Kweli nqaku ndikumema ukuba wazi ulwazi oluninzi malunga nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo owaziwa ngokuba ILe Piedad nguMichelangelo. Owona mzobo udumileyo kwihlabathi kwaye unendawo eninzi yokubeka i-bastion yokuba ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo. Nangona ngowe-1972 wahlaselwa ngumntu owangcolisa iNtombi Enyulu uMariya, qhubeka ufunda ukuze ufunde okungakumbi ngalo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo!
ILe Piedad
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo owaziwa ngokuba yiVatican Pietà wenziwe phakathi kuka-1498 kunye no-1499. Ngumzobi weRenaissance uMichelangelo. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-24 ubudala. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaMichelangelo kaPietà. Ichaza umzobo weNtombi Enyulu uMariya ebambe umzimba wonyana wakhe uYesu waseNazarete owayesele efile emnqamlezweni.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo odumileyo uLa pieta unemilinganiselo yeesentimitha ezili-174 ukuphakama nge-195 yeesentimitha ububanzi. Namhlanje sinokuyifumana emva kodonga lweglasi olungenambumbulu kwi-Chapel ye-Crucifix ngaphakathi kwe-St. Peter's Basilica kwisiXeko saseVatican.
Imbali yePietà kaMichelangelo
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobungcwele owenziwe ngumculi weRenaissance uMichelangelo wagunyaziswa nguKhadinali waseSaint Denis, ogama lakhe lokwenyani nguJean Bilhères de Lagraulas okanye u-de Villiers, waseBenedictine. Owasebenza njengonozakuzaku wenkosi yaseFransi kwisiXeko saseVatican ngaphakathi eRoma.
Phakathi kukaKhadinali uSaint Denis kunye nomzobi weRenaissance uMichelangelo batyikitya isivumelwano ngoAgasti 26, 1498. Le ntlawulo yamisela ukuba umzobi uMichelangelo uya kufumana isixa seeducats ezingama-450 zegolide. Kodwa umsebenzi kwakufuneka ulungile kwisithuba esingaphantsi konyaka.
Enyanisweni, oku kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba unyaka uphele, ekubeni kwakusele iintsuku ezimbini kuphela, umsebenzi wawusele ugqityiwe. Nangona uKhadinali uSaint Denis wayesweleke kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo engakhange akwazi ukubona umsebenzi ogqityiweyo. Ke ngoko, indawo yokuqala eyayinayo iPietà njengendawo yokuhlala yayilingcwaba likaKhadinali iSaint Denis.
UKhadinali wangcwatyelwa kwiCawe yaseSanta Petronila ekwisiXeko saseVatican. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaPietà wahlala apho ixesha elide. Kwade kwagqitywa isigqibo sokuyihambisa phakathi kwe-1749 kunye ne-1750. Ekubeni umhla ochanekileyo awukaziwa kwaye ukususela ngoko indawo yayo yangoku ibe yi-Basilica ye-Saint Peter kwi-Chapel eyaziwayo yokubethelwa ekunene.
Inkcazo yoMfanekiso
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaPietà yiloo nto iingcali zobugcisa ziwubiza ngokuba yingqushu engqukuva ekubeni lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo unokubonwa macala onke. Kodwa eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokubona umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaPietà kumbono ongaphambili.
Lo mfanekiso wenziwa yiNtombi Enyulu uMariya noYesu waseNazarete. Umzobi oneminyaka engama-24 ubudala uMichelangelo waqingqa iNtombikazi kaMariya emncinci kakhulu kwaye emhle. Kwakhona uzinikele kakhulu. Unxiba ilokhwe eneemiphetho ezininzi ezinwebekayo kuwo wonke umfanekiso oqingqiweyo.
INtombi Enyulu ithwele uYesu waseNazarete ezingalweni zayo, osele efile ngenxa yokubethelelwa kwabo emnqamlezweni. Umkroli uMichelangelo waphinda wenza iNtombi Enyulu uMariya encinane kunonyana wakhe uYesu waseNazarete. Nangona wayenza ngabom ukwenza uYesu abonakale emdala kuneNtombi Enyulu uMariya.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wePietà uyilwe kwinto ebizwa ngokuba ngunxantathu ozolileyo kakhulu ukuze iNtombi Enyulu enguMariya imthwalele ezandleni zakhe unyana wakhe ongasekhoyo. Nangona umzobi weRenaissance uMichelangelo ebonisa iNtombi Enyulu uMariya kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo encinci kunoYesu waseNazarete kuba iyimbono yeRenaissance.
Apho kwakuzanywa ukumela iNtombi Enyulu uMariya. Njengeziko lobuhle kunye nolutsha, oko kukuthi, umama omncinci nomhle ngonaphakade. UGiorgio Vasari ngokwakhe, othathwa njengombhali-mbali wokuqala wobugcisa, wathetha ngomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wePietà ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
“Ngumsebenzi ekungekho ngcibi ubalaseleyo anokongeza nantoni na kuwo ekuzobeni, okanye ekuthandeni, okanye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba adinwe kangakanani na, ngokomelela, ngamandla okulunga, ukuguda nokukrola ibhastile”
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wePietà. Ukuba umzobi weRenaissance uMichelangelo wathatha umsebenzi we-iconographic ngokubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba kamva kunye nexesha kunye namava wayiphinda kwimisebenzi yakhe emininzi emikhulu. Oko kwatyhila ubukrelekrele bakhe obukhulu kunye nendaleko yobugcisa neyomoya.
Eyokugqibela yemisebenzi yakhe inento yokwenza nomxholo wobuthixo. YayinguRondanini Pietà owaziwayo, oye wathathwa njengomsebenzi wokugqibela owenziwe ngumdwebi weRenaissance uMichelangelo ngaphambi kokugula nokufa. Nangona engazange akwazi ukuwugqiba ekubeni wachitha iintsuku ezintandathu esebenza kuloo msebenzi waza wafa, lo msebenzi awuzange ugqitywe.
Ngeli xesha umzobi uMiguel Ángel wathatha umsebenzi wokwenza umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaPietà, wayeneminyaka engama-24 ubudala, kodwa ngaphambi koko wayezinikele ekwenzeni umfanekiso weNtombi Enyulu uMariya ngomzimba opheleleyo kunye noYesu waseNazarete wawa phezu kwakhe. iqhekeza lashiywa ngaphandle kweenkcukacha.
Xa yayilithuba lakhe lokwenza umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaPietà. Umzobi waseTuscan ngokwakhe wagqiba ekubeni aye kwii-quarries apho izinto zikhutshwe kwii-Apuan Alps zesixeko saseTuscany kwaye yena ngokwakhe ukhethe isiqwenga semarble apho wayeyiqile imifanekiso, phakathi kwabo kwakukho iPietà.
Nangona umbhali-mbali ukwamnye uGiorgio Vasari, waqinisekisa ukuba umzobi weRenaissance wakhetha amaqhekeza ebhastile waza wasusa iindawo ezazisele de akwazi ukwenza umfanekiso oqingqiweyo. Ekubeni kwibhloko yebhastile kwakukho into efunekayo okanye iqhekeza awayefuna ukulikrola. Kaloku ngokutsho komzobi weRenaissance, wayekwazi ukubona ngengqondo yakhe into eyayikwiqhekeza lebhastile.
Kwimeko yomfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaPietà, umzobi wakwazi ukujonga intlungu kamama xa efelwa ngunyana okuphela kwakhe okanye ebulawa. Ukongeza, into enokufuna igcisa bubuchule bokukwazi ukwenza umsebenzi. Kwakhona lokuba nomonde ongaqhawukiyo wokukwazi ukuyenza kwakhona xa kukho into engaphumeleliyo.
Wakuba ugqityiwe umsebenzi, umzobi wayeza kwenza ukuhanjiswa, abantu abaninzi, bebona umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, baqala ukuzibuza ukuba igcisa leRenaissance uMichelangelo wayekwazi ukwenza umfanekiso omkhulu ngebhastile, nto leyo eyayithetha ukuba ngenxa yobutsha bakhe wayengenako ukwenza umfanekiso oqingqiweyo.
Xa umzobi weRenaissance wafumanisa oko kwakutshiwo ukuba akazange akwazi ukwenza umfanekiso oqingqiweyo. Wazaliswa ngumsindo omkhulu waza waya apho kwakukho umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, wathatha itshizi kunye nehamile waza waqalisa ukutyikitya umsebenzi. Nguwo kuphela umsebenzi owatyikitywa ngumzobi weRenaissance waseTuscan.
Isiginitsha sikaMichelangelo sabekwa kwiribhoni ewela isifuba seNtombi Enyulu uMariya apho oku kulandelayo kunokufundwa "UMichael A[n]gelus Bonarotus Florent[inus] Facieba[t] “eliguqulelwe kwisiSpanish lithetha ukuthi uMiguel Ángel Buonarroti, uFlorentine, uyenzile.
Iimpawu zoMfanekiso
Lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo waziwa ngokuba yiVatican Pietà kodwa abaninzi bawazi ngokuba nguMichelangelo's Pietà. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ngumzobo onesangqa apho iNtombi Enyulu uMariya imelwe kwaye unyana wakhe uYesu waseNazarete, osele ebulewe, uphumle ezingalweni zakhe. Le nyaniso yaziwa ngokuba sisililo sikaKrestu ofileyo.
Phakathi kweempawu eziphambili ezinokuthi zifumaneke kwaye zibonwe kwi-sculpture yobuthixo bukaMichelangelo. Zizinto eziphathekayo, unyango lokwakheka, amanani kunye nemilinganiselo:
Material: Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaMichelangelo wenziwa kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-monolithic piece. Oko kuthetha ukuba umzobi wenza kwibhloko enye yebhastile awayikhetha ngokwakhe xa wayesiya kwiikwari kwiiAlps kwidolophu yakowabo yaseTuscan.
Ekubeni ibali elibaliswayo kukuba igcisa. Uthatha isigqibo sokuhamba akhangele phakathi kweekwari ezahlukeneyo zelitye lebhastile awayeza kulisebenzisa ukuze akwazi ukukrola umsebenzi kaPietà. Kwenye yeekwari, wabona kumthambo iqhekeza lebhastile elaliluthuthu kunesiqhelo.
Ngale ndlela, umzobi wayalela ukuba ibhloko yelitye lebhastile, elali paler, lisuswe. Ndiyisebenzisa ukuze ndikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi osele uboniswa namhlanje iminyaka engaphezu kwama-500. Ibe yenye yezona ziqwenga zibalulekileyo zomculi weRenaissance uMichelangelo.
Oku kukwanika ingcaciso ethile kumfanekiso oqingqiweyo wePietà nguMichelangelo. Apho isakhiwo sinenkangeleko efanayo kakhulu kwaye i-veining yebhloko ayiphazamisi ukumelwa kweNtombikazi kaMariya kunye noYesu waseNazarete esele ebulewe.
Ubungakanani: umfanekiso oqingqiweyo owaziwa ngokuba yiPietà nguMichelangelo. Ngumsebenzi omalunga ne-195 yeesentimitha ububanzi kunye ne-174 yeesentimitha ukuphakama. Ke ngoko, kucingelwa ukuba umzobi wenze umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobomi okanye kwisikali esinye ukuya kwesinye. Ukuze uluntu olujonga umsebenzi luve ukuba umama uziva njani xa ebona unyana wakhe obuleweyo.
Ukwakhiwa: umsebenzi ubonakaliswa liqela leengcali kubugcisa. Njengento ebizwa ngokuba yingqukuva okanye epheleleyo. Ngenxa yokuba kuhlala abantu abangaphezu komnye, kule meko kukho abantu ababini, iNtombi Enyulu uMariya noYesu waseNazarete. Ngelixa xa iphelele-ubude kungenxa yokuba isiqwenga sinokuthakazelelwa kwii-engile ezahlukeneyo kwaye umntu obukeleyo unokuziva ukuba umfanekiso oqingqiweyo unokuvakalelwa njani ngendlela efuziselayo.
Nangona kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba umfanekiso oqingqiweyo weVatican Pietà usekelwe kumfanekiso wejometri wonxantathu olinganayo kwaye usekelwe kwisiseko se-elliptical. Ngale ndlela umfanekiso oqingqiweyo unikwe ulungelelwano olukhulu kunye nokuzinza okukhulu.
Amanani: phakathi kwamanani abalaseleyo kumsebenzi kaPietà owenziwe ngumzobi weRenaissance uMichelangelo, yiNtombi Enyulu enguMariya noYesu waseNazarete. Oku kulandelayo kunokutshiwo:
UYesu waseNazarete umzobo wakhe usemilenzeni nasezingalweni zeNtombi Enyulu uMariya, zombini intloko yakhe kunye nengalo yakhe yasekunene zithe tye kancinane kwicala lasekunene kwaye oku kwenza imvisiswano neNtombi Enyulu enguMariya enxibe iseti yamalaphu athi xa usenza iqhina lasekunene. uzijonge uyabona ukuba zityebile kakhulu kwaye zininzi ezigoqekayo kolu hlobo lwempahla.
Ngokutsho koko kwatyhilwa ngumzobi uMichelangelo ngoko wayefuna ukukumela ngoYesu waseNazarete, kukuba wayengumntu onobuntu. Ngoko ke, xa wagwintwayo, wayengumntu ofayo. Kungoko kungabonakali ntlungu kumfanekiso kaYesu waseNazarete.
Intombi enyulu uMariya: umzobo weNtombi Enyulu uMariya ngokunxulumene nonyana wakhe okuphela kwakhe uYesu waseNazarete kumfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaPietà. Yinto umsebenzi wayo isilungiso optical ukwenzela ukunika ibhalansi kumfanekiso oqingqiweyo. Ekubeni imilinganiselo eyanikelwa ngumzobi we-Renaissance inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nomlingiswa okhokelayo womzobo weNtombikazi kaMariya. Ekubeni umzobo weNtombi Enyulu uMariya uyindawo yengqalelo yoluntu.
Yiyo loo nto iNtombi Enyulu uMariya ibambe uYesu waseNazarete phakathi kweengalo nemilenze yakhe xa sele ebulewe ngababulali bakhe emnqamlezweni waseKalvari. Uphakamise isandla sakhe sasekhohlo ngokungathi uthandazela umphefumlo wonyana wakhe oswelekileyo kuThixo.
NjengoYesu waseNazarete, ubuso beNtombi Enyulu uMariya abubonakalisi mvakalelo yokulahlekelwa ngunyana wakhe. Nangona ulwalathiso lwentloko yakhe lujongiswe ezantsi, oku kwenza umbukeli acinge ukuba iNtombi Enyulu uMariya ibuhlungu kakhulu ngenxa yoko kwenzeka kunyana wakhe okuphela kwakhe, uYesu waseNazarete. Ufana nokucamngca ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke le meko.
Imodeli kunye neTeknoloji: Umzobi uMiguel Ángel, owayeneminyaka engama-24 ubudala ukugqiba kwakhe umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaPietà, utsalela ingqalelo enkulu kuluntu olubukele lo msebenzi. Kunye neengcaphephe kwindawo yobugcisa yokuba sisiqwenga esinye sebhastile linokwakheka okuliqela kwaye imodeli yomsebenzi yayicokiseke kakhulu. Ke ngoko, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubumba zinokujongwa.
Xa amagcisa Michelangelo. Ugxininise ubuchule bakhe ekwenzeni imiphetho yengubo enxitywe ngumfanekiso weNtombi Enyulu uMariya, ekubeni indawo ephezulu yemigoqo iye yaphathwa kwaye yaphuculwa ngakumbi kunemiphetho yendawo engezantsi. Oku kubangela ukuba ukukhanya kubekwe ngamandla amakhulu kwindawo engaphezulu kwaye ngale ndlela kudala ubumnandi ngakumbi kumfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobungcwele.
Utyikityo lomzobi
Nangona okuncinci malunga nokutyikitya akwenzileyo sele kuhlaziywe kule nxalenye yenqaku. Siza kukunika ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokuba kutheni umzobi omncinci oneminyaka engama-24 ubudala ethatha isigqibo sokusayina umsebenzi wakhe xa sele ugqityiwe kwaye ngumsebenzi kuphela owatyikitywa ngumculi weRenaissance uMichelangelo ebomini bakhe bonke.
Kwincwadi eyabhalwa nguGiorgio Vasari. Umbhali-mbali wokuqala owaziwayo uxela i-anecdote kwincwadi ayibhalileyo enesihloko Ubomi babona baGcibi bezakhiwo baseItali bagqwesileyo, abapeyinti, kunye nabakroli.
Apho umzobi uMichelangelo wayesele egqibile umzobo wePietà. Intlebendwane yayisasazeka kuyo yonke idolophu. Ukuba umzobi nomkroli owaziwa ngokuba nguGobbio, waseMilan, wayechithe unyaka eqingqa umsebenzi omkhulu owaziwa ngokuba bubungcwele baseVatican.
Yiyo loo nto ukuthintela ezinye iingxaki umzobi waseTuscan uMichelangelo wayenazo. Ugqiba kwelokuba ayokuthatha itshizi yakhe nehamile aze atyikitye umsebenzi. Umzobi wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngamarhe awayesasazwa. Yiyo loo nto ebeka utyikityo lwakhe kwiribhoni ewela isifuba seNtombi Enyulu uMariya.
uhlalutyo oluqingqiweyo
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo owaziwa ngokuba yiVatican Pietà. Liqhekeza leminyaka engaphezu kwama-500 eliya kumela ukuzinikela kunye nento iNtombi Enyulu uMariya ezisola ngayo xa ibona umzimba wonyana wayo ofileyo. Emva kokuba efele emnqamlezweni. Nangona lo mboniso ungakhankanywanga kwibhayibhile nakuyo nayiphi na ivangeli.
Kungenxa yoko le nto lo mboniso waqalisa ukwenziwa ngokutsha ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Kodwa kwakusenziwa kukuzinikela kwangasese kwabanye abantu. Nangona uninzi lwamagcisa lwalusekelwe kwiindinyana zesiprofeto malunga nokubandezeleka iNtombi Enyulu uMariya ekwakufuneka adlule kuyo xa ebona unyana wakhe okuphela kwakhe esifa emnqamlezweni waseKalvari.
Uhlaselo kumfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaPietà
Ngonyaka we-1972 ngoMeyi 21. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo owaziwa ngokuba yiVatican Pietà. Uhlaselwa ngumntu ovela eHungary. Ngubani owayesaziwa ngokuba yi-geologist yase-Australia egama linguLaszlo Toth. Le ndoda yenyuka apho kwakubekwe khona umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaPietà yaza ngethutyana nje elingephi yanika umfanekiso oqingqiweyo imivumbo engama-45 ngehamile.
Izithonga zesando zanikwa ubuso beNtombi Enyulu uMariya, eyakhutshwa impumlo. Wophuka nengalo yasekhohlo yeNtombi Enyulu uMariya noYesu waseNazarete waphula omnye wemilenze yakhe.
Ngokutsho kwengxelo yabantu ababephila ngelo xesha, isazi ngokuma komhlaba sathi nguYesu yedwa nonyana kaThixo. Iinkophe zeNtombi Enyulu nazo zatshatyalaliswa zizithonga ezomeleleyo ezanikelwa ngumhlaseli kumzobo oqingqiweyo.
Emva kokuba ebambe umenzi wesando wabetha wamvalela entolongweni ukuze amisele ityala ngento ayenzileyo. IVatican yathabatha inyathelo ngalo mbandela ukuze iqalise ukubuyisela umfanekiso oqingqiweyo owaziwa ngokuba yiVatican Pietà.
Ngoxa babexoxa ngendlela yokubuyisela umfanekiso oqingqiweyo. Baqonda ukuba kwakukho oovimba baseVatican apho kuboniswa ukuba kukho umbhalo othembekileyo weVatican Pietà. Oku kwakusemantla eBolivia kunye nomda wabemi basePeru. Yiyo loo nto bethumele iqela leengcaphephe apho.
Kwaqinisekiswa ukuba kukho ikopi elinganayo yePietà eqingqwe ngumzobi weRenaissance uMichelangelo. Abo babethunywe yiVatican baqonda ukuba akukho mnye kodwa babini, omnye omnyama owenziwe nge-aluminiyam ukuze ube khaphukhaphu kwaye omnye omhlophe wenziwe ngodaka, lo kufuneka utshatyalaliswe.
Kodwa amaPeru awazange akwenze oko. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wotyabeka okanye omhlophe ekwakufuneka utshatyalaliswe. Yayiyeyokuba iinjineli kunye nabayili bezakhiwo abathunyelwe yiVatican bathatha imilinganiselo echanekileyo ukuze bakwazi ukubuyisela umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaMichelangelo.
Ngale ndlela, kutyhilwa enye imfihlakalo malunga nokuhlonela kukaMichelangelo. Kwenzeka njani ukuba uSenator wemvelaphi yasePeru wakwazi ukukholisa uJuan XXIII ngonyaka we-1960. Ukuze avume ukukwazi ukwenza umfanekiso ochanekileyo womfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaMichelangelo. Ekubeni uPope wayechasene nokukopa imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseVatican. Into ekhethekileyo ehlabathini yimisebenzi kaMichelangelo, kuquka iPietà.
Ngelixa umntu onike i-45 isando ebetha umsebenzi weLa Piedad. Wayevalelwe kwisibhedlele sabagula ngengqondo isithuba esingangonyaka. Oko wafika wathi nguye. uYesu waseNazarete. Emva kokuchacha, wayehlala eOstreliya kwaye akazange akwazi ukuya e-Italiya nangaphantsi kwisiXeko saseVatican.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku malunga noMichelangelo's Pietà libalulekile, ndikumema ukuba undwendwele la makhonkco alandelayo: