Fumana nathi ngeli nqaku libalaseleyo ukuya iinceba ezintathu rubens ngokweempawu zayo, uhlalutyo kunye nokunye okuninzi kwalo msebenzi wobugcisa onomdla oye waba ngumxholo wezifundo ezinomdla ngenxa yoluhlu olubanzi lwemibala kunye nemifanekiso. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Uyintoni umsebenzi wobugcisa obuthathu bukaRubens?
Ngokuphathelele umsebenzi wobugcisa, i-rubens ezintathu ze-graces zingumxholo wentsomi, ukuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba bomzobo we-Eufrosine, uThalia kunye no-Aglae, abafazi abathathu abahle babe ziintombi zikaZeus.
I-Eufrosine imele i-charm, i-Thalia yovuyo kunye ne-Aglae imele ubuhle, ngoko ke ii-Rubens ezintathu zobabalo zahlanganiswa kwindawo entle emnandi.
Iirubens ezintathu zobabalo zihamba kunye noThixokazi uAphrodite kwaye ziphethe ukukhusela iintanda-bulumko kunye nokubanika uburharha obubalaseleyo kunye novuyo olukhulu.
I-rubens ezintathu ze-gramus zingabonwa kunye neenwele ezintle zeenwele zabo.
Amanenekazi enza isangqa ngenjongo yokuqalisa umdaniso njengoko kubonwa ukuba amabhinqa amathathu aselula athwala enye yonyawo lwawo ngasemva kumzobo weeruben ezintathu zobabalo ukongezelela kwinkanuko enkulu edluliselwa ngumfanekiso wobugcisa.
Imizimba yabo igqunywe lilaphu elihle kakhulu elibizwa ngokuba yi-chiffon elibonisa ulusu lwe-rubens ezintathu zobabalo olupeyintwe ngobuchule kwiibrashi zomzobi.
Kuthiwa inenekazi ngasekunene bubuso bomfazi wakhe wokuqala u-Isabel Brant owafa xa isibetho sichaphazela abemi baseYurophu ngelixa inenekazi elingasekhohlo elineenwele ezilula ngumfazi wakhe wesibini uHelena Fourment lo mzobo mhle ufuzisela uvuyo lokuba ephila kwicala lomzobi.
Uhlalutyo lomzobo we-rubens ezintathu zobabalo
Umzobi ubeka umsebenzi weenceba ezintathu zeRubens ukusuka kwelinye imbono, ebonisa abafazi abahle kunye nemizimba yabo emihle enikwe ingqiqo enkulu.Badityaniswe omnye nomnye ngeengalo zabo, ukongeza kwilaphu elithambileyo elicacileyo kunye nenkangeleko yolutsha. abasetyhini ebasasaza.
Lo mzobo womfanekiso we-rubens ezintathu zobabalo udibanisa amanenekazi amathathu apho elinye lisemva kwakhe kodwa lixhaswe zezinye iimyuziyam ezimbini, ebonisa inkanuko enkulu ngolwandlalo lwamanani abo asongelwe ngobuhle obungokomfanekiso nobulungeleleneyo.
Ngesikhumba se-rubens ezintathu zobabalo, ibonisa ukukhanya okukhanyisa ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi wobugcisa, kunye nombala omkhulu wemvelaphi eqaqambileyo yelizwe elihle apho izilwanyana ezincinci zexhama zinokubonwa zidla ngokuzolileyo ngelixa i-muses ixhentsa.
Lo mzobo omhle wawuyinxalenye yengqokelela yabucala kaPeter Paul Rubens, yafunyanwa nguKumkani uPhilip IV waseSpain xa yayithengiswa emva kokufa komzobi ngoMeyi 30, 1640.
Ngoko i-rubens ezintathu zobabalo ziqhubekile zihombisa elinye lamagumbi amahle e-Alcázar yaseMadrid kwaye ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX lo msebenzi wasiwa kwiMyuziyam yasePrado.
Abathathu bakaGrace Rubens babonakala besenza isangqa ngezandla zabo kwindawo ekhohlo kwicala lasekhohlo, bepeyinta umthi esiqwini sawo, kuyabonakala i-gauze emhlophe, echasene nombala omdaka womthi omhle, ufumaneka. phakathi kwamasebe.
Kwicala lasekunene leeruben ezintathu zobabalo kukho ikomityi ethwele ezandleni zakhe icornucopia yegolide apho kuphuma amanzi ngathi ngumkhusane wokuvula ngaphezulu kwamanenekazi amathathu kukho isidanga seentyatyambo ezintle uluhlu lwazo olubanzi lwemibala ecacileyo luchaseneyo. ulusu oluhle lwamanenekazi amathathu.
Imiba efanelekileyo yomsebenzi
Kuyaziwa ukuba umzobi ulungiselele umsebenzi weeRubens ezintathu ezinobabalo kunye ne-wax yendalo kwaye yongeza i-calcium carbonate kunye nomgubo ocolekileyo omhlophe welothe, ebonelela umzobo ngokukhanya okugqwesileyo.
Lo mfanekiso womzobo we-rubens ezintathu ubabalo ubonisa i-brushstrokes ezintathu ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwazo, i-brushstrokes ende kwaye ilula imilenze yamanenekazi ibonwa emsebenzini, emva koko i-brushstrokes emide kwaye incamathelisiwe yelaphu ibonakaliswe.
Ezinye iibrushstrokes ezincinci awayezisebenzisa ekuchazeni ubuso obuhle beeRubens ezintathu zobabalo, kunye nezityalo ezifanekiselwa umsebenzi, zenziwe ngombala omhle obonisa ukuchuma okukhanya entwasahlobo.
Iphalethi yombala esetyenziswe ngumculi weenceba ezintathu zeRubens yayihluke kakhulu kwaye ikhanya, ulusu lwamanenekazi ludibanisa imibala ephambili.
Ngokubhekiselele kwibrashi yakhe, ikhululekile kakhulu, ibonisa ubuchule obukhulu eluswini lwe-muses, oluthi lwenze isivumelwano kwaye lutshone ekudibaneni ngokomzimba omnye nomnye, lukhulisa ubunyani obukhulu, kunye nolwazi olubalaseleyo lomzimba womntu, ngakumbi umzimba wabasetyhini. .
Olunye lweempawu ezinokubonwa kwiinceba ezintathu zeRubens kukukhanya kumsebenzi wakhe kwimiqulu kunye neenkcukacha ze-landscape, ukuphumeza ubuchule obukhawulezayo nobulula.
Apho impembelelo yomnye umzobi ogama linguTitian iboniswa kwaye ngokwemigaqo yokukhanya wayamkela kwimodeli yaseFlemish malunga nentshukumo yengcamango eyayiphikiswa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, igcisa limele ngokuma kwee-rubens ezintathu zobabalo isangqa esimema umbukeli ukuba acinge ngomdaniso.
Lo mzobo we-rubens ezintathu zobabalo lwenziwa ngumzobi emva kokungena kwimitshato yesibini kwaye yena ngokwakhe wayengowengqokelela yakhe yangasese, ngoko lo msebenzi wobugcisa ubonisa uvuyo lokuphila komzobi kunye nomfazi wakhe wesibini owayeneminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe emncinci kuye.
Umzuzu wembali
Kwimbali, ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, oko kwaziwa ngokuba yiFlanders kunye neHolland babenenkcubeko efanayo kakhulu, kodwa xa uHlaziyo lwamaProtestanti lwenziwa, ukongeza kwiiMfazwe zoNqulo, inxalenye yommandla owaziwa ngokuba yiNetherlands yahlala iphantsi kolawulo. umyalelo wesithsaba saseSpain.
Yintoni ehambelana neFlanders eyayiyiBelgium kunye neLuxembourg kunye nenkolo yamaKatolika ngenxa yeSpain kunye neHolland iguqulelwe kwinkolo kaCalvin apho i-bourgeoisie igxininisa ukuzimela ngaphandle kweSpain.
Umphumo kukuba umzobo uhlukile kule mibini imimandla yentsimi yaseNetherlands, kubandakanywa neSikolo saseFlemish, apho umgangatho oyintloko wawukwahlula i-aristocracy, imizobo emininzi enxulumene nenkolo yenkolo yenziwa.
Icawa yamaProtestanti iyayigatya imixholo yonqulo apho kukho ubungqina beengcwele okanye iisakramente, kodwa umxholo wasentsomini uye woyisa ngenjongo yokuhombisa amabhotwe ngezibizo ezizukileyo.
Njengemifanekiso yoluntu ukubonisa udidi lwentlalo lwabalinganiswa ababezotywe ngemizobo ngenxa yokunyuka kwabo kurhwebo kunye nemisebenzi yezandla.
Wenza umzobi wezi ntlobo zintathu zobabalo uRubens umzobi wemfundiso yamaKatolika apho wayephucula umbala kunye nokukhanya apho wayebonisa umxholo wenkolo.
Kodwa ukongeza kumdla wakhe wokwenza imizobo yenkolo, uRubens ugqame ngokubonisa ubukhazikhazi kunye noohlohlesakhe abasakhulayo behlabathi lezorhwebo, okwenza umzobi uPeter Paul Rubens axatyiswe kakhulu ngemizobo yakhe yeBaroque.
URubens wayeyindoda enezinto ezininzi ezenza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo yezozakuzo eyadibanisa nokuthanda kwakhe ubugcisa ngeehambo zakhe ezahlukeneyo kwaye wadibana namanye amagcisa adumileyo afana noVelázquez enkundleni yaseMadrid.
Ngaphezu koko, wayengumzobi othandwayo kaKumkani uFelipe IV waseSpain, owagunyazisa inqwaba yemisebenzi yobugcisa evela kuye ukuba ihombise amabhotwe kwaye ngexesha lefandesi yafumana inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yalo mculi, phakathi kwabo kwakukho iirubens ezintathu zobabalo. .
Ukongeza, uPeter Paul Rubens wasebenza njengeDiplomat phakathi kweenkundla ezahlukeneyo kwilizwekazi laseYurophu kuba wayenesakhono seelwimi, esaziwa namhlanje njengepolyglot.
Ngoko ke ubugcisa bulandele langoku lweRenaissance enkosi kwimpembelelo yaseTaliyane eyafudukela eNetherlands. Ukuba ngomnye wabameli ababalaseleyo umzobi weerubens ezintathu ezibabalweyo ngokubhekiselele kubugcisa kuba wayengumKatolika onenzondelelo.
Iimpawu zemisebenzi yombhali weegrafu ezintathu rubens
Umzobi weenceba ezintathu uRubens wenza iintlobo ezininzi zemizobo, kuthiwa wancedwa ngabafundi bakhe, phakathi kweempawu zalo mculi omkhulu iingoma ezivulekileyo zibonwa.
Apho intshukumo, amandla kunye namandla abonakaliswa ngeebrushstrokes zakhe, kunye namanani achulumancisayo nanenkanuko.
Olunye uphawu lweempawu zalo mzobi omkhulu we-rubens ezintathu zobabalo ziphucula ukufudumala kunye neethoni ezikhanyayo awazisebenzisayo ngamabala anezinto ezininzi.
Zizisa inkanuko kunye namandla okwabonakaliswa njengolonwabo olukhulu lokuphila.Wayeyigcisa elidlala ngemidlalo yeqonga ekupeyinteni, lisenza mfiliba imiboniso ngeemilo nezibane.
Imilinganiselo yomsebenzi
I-rubens ezintathu zobabalo zenziwa phakathi kwe-1636 kunye ne-1639 ngumsebenzi owenziwe kwioli kwaye uxhonywe kwitafile ye-oki ngomnye wemizobo emele ubugcisa be-baroque.
Ubukhulu bayo buziisentimitha ezingama-221 nge-181 yeesentimitha. Iboniswa kwiMyuziyam yasePrado ekwisixeko saseMadrid kwisizwe saseSpain.
Ifandesi yee-asethi zoMzobi
Ngexesha lefandesi yezinto zikaPeter Paul Rubens, abathengi abavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zelizwekazi laseYurophu beza.Yayisisihlandlo esifanelekileyo kuKumkani uFelipe IV waseSpain ongazange athenge kuphela imisebenzi yegcisa kodwa kunye namanye amagcisa aseFlemish awayeyipropathi. yomfi.
Phakathi kwabo, uVan Dyck, owayeyinxalenye yengqokelela yakhe yabucala, ukongeza kwiinceba ezintathu zeRubens, ezibekwe kwisixeko saseMadrid kwiGalari ephantsi ekwiGadi yama-Emperors.
Yenye yamagumbi eVaults of Titian okanye igumbi lasehlotyeni eliphantsi njengoko laliqhele ukuchongwa ukuba liphantsi kwegumbi elitsha likakumkanikazi.
Ngoko ke, ukumkani wayeka kula magumbi kwiinyanga zasehlotyeni, awayeshushu kakhulu kwaye yayiyindawo esondeleleneyo nekhululekileyo yasebukhosini.
Umzobo wobugcisa weerubens ezintathu zobabalo ubhekisa ekuchumeni nasekuthandeni apho elinye lamanenekazi lingumfazi wakhe wesibini awatshata naye ngoDisemba 06, 1630.
Xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu ubudala kunye nomzobi uRubens wayeneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu anesithathu ubudala, ngoko lo mzobo uphefumlelwe luthando alubonakalisa kumfazi wakhe omncinci, njengomnikelo kumama wabantwana bakhe abahlanu.
Lo msebenzi ezintathu grace rubens kwenzeka kamva ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, yaba yinxalenye yemisebenzi nudes ukuba zihlelwa njenge ekhubekisayo kwaye watshintshelwa Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando.
Kwi-1827 umsebenzi wathunyelwa kwiMyuziyam yasePrado kwaye ngo-1839 iinceba ezintathu zeRubens zatshintshelwa kwigumbi lobugcisa beFlemish. Phakathi kwe-1997 kunye ne-1998 ukubuyisela kwenziwa kulo msebenzi apho uRocío Dávila wayephethe ukubuyisela umsebenzi wepeyinti.
Ngokuphathelele uGeorge Bisacca kunye noJosé de la Fuente, babephethe ukubuyisela umthi oxhasayo womzobo weentlobo ezintathu zeRubens.
Omnye wemizobo yalo mculi omkhulu yiGadi yoLuthando, eyenziwa nguPeter Paul Rubens phakathi kwe-1630 kunye ne-1635, kunye nemilinganiselo ye-198 centimeters nge-235 centimeters.
Kwakhona kwafunyanwa nguKumkani uFelipe IV, owayeyinxalenye yegumbi lakhe lokulala, kwaye embindini walo msebenzi wobugcisa, umfazi omncinci womculi, u-Helena Fourment, unokubonwa. I-brushstroke ekhululekileyo eqhelekileyo yomzobi ibonakala.
Ukongeza kumbala otyebileyo obonakalisa umsebenzi ogcwele amandla kunye neetoni zegolide kunye ne-dynamism ebonakaliswe ziingelosi eziphaphazelayo egadini.
Ukwahluka kwezimo zengqondo abathathi-nxaxheba bomdlalo we-rubens ezintathu zobabalo zibonwa njengesampulu yengcamango yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX: i-Movement.
Ukuba umculi weenceba ezintathu uRubens wenza kwimisebenzi yakhe apho waphuphuma khona amandla, umbala kunye novuyo lokuphila olubonakalisa kuye wonke umsebenzi wakhe odumileyo wobugcisa.
Sobre el autor
UPeter Paul Rubens wazalelwa eSiegen, ngoku eyinxalenye yesizwe saseJamani, abazali bakhe babengabonqulo lukaCalvin kodwa emva kokusweleka kukayise uJan Rubens.
Unina waguqukela kubuKatolika ngowe-1591 waza wabuya nonyana wakhe uPeter, owayengoyena mncinane, eAntwerp apho waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe.
Funda iilwimi ezininzi kubandakanya isiFrentshi, isiJamani, iSpanish, isiLatini phakathi kwezinye. Ngonyaka we-1600 wagqiba kwelokuba aye eItali ukuya kufunda ngakumbi ngemizobo. Ngoko olu hambo yaba sisiqalo kubomi bakhe bobugcisa, emva koko wabuyela e-Antwerp kwaye unina wagula.
Kodwa wayekude kakhulu kwaye ekufikeni kwakhe unina wayesele eswelekile kodwa umsebenzi wezopolitiko nezoqoqosho welizwe wamenza ukuba ahlale eNetherlands.
Watshata nomfazi wakhe wokuqala xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ubudala kunye noPeter Paul Rubens iminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesibini ngo-1609.
Abantwana abathathu bazalwa kolu budlelwane, uClara Serena ngo-1611, elandelwa ngu-Albert ngo-1614 kunye no-NiKolaas ngo-1618. Ngo-1610, wafumana isakhiwo esikhulu njengekhaya elibizwa ngokuba yiCasa Rubens, yena ngokwakhe wazimisela ukuyilungisa.
Ngonyaka we-1621, wenza imisebenzi yozakuzo kaMaría de Médici, owayengukumkanikazi wesizwe samaFrentshi, yaye baqalisa umsebenzi wabo wozakuzo kwisizwe saseSpeyin nakwilizwe lamaNgesi.
Ewe, iYunivesithi yaseCambridge yamnika ngo-1629 iwonga lembeko njenge-Master of Arts. Yayibubomi obuxakekileyo kakhulu phakathi kwemizobo eyenziwa ngabasebukhosini belizwekazi laseYurophu kwelo liqhuba ubudlelwane bozakuzo.
Iminyaka elishumi yokugqibela yomculi uRubens
Uthatha isigqibo sokuchitha le nxalenye yokugqibela yobomi bakhe kwisixeko sase-Antwerp ngelixa eqhubeka nokwenza imizobo yobugcisa kubukhosi baseYurophu. Kwakusele kudlule iminyaka emine emva kokufa komfazi wakhe wokuqala xa wagqiba kwelokuba aphinde atshate.
Umfazi wakhe wesibini wayeyintombi yesityebi selaphu kunye nomrhwebi wombhoxo ogama linguDaniel Fourment owayengumhlobo osondeleyo kaPeter Paul Rubens. Eli bhinqa liselula lalibizwa ngokuba ngu-Helena Fourment kolu lwalamano kwazalwa abantwana abahlanu.
Intombi yokuqala yalo mtshato wesibini kwathiwa nguClara Johanna, owazalwa ngowe-1632, emva koko uFranss ngowe-1633, walandelwa nguIsabelle Heléne ngowe-1635.
Emva koko uPeter Paul owazalwa ngo-1637 kunye noConstancia Albertina owazalwa ngo-1641 kunye noyise wasweleka iinyanga ezisibhozo.
Umfazi wakhe wayengumzekelo wemisebenzi emininzi awayenzayo ngeli xesha lobomi bakhe, kuquka iirubens ezintathu zobabalo, ekubeni wasebenzisa iimpawu zomfazi omncinci ukuba azibeke kwimisebenzi yakhe eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa.
Njengoko zinguMgwebo waseParis phakathi kweminye imizobo umzobi uPeter Paul Rubens wasweleka eneminyaka engamashumi amathandathu anesibini ubudala ngenxa yokubanjwa kwentliziyo okwabangela igawuthi awayiphatha iminyaka emininzi.
Wafa ngoMeyi 30, 1640 kwisixeko sase-Antwerp kwaye amathambo akhe angcwatywa kwiCawa yaseSantiago, emva koko ngo-1642 umhlolokazi wakhe uHelena wagqiba ekubeni abeke umsebenzi owawenziwe ngumzobi kwilitye lengcwaba lomyeni wakhe kwisakhelo sebhastile.
Yayimalunga neNtombi Enyulu kunye noMntwana ongqongwe ngabaNgcwele lo msebenzi wobugcisa wawungumfanekiso wosapho kuba owakhe umfazi wayemele ubuso beMagdalena kwaye iSaint George yayibubuso bukaRubens ngokwakhe.
Iinyaniso ezinomdla malunga nomsebenzi
Olunye lweempawu ezikhethekileyo zeerubens ezintathu zobabalo ngokwecandelo lamayeza kukuba enye yeemyuziyam azibonisayo emsebenzini ihlaselwe ngumhlaza wamabele.
Lo msebenzi wobugcisa ngokutsho kwabaphandi bezenzululwazi uJuan Grau, uMatías Díaz noMiguel Prats, abameli beZiko loNyango lwe-Hemato-oncological Diseases, kwiNkonzo ye-Oncology yezoNyango kwi-Hospital Clinic.
NjengeYunivesithi yaseBarcelona, baxhasa ukuba isilonda esibonwe kwibele lemyuziyam efana nenkosikazi yokuqala kaRubens icebisa ukuba unesifo somhlaza webele.
Ke kwinqaku elapapashwa kwijenali yeSayensi bachaza olu hlobo lulandelayo lokuxilongwa:
“… imodeli esekunene ibonisa isilonda esivulekileyo esinobomvu bolusu, ukurhoxa kwengono, ukucutha umthamo wamabele, kunye ne-axillary lymphadenopathy. Ukuba ngumba obonakalayo womhlaza webele ophucukileyo. ” …
Lo mba obonakalayo ungcatsha umhlaza wamabele ngokophando lwaba gqirha kwaye yeyona ndawo ixhaphakileyo kwesi sifo, ngoko ke umfanekiso wombhali weenceba ezintathu uRubens uyibonisa ngokuthembeka kwindlela awayibona ngayo iboniswe kwimodeli.
Aba gqirha baye benza uphando ngeminye imisebenzi kwaye into efana nayo yabonwa kumsebenzi wobugcisa we-Orpheus no-Eurydice kunye noDiana kunye ne-nymphs yakhe kwimisebenzi eyenziwa ngumzobi we-rubens ezintathu zobabalo.
Ngokukwanjalo kwimisebenzi kaRembrandt, enjengoBhatshebha oneleta kaDavide nakwenye incwadi yeligcisa, La Sagrada Familia.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku linomdla, ndiyakumema ukuba undwendwele amakhonkco alandelayo: