo, uthatha isigqibo sokushiya kwaye alahle yonke into ukuze abe nobudlelwane nehlabathi langaphandle.
Wayengumntu nje ongenabuntu, usiba neentloni ukuze afumane imfezeko yokuziphatha neyokomoya. Wafuna ukukhanyiselwa ngokungqongqo, yaye ebomini bakhe waba nezityhilelo zokomoya ngaphambi kokuba uYesu waseNazarete azalwe.
Ekubeni wayesele eguqulelwe ekubeni nguGautama Buddha, akazange afune ukubonwa njengomntu ongokobuthixo okanye njengomprofeti, kodwa njengendoda eyenza imisebenzi emikhulu yokuguqula ubume bakhe yaye ngayo wakwazi ukukulawula ukusikelwa kwakhe umda njengomntu ukuze abe ngumntu. umntu omtsha, ekukhanyisweni.
UBuddha akazange ashiye nawuphi na umbhalo wento awayeyifundisa, ekubeni yonk’ into yayisenziwa ngomlomo njengoko yayisenziwa eIndiya, ngoko akukho nanye kuzo ebhaliweyo nguye, kodwa yonke imibhalo yaqalisa ukugqalwa njengengcwele ekuye kwenziwa kuyo ukufundisa izithethe ezininzi. kunye neemfundiso zikaBuddha. Imibhalo yokuqala yeBuddhism ibuyela kwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC.
Ngokukwanjalo, akukho namnye kwaba babhali bemibhalo yamaBhuda owaziwayo, ekubeni bonke bengaziwa, bahlukile koko kunokufunyanwa kwiincwadi ezingcwele zaseNtshona. Umoya womoya nowonqulo ukho kubo apho ukungachazwa kwamagama kwakuyeyona kunconyelwayo. Akukho nokuhlalutya okuhlalutyayo okanye okungokwembali okunokufunyanwa kuzo apho kunokwenzeka ukwazi ukuba ngubani owabhala okanye ngawuphi unyaka.
Xa uBuddha wafayo, zonke iimfundiso awazishiyayo yayizezo zazibhalwe kwinkumbulo yabalandeli bakhe beSangha, yaye ukudluliselwa kwazo ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye kwakusenziwa ngomlomo ngokuphindaphinda nokucengceleza okwakusenziwa kwiimonki ezahlukahlukeneyo zaseIndiya, oko kwakusenzeka kwizindlu zoonongendi eIndiya. yiyo loo nto badityaniswa ngeCanon.
Okucacileyo kukuba le Canon okanye le ncwadi ingcwele ayinayo nje imfundiso eyaqokelelwa kuBuddha, kodwa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane amabali amatsha okanye iintsomi zongezwa kuyo, iimfundiso eziye zavela zamisela inkqubo yobomi nemithetho yobomi obutsha boonongendi. .
Ngenxa yoko, olona lwando lukhawulezayo lwenziwa kumazantsi eIndiya naseCeylon, apho lwafika kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, nto leyo eyenza lo mmandla ube yeyona ngqokelela inkulu nepheleleyo yazo zonke iimfundiso zikaBuddha. Kuzo zonke ezi ngqokelela ezinkulu nezipheleleyo singonwabela iPali Canon kunye neSanskrit Canon. Ewe, ekuhambeni kweminyaka ezi ncwadi zisasazeke kwihlabathi liphela kwaye iinguqulelo sele zenziwe kwiilwimi zesiNgesi, iSpanish, isiFrentshi kunye nesiJamani.
Ithetha ngantoni incwadi eNgcwele yobuBhuda?
Incwadi engcwele yamaBhuda okanye kaBuddhavacana yimibhalo yonqulo eliqela eneelwimi ezahlukeneyo neziqulathiweyo, ezineemfundiso uBuddha azinika bonke abalandeli bakhe.
izithethe zombhalo
Ngokwesithethe, imibhalo yokuqala yeBuddhism yathunyelwa ngomlomo, eyayikwiilwimi ze-Indo-Aryan ezaziwa ngokuba ziiPrakrits, phakathi kwazo yayiyiGāndhārī, isiMagadhan samandulo kunye neelwimi zezizwana zasePali, ezi zamva zasebenzisa ukuphindaphinda okanye ukuphindaphinda kwazo esidlangalaleni ngabancedisi benkumbulo. Yaye xa yasasazeka kuwo wonke loo mmandla, kwavela ezinye iilwimi okanye iziyelelane ezinjengesiTshayina nesiTibet.
ISri Lanka yaba yeyokuqala ukuxhasa i-Pali canon kunye ne-Theravadan Pali yokuqala eshicilelweyo. Kwindibano yePali yaseSri Lanka ndenza amanqaku okushicilelwa kwawo, ukongeza kwezinye iincwadi ezinjengoAbhidhamma, ezifumaneka zibhalwe ngeelwimi ezinjengeTibetan, Chinese, Korean dialects nezinye ezininzi. imimandla yaseMpuma Asia.
Kule Canon yePali abo bangagunyaziswanga ngeVisuddhimagga kaBuddhaghosa apho kushwankathelwa izifundo zeTheravada kunye neMahavamsa. Iikopi ezaziwa njengezona zikufutshane kumaBhuda zafunyanwa eGandhara, ekumantla ePakistan, kufutshane kakhulu ne-Islamabad, zazisusela kwinkulungwane yoku-XNUMX kwaye zifumanisa ukuba zazinjani na amasiko e-Gandharan Buddhism. inguqulelo yobuBhuda baseIndiya naseMpuma Asia.
Xa amaKushan elawula eIndiya, ukubhala kweSanskrit kwaqala ukusetyenziswa ukurekhoda imibhalo yobuBhuda. Lo mbhalo ngowona wawungowona ubalulekileyo nowongameleyo eIndiya, de ubuBhuda bawohloka kwelo lizwe. Kakade ngexesha lobuKristu baqala ukubhala ngezinye iindlela malunga nayo yonke into enxulumene nendlela yokucinga yeBodhisattva eyaziwa ngokuba yiMahayana Sutras.
Ezi zaqala ukubhalwa ngesiSanskrit kwaye ukusuka apho kwafika imimiselo yeTibetan kunye neBuddhism yamaShayina ezaziwa ngamagama kaKangyur kunye neTaisho Tripitaka, ezithathwa namhlanje njengemisebenzi yoncwadi. Kuma-Mahayanists, i-sutras yimbonakaliso yasekuqaleni kaBuddha, okudluliselwa kwayo kwakuyimfihlo ngokusebenzisa izidalwa zezulu, abazibiza ngokuba yiNagas. Ezinye zazo zazisasazwa ziiBuddha ezahlukeneyo okanye iiBodhisattvas. Ngaphezu kwe-60 i-sutras yaseMahayana ifumaneka kwisiSanskrit, isiTshayina okanye iTibetan.
Izithethe zaseMahayana ziyimisebenzi ebizwa ngokuba yiShastras eluhlobo oluthile lokufunda i-sutras, igcinwe ikhuselekile kwaye iphuhlise, ezi zichazwe ngamaBhuda anengqondo aseNagarjuna, iVasubandhu kunye neDharmakirti, kodwa ezi zibhaliwe kwisiSanskrits.
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX, kwavela olunye uhlobo lwemiyalezo yamaBhuda ebizwa ngokuba yiTantras, apho iminyhadala eyahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zeYoga, ukusetyenziswa kwemandalas, i-mudras kunye nezohlwayo zoMlilo zasekwa. I-Tantras luhlobo lomyalezo ukuze ukwazi ukungena kwi-Vajrayana Buddhism, leyo ifumaneka eTibet.
I-Garbhavakranti Sutra ijoyina i-Vinaya Pitaka, kwesinye sezikolo zokuqala zeBuddhism njengeRatnakuta. Uninzi lwemibhalo yaseMahayana inohlobo lweTantra, ngakumbi ezo zifumaneka kwiNtsebenzo yoBulumko.
Eminye yemibhalo yamaBhuda ikwazile ukufikelela kuphuhliso ukwenza iqela elitsha kubo kwaye baziwa ngokuba yivaipulya okanye i-sutras ebanzi, phakathi kwabo kukho iFlower Garland Sutra, eyiSutra yodwa eneesutra ezininzi ngaphakathi kwayo. kubo yiGandavyuha Sutra.
KwiBuddhism yaseTibetan kukho uhlobo lweencwadi ezizodwa ezibizwa ngokuba yi-gter-mama okanye i-terma ezenza imibhalo eyamkelweyo njengoko yenziwe ziingcali zeTantra kwaye zikwimo yeekhowudi, ezibekwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngabaphathi beenkosi ze-tantras.
Ezi Bhafu zazifumaneka ngabakwa-gTer-stons okanye abakwa-tertöns, abazingcaphephe ekufumaneni le mibhalo, edla ngokufunyanwa emiqolombeni, phakathi kwabo kufunyenwe apho kuthiwa isibini ziibhafu zengqondo ezibekwe kwindawo yengqondo. . Kwisikolo saseNyingma kunye neBön Convention zininzi zezi zibhalo
Kukholelwa ukuba yenziwe nguPadmasambhava, enye yezona ncwadi zaziwa kakhulu yincwadi yaseTibetan yabafileyo okanye uBardo Thodol.
Imibhalo yeZikolo zamaBhuda zokuQala
Izikolo zokuqala zeBuddhism zinemibhalo emininzi, edityaniswe ndawonye ukuze kugcinwe ulwimi lwaseMiddle Indo-Aryan olubizwa ngokuba yiTripitaka, oluguqulelwe njengebhokisi eliphindwe kathathu lesikolo saseTheravadin. Uhlengahlengiso oluninzi olulolunye uhlobo lwezi Tripitakas lwenziwe kwizikolo zakuqala apho zikwaziyo ukubandakanya i-Agamas, ezele yimiyalezo ehambelana neSarvastivada kunye neDharmaguptaka.
Ngokutsho kweminye imimiselo yamaBhuda aseTshayina sinokufumana inani elikhulu leesutra zokuqala ezisisiseko njengezo ze-Pali canon ngokwayo, zifana kakhulu kwiinkcukacha zazo kodwa kungekhona kwimfundiso ngamnye anayo. Eminye yemigangatho esiyifumana kwiDharmaguptaka ikwafumaneka kwimibhalo ye-Gandharan Buddhist kwaye sinokufumana ezinye zemibhalo ye-Vinaya Pitaka kwi-canon okanye i-Mahayana canon.
iviya
Isicatshulwa samandulo esijongene neengxenye ze-ascetic order, ihamba kunye ne-dharma (i-Dhamma-Vinaya) ethetha umyalelo kunye nokulawula.
Esi sibhalo sinemibhalo emininzi ejongene nemigaqo yenkolo, indlela abanokudibana ngayo ngemibandela emihle, indlela eyadalwa ngayo kunye nendlela eyadityaniswa ngayo. Ikwanawo namaxwebhu eemfundiso awahlukahlukeneyo abhalwe ngokusesikweni nangokwesithethe, amabali amaninzi aneentsomi, kunye necandelo elibizwa ngokuba ziiJatakas okanye amabali okuzalwa.
I-Pratimoksha ngumxholo odityaniswe kakhulu neVinaya kwaye yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu, iivinayas ezintandathu zokugqiba zinokufunyanwa:
- ITheravada, ebhalwe ngesi-Pali
- I-Mula-Sarvastivada eseSanskrit kwaye ihlala injalo kutoliko lwesiTibet.
- I-Mahasanghika, iSarvastivada, i-Mahishasika, kunye ne-Dharmagupta, eyayiqala kwiilwimi zaseIndiya, kodwa kukutolikwa kwesiTshayina kuphela okwaziwayo.
Ngendlela efanayo izahlulelo zinokufunyanwa ekubeni iivinaya zifumaneka kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo.
iisutras
Iisutras, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Pali Sutta ngesiSanskrit, zisisishwankathelo esipheleleyo seentetho ezininzi okanye iincoko ezinxulunyaniswa noBuddha, kwabanye babona bafundi bakhe basondeleyo.
Okubangel’ umdla ngabo kukuba bonke ababengengabo abaphuma kuBuddha bafumaneka kwi<em>Buddhavacana, okanye oko kufane kubizwe ngokuba yintetho kaBuddha, iintetho zakhe ekuqaleni zaziconjululwa ngokohlobo ezazidluliselwa ngalo, ekuqaleni babeyi-9 kodwa kamva bafika kwi-12. Ezi fomu zeSanskrit:
- Sutra: ziintetho ezichazayo okanye ezichazayo zikaBuddha.
- I-Geya: Yinkcazo edibeneyo ebizwa ngokuba yintetho yecandelo, inxulumene neSagathavagga ehambelana neSamyutta Nikaya.
- Vyakarana: Ezi zingcaciso okanye iimvavanyo kwaye zibhekisela kwiintetho eziza nemibuzo ehleliweyo kunye neempendulo.
- Gatha: ngamacandelo.
- Udana: zintetho zixhokonxayo.
- Ityukta: nabo baqala isigwebo sabo ngo "Utsho ke uBhagavan."
- Jataka: ngabo aba bathetha ngobomi obudlulileyo.
- I-Abhutadharma: ijongene nokubonakaliswa kunye nezinto ezingenayo inkcazo.
- Vaipulya: ziincoko ezibanzi kwaye ezinye zithetha ngezihloko ezinika ulonwabo.
- Nidana: Izifundo ezijongene neemeko zendawo yokuzalwa zibandakanyiwe.
- Avadana: Imalunga namabali ohambo.
- Upadesha: ijongene nezikhokelo.
Ezokuqala ezisithoba zirekhodwa kwi-Agamas engapheliyo, ezintathu zokugqibela zongezwa kamva. KwiTheravada le yimibhalo ecwangciswe kwiimibhalo ezingcwele.
Abhidharma
Ngolwimi lwesiPali uAbhidharma uthetha idharma engaphezulu, kwaye oku kusekelwe kuphando lwemimangaliso. Kukholelwa ukuba ekuqaleni yenziwa ngamalungiselelo kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye isekelwe ekuthatheni iimviwo zemimangaliso kunye nendlela ezinxibelelana ngayo. KwiTheravada Abhidhamma ifumaneka kwiCanon yePali, kodwa kwezinye iindawo zonqulo zaseTheravada le mibhalo ayibonakali.
Nangona iTheravadin Abhidhamma yenye yezona zinto zikhathalelwe kakhulu kwaye yaziwa kakhulu, yona ngokwayo kwezinye zezikolo ezili-18 zobuBhuda ngeminyaka yoo-80 yayinokuqokelelana kwayo okungenakulinganiswa kwe-Abhidharma enezinto ezininzi zoncwadi ezinokufundwa. Nangona ingezizo zonke izikolo eziyibonayo njengevunyiweyo, abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba iSautrantika yamisa kunye neqela leVinaya kunye neesutras.
eminye imibhalo
Phakathi kwezinye izinto ezibhaliweyo yiMilinda pañha eguqulela njengeMibuzo kaMilinda, kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho ukutshintshiselana phakathi kweNagasena kunye ne-Indo-Greek King Menander, lo msebenzi uqulethe isishwankathelo seemfundiso kunye nezihloko ezininzi eziye zabandakanywa. kwiCanon.
Ikwafunyanwa njengeminye imibhalo egunyazisiweyo yamaBhuda yiNettipakarana kunye nePetakopadesa. Ngendlela efanayo i-Dhyana sutras eyimibhalo yamaBhuda yokubonisa apho ukucamngca kwesikolo saseSarvastivada kubonwa kunye nokubonakaliswa kweproto-mahayana, le mibhalo ibhalwe ngesandla ngababhali bamaBhuda beyoga eKashmir kwaye kukholelwa ukuba yinxalenye yeBuddhism yaseTshayina. .
Imibhalo yeSiko laseTheravada
Imibhalo efumaneka kwi-Pali inombhalo weenkcazo ezininzi, kodwa ezingazange ziguqulelwe kakhulu, ezi zibangelwa kubaphandi baseSri Lanka, kwaye phakathi kwazo kukho imibhalo ye:
- UBuddhaghosa oqala ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX emva koKrestu, lo yayingumyili weVisuddhimagga eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Ndlela yokuCoca", incwadi yendibano kunye nomsebenzi apho amasiko e-Mahavihara eSri Lanka, iVimuttimagga kunye ne-Abhidhammattha-sangana zibonisiwe. ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX okanye ye-XNUMX kwaye ibeka isishwankathelo se-Abhidhamma.
- dhammapala
U-Buddhaghosa wenza umsebenzi wakhe ngesiseko se-Buddhist editorials kwi-dialese yesiSinhalese, engafumanekiyo namhlanje. ESri Lankan imibhalo yolwimi ziyafumaneka kunye nemisebenzi emininzi Buddhism ezifana Muvadevavata ebalisa ibali Bodhisattva njengoKumkani Mukhadeva ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini kunye Sasadavata esixelela ibali Bodhisattva lokuzalwa ngendlela yomvundla kwi-XNUMX. kwinkulungwane XII.
Kukwakho nomsebenzi womboniso weDhampiyatuva gätapadaya okanye iNgxelo ngeMfundiso eSikelelekileyo ejongene namagama kunye neentetho.
I-Pali Literary Convention yafikelela eBiormania naseThailand apho i-Pali iqhubeka ikhula, le mihla yokubhala ivela kwixesha le-avant-garde. Kukwakho nemibhalo yeTantric Theravada esetyenziswa eMzantsi-mpuma Asia, indibano nayo yakhula eCambodia ngaphambi kokuphuhliswa kweRama IV ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Umbhalo wamaBhuda eBurma wavelisa izakhiwo ezininzi ezintle ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1450, kuquka ukutolikwa okude nokuhonjisiweyo kweencwadi zamaBhuda zesiPali ezaziwa ngokuba yiJatakas, kuquka indinyana kaPyui′o Kui khan pyui′. Iintetho zesiBurma ezaziwa ngcono njenge-nissayas zaqala ukusetyenziswa kumyalelo we-Pali.
Kungenxa yoko le nto inkulungwane ye-1345 yabona ukuchuma okukhulu kwalo mbhalo okwakhokelela kwiinkumbulo zonqulo, ukubhalwa kwezomthetho nokubhala okucingisisiweyo. Kwaye eThailand kukho ukubhalwa kweMihlaba eNtathu ngokukaKumkani uRuang, ebhalwe ngo-XNUMX, ebizwa ngokuba yiPhya Lithai apho unokubona umbono omkhulu wendalo yonke kunye nentelekelelo yendalo yonke yeBuddhism eThailand.
izicatshulwa Mahayana
Baziwa ngokuba yi-prajña okanye izivumelwano zobuqili nokuqonda. Ubuqhophololo yindlela inyaniso ejongwa ngayo njengento ebonwa ngokwenene.
Ayinayo ingcamango yefilosofi, kodwa ichaza ukuba yintoni ingcamango yokuqala yehlabathi, iseka indlela kuyo yonke into, iyazikhanyela ngokungafaniyo xa ibona izinto, oko kukuthi, bathi azikho, kodwa kwakhona. ukuba azikho, kodwa zikwindawo engenanto yendalo engunaphakade.
Saddharma-Pundarika
I-Lotus Sutra, i-White Lotus Sutra okanye i-White Lotus Sutra ye-Sublime Dharma, ngumbhalo owaziwayo ngeendlela ezintathu kodwa ukuba yonke into inenjongo enye okanye injongo. Izifundo zakhe zibandakanya ukufumana indlela yokukwazi ukunikela uncedo kwizidalwa ezinemida esikelwe umda. Iyabonakala kuba uBuddha Prabhutaratna ubonakala, owayesele efile kaninzi ngaphambili, oko kukuthi, ubomi obudlulileyo.
Imisela ukuba uBuddha akanqanyulwanga emva kweparinirvana yakhe, ukuba ithemba lokuphila aliqondwa ngenxa yoko umntu anako okanye akufumeneyo kubomi bangaphambili, ngaloo ndlela eyila isiseko sayo nayiphi na imfundiso kaTyaka eyalandelayo, ndiyabalisa kwiminyaka kamva I-Tien tai e-China, isikolo saseJapan saseTendai kunye nezikolo zaseNichiren zaseJapan.
izicatshulwa Sutra
Kwimibhalo ye-sutra ezintathu zinokufunyanwa eziphawulekayo kuhlelo lwazo:
- I-Sutra yoBomi obungapheliyo okanye i-Sutra yoMhlaba oMkhulu ococekileyo
- I-Amitabha Sutra okanye i-Little Pure Land Sutra
- I-Camplation Sutra okanye i-Visualization Sutra
Kuzo kusungulwe indlela yonke into eqala ngayo kwaye njengendalo yeNtshonalanga yeLizwe eliPure apho uBuddha Amitabha ehlala khona, apho ukubhalwa kwezithembiso ze-48 ze-Amitabha njenge-bodhisattva zenziwe, kwaye ukusuka apho i-factory yomhlaba ococekileyo kuzo zonke izidalwa kunye. ukuba kuzo bangenza izincoko kwiDharma ukuba babe neengxaki okanye iziphazamiso.
I-Sutras ngokwazo zenza iintetho zokuthi izidalwa zinokuvuswa ngokukhokela okungangxengwanga kunye nezenzo, iimbekiselo zenziwa ku-Amithaba njengomntu omdala, apho zigxininisa ukugqwesa kwakhe kwaye zihlala zithetha igama lakhe. Ezi Sutras zoMhlaba ococekileyo zaba ziingxelo zobuBhuda ngokugxininisa ekusindiseni ukonga ukuxhomekeka kwisithembiso sika-Amithaba.
I-Pali Canon
Eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Tipitaka okanye i-Tripitaka, oku kuthetha ukuba kwi-Pali Ti, iingobozi ezintathu kunye ne-pitaka okanye ibhaskithi, liqela leencwadi zakudala okanye imibhalo yobuBhuda ngolwimi lwesiPali, apho kufumaneka khona iqumrhu leemfundiso kunye nesiseko se-Theravada Buddhism. Le canon ye-Pali yaziwa ngokuba yi-Tripitaka okanye "Iibhasikithi ezintathu" kuba zibhaliwe kumagqabi omileyo esundu kwaye zigcinwe kwiibhasikithi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo.
Yakhutshelwa kunyaka I ngaphambi kukaKristu, emva kokuba isisithethe esidluliselwa ngomlomo ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-400. Le canon ye-Pali yenziwe ngokhetho lwazo zonke iimfundiso zamaBhuda eTheravada:
i-vinaya pitaka: ebizwa ngokuba yibhasikithi ye-Monastic Discipline, isahlulo sokuqala se-Pali canon apho ukuxhaswa kobomi kwii-monasteries ze-Sangha kusungulwe, kuzo kukho imimiselo elawula ubomi beemonki okanye i-Bhikkhus kunye ne-nuns okanye i-Bhikkunis, njengoko beyenza. kufuneka bahlale kunye kwikhaya loonongendi kwaye yeyiphi imigaqo yesimilo okanye imfundo ekufuneka beyivisisanise kungekuphela nje phakathi kwamalungu abo ngaphakathi kwindlu yeemonki, kodwa nakubomi kunye namarhamente.
I-vinaya-pitakano yimithetho kuphela kodwa ibandakanya amabali avelisa ngamnye kubo, kwaye inika iinkcukacha zendlela uBuddha wafuna ngayo isisombululo kwiingxaki ezavela kwi-Sangha ukugcina imvisiswano kuyo, esazi ukuba yayikhula kwaye iyantlukwano. . Lo msebenzi unemiqulu emithandathu.
Sutta-pitaka: okanye ebizwa ngokuba yiNgobozi yeeNtetho, kule ngqokelela yeentetho neentshumayelo, ekukholelwa ukuba zivela kuBuddha ngokwakhe okanye kubafundi bakhe abasondeleyo, ngamanye amazwi kuzo zonke iimfundiso zikaBuddha, ezona zininzi ziisutta. equlathe imiqulu emi-5 okanye i-Nikayas.
Emva kwezi zimbini, ezizezona ziphambili, yiza oku kulandelayo:
- I-Digha Nikaya: iqulethe iintetho ezinde ze-34 zeBuddha ezinemiqulu emithathu.
- UMajjhima Nikaya: Iqulethe iintetho eziphakathi ezili-150.
- I-Samyutta Nikaya: Le yingqokelela ye-7762 yeentetho ezinxulumeneyo, ezihlanganiswe kwizifundo ezenziwe ngamacandelo angama-56 okanye i-sanyuttas.
- I-Anguttara Nikaya: Une-9950 yeeNtetho zeSihloko esinye kwi-Ordering Order.
I-Khuddaka Nikaya: iqulethe iMibhalo emincinci eyi-15 ehlanganiswe kwimiqulu engama-20 enezifundo ezahlukeneyo, ezibhalwe kwindinyana kwaye iqulethe eyona nto indala kunye nentsha ye-Pali. Oku kuqulunqwe:
- Khuddaka-patha: "Iintetho ezimfutshane" ezimfutshane eziza kucengcelezwa.
- I-Dhammapada: "Iivesi kwi-Dhamma", eziqulunqwe ngeendinyana ze-423 zokuziphatha, zithandwa kakhulu njengoko zezona ziguqulelwe kwiilwimi zaseNtshona.
- Udana: kukho ii-sutta ezimfutshane ezingama-80 ezisekelwe kwiiVesi zokuphefumlelwa.
- I-Itivuttaka: ziisutta ezimfutshane eziqala ngo “kwaye zinjengoko kutshiwo.
- I-Sutta-nipata: ebizwa ngokuba yi "Iseti yeeNtetho", apho kukho i-71 suttas kwifom yevesi.
- I-Vimana-vatthu: okanye "Amabali malunga nezindlu zokuhlala" ezijongene nokuzalwa kobuthixo.
- I-Peta-vatthu: "Amabali abafileyo" okanye inqaku malunga nokuzalwa kwakhona kwemimoya.
- I-Thera-gatta: okanye "Iivesi Zamandulo" kuyo inxulumene nendlela iimonki zokuqala ezikwazi ngayo ukuzuza ukukhanya.
- I-Theri-gatta: yincwadi efanayo yangaphambili kodwa oku kubhekiselele kwindlela oonongendi bokuqala abaphumelele ngayo ukuzuza ukukhanya.
- I-Jataka: iqulethe amabali angama-247 okuzalwa, okanye ubomi obudlulileyo bukaBuddha, ukwenza amabali ngokuziphatha. Eli candelo lisemva kwexesha kwi-Pali Canon apho iintsomi ezininzi ezivela eIndiya zikholelwa ukuba zibandakanyiwe, kwaye zisetyenziswa kwiintshumayelo namhlanje.
- Nidessa: amagqabantshintshi kwelinye lamacandelo eSutta-nipata.
- I-Patisambhida-magga: okanye uhlalutyo luka-Abhidhamma lwemfundiso.
- I-Apadana: Amabali obomi obudlulileyo beemonki kunye noonongendi abafumaneka kwiincwadi zeThera-gatta kunye neTheri-gatta.
- I-Buddhavamsa: ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-Chronic of the Buddhas, apho ibali le-24 elidlulileyo likaBuddha lixelwa.
- I-Cariya-pitaka: ebizwa ngokuba yi "Basket of Conduct" apho ukuziphatha kukaGotama kubomi bakhe bangaphambili kuxoxwe kunye nalapho ekwazi ukuqokelela ukugqibelela ukuba abe yiBoghisatta.
Abhidhamma-pitaka: o Ingobozi yeeMfundiso ezongezelelweyo” apho izicatshulwa ezithetha ngemigaqo yeemfundiso ezikwiibhaskithi ezimbini zokuqala zifunyanwa, apha zinokufunyanwa zilungelelaniswe ngakumbi kwaye kulwakhiwo olungcono ngenkqubo eyenza uphando ngobume bengqondo. kunye ne-matter, inemibhalo yakudala esi-7 ehlanganiswe kuhlelo olunomqulu osi-7.
Ngokutsho kwamabali amaIndiya, uGautama Buddha washumayela ngohlobo lwentanda-bulumko, awayibiza ngokuba yiDhamma Ephakamileyo okanye uAbhidhamma, ngoothixo bokuqala nomfundi wakhe nomlandeli wakhe wokuqala uSariputra, omnye wabalandeli abalishumi bakaSakyamuni Buddha okanye uBuddha. U-Sari Putra uthetha unyana kaSari, lo nguye owaxelela abantu abafayo ukuba yintoni i-Dharma, ebaphathela i-theology kunye nefilosofi yefilosofi ukuze babe nokuqaliswa kokuqonda kwabo.
Lo msebenzi unefilosofi eninzi, ipsychology kunye nokuziphatha. I-Psychology ayisiyiyo esiyaziyo eNtshona, kodwa eyona nto inxulumene nomphefumlo, ibonwa njengobunzima bezinto eziphathekayo kunye neengqondo ezitshintsha rhoqo.
ISanskrit Canon
Eli ligama elinikwe umqulu wobuBhuda obhalwe ngolo lwimi, nowasuka kumantla eIndiya, ekuqaleni wawunecandelo elifana neTrpitaka, kodwa kamva lahlulwa laziinxalenye ezisithoba okanye iiDharma ezaziwa ngokuba yiNcwadi ye iMithetho, kwezi ncwadi eziphefumlelweyo nezingezizo eziziimibhalo engcwele ifunyenwe, njengakwicanon yesiPali, kodwa inegunya elikhulu kunqulo.
Phakathi kwazo sinokufumana ukuPheleleka koBulumko, uBomi obumangalisayo bukaBuddha, iLotus yoMthetho oLungileyo, ukungaqondakali kwehlabathi kwabo bangengoBuddha, iNkosi yamaZwe alishumi, ukuPhathiswa kwiMistic Concentration, ukuShumayela Lanka, Ukufunda ngeNdalo kaBuddha kunye neeNtsomi eziPhakamisayo.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi engeyiyo i-canonical yi-Commentaries nge-Nirvana, i-Nothingness of Life, i-Formation of the Universe okanye u-Buddha wangaphambili owazalwa ngokwakhe, Uhlalutyo lweendidi ezizimeleyo, ukuguqulwa kwe-Anguli yesela, i-Lotus yenceba, inqaku. yokuziphatha kunye ne-metaphysics, aMandla aMangaliso eBuddha, ukuguqulwa nguBodhisattva Manjushri, Intshayelelo yolwazi lwamaBuddha, iDrum enkulu kunye naMandla angaphezu kwawemvelo ukufezekisa ukucamngca.
Ezi zingezo-canonical zezi zilandelayo: ILizwi leSisa, elizaliswe yiNtsomi, Iimeko ezivela kuBomi bukaBuddha, i-Pali Canon, kunye ne-Udana ye-Pali Canon.
Iingqokelela zamaTshayina kunye neTibet
Ezi canon zineengxelo zantlandlolo yaye zixabiseke kakhulu ekubeni zikulwimi lwesiPali okanye lwesiSanskrit oluye lwagcinwa ekuhambeni kwexesha ngesiTshayina nangeTibetan, inguqulelo yoludwe lwangoku lwemibhalo engcwele yesiTshayina yasusela kunyaka we-1924 nowe-1929, xa yashicilelwa phantsi kwayo. Igama likaTaisho Issaikyo kwaye umbono wakhe wokuqala usuka kunyaka wama-972 wexesha lethu. I-canon yaseTibetan inamacandelo e-Kanjur kunye ne-Tanjur.
Amanye amakhonkco esinokucebisa ukuba uyazi okanye uwafunde ngala alandelayo: