Umsebenzi wobugcisa awukho nje umzobo obonisa imifanekiso ethile, ikwayindlela yokubonisa ubunyani, ukubamba ubuntu bomzobi kwi-stroke nganye kunye nokubonakalisa ingqondo kunye nokuxhalaba kwexesha elithile. Ke ngeli nqaku, siza kuphonononga yonke imfihlakalo ngasemva Umfazi waseVermeer's Milkmaid.
Ukuchongwa kwe-Milkmaid kaVermeer kunye neNkcazo
I-Milkmaid yi-oyile engama-45,5 x 41 cm kwiseyile ngumzobi odumileyo waseDatshi uJohannes Vermeer waseDelf. Kulo msebenzi, umzobi ubamba kunye nazo zonke iinkcukacha kunye nokhuseleko, ubuqili kunye nokuzimisela apho umsebenzi wasekhitshini wasekhaya wenza omnye wemisebenzi yakhe eqhelekileyo: ukugalela ubisi kwi-ceramic pottery. Umzobo okwangoku useRijksmuseum eAmsterdam, eNetherlands.
Abapeyinti belo xesha babesebenzisa ukumela kwimisebenzi yabo yemihla ngemihla okanye izenzo eziqhelekileyo zobomi ezifana nemisebenzi yasekhaya, umzekelo, ngoko uhlobo lwe-costumbrista luyinto ephawulekayo kulo msebenzi nguVermeer, ngaphezu kokuba nesitayela se-baroque saseDatshi esasetyenziswa. kakhulu ukumela ubutyebi beentsapho zamaDatshi ngelo xesha. Nangona owona nyaka wagqitywa ngawo umzobo ungaziwa, iingcali zifumanisa ukuba ipeyintiwe phakathi kwe-1658-1661.
- umbhali: UJohannes Vermeer
- Umlinganiselo: 1658 - 1661
- Inkqubo: Ioli kwiseyile
- Ubukhulu: 45,5 x 41cm
- Isini: Uhlobo okanye umzobo we-costumbrista
- Uhlobo: IBaroque yesiDatshi
- Indawo yangokuIndawo: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, The Netherlands
uhlalutyo lokupeyinta
Into yokuqala oyibonayo kulo msebenzi ngumfazi ogalela ubisi kwingqayi yodongwe kwimbiza eyenziwe ngento efanayo. Ubisi oluchithekileyo luba yimbindi yengqwalasela ngokubonga kwiqhinga lokubunjwa; olululwakhiwo lweediagonal ezimbini zentelekelelo ezidibana ezihlahleni zowasetyhini. Ngelixa i-pitcher ijonge phambili (njengakulo mzobo) okanye ibanjwe ngendlela ethile, ngokutsho kwabahlalutyi abaninzi umzobo ubhekiselele kwi-anatomy yabasetyhini.
Kukwakho netafile egqunywe ngelaphu eliluhlaza kwaye kuyo kuxhonywe ilaphu elizuba. Itheyibhile ikwaqulethe izinto zobomi obukhoyo njengamaqhekeza esonka aliqela, ingobozi yesonka kunye nejagi yeceramic eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, (kubangela umdla ukujonga indlela umzobi asebenzise ngayo amachaphaza amancinane aqaqambileyo kwisonka, obu bubuchule obubizwa ngokuba yipuntillés) .
Umncedisi wobisi kaVermeer naye osisicaka, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba wenza isidudu sesonka embizeni. Umzobo owomeleleyo webhinqa uyakhazimla kukukhanya okudlula efestileni, uye wagxila kumsebenzi wakhe ukuze ubuso bakhe bubonise ukuntywiliselwa kwiingcinga zakhe okanye ngokulula ukulungiselela kwakhe. Abanye ababukeli bomzobo bathi iingcinga zakhe zinokudityaniswa nokucinga ngomntu, ephawula ukuba ukugqabhuka ezidleleni zakhe kunokuqinisekisa le ngcamango.
Njengempahla emele kakhulu i-Dutch contemporary yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, unxibe umnqwazi welinen emhlophe, ibhatyi yoboya etyheli, imikhono eluhlaza kunye neblue esongiweyo engafakwanga kwijacket yakhe, ifaskoti eluhlaza kunye nesiketi esibomvu. Kwindawo yesiganeko, ukukhanya kwelanga kungena ngefestile esekhohlo.
Ngokukwanjalo, ingobozi yesonka inokuchazwa ngokweenkcukacha ejinga eludongeni ngasekunene kwefestile. Umzobo omncinci onomxholo ongaziwayo ujinga phezu kwebhasikithi kunye nesitya sentsimbi sixhonywe ngasekunene kwayo. Udonga lwangasemva olukhulu lumhlophe apho unokuphawula ubukho besikhonkwane kunye nokungabikho kwazo ngenxa yemingxuma emincinci ekhoyo emsebenzini, ukongezelela olu donga lukhanyiswa kukukhanya kwelanga ngefestile.
Kwicandelo elisezantsi lolu donga, kukho uluhlu lweempawu zeDelft Blue tile. Ukugqithiswa kwezi thayile luhlobo lokufudumala kweenyawo ezinemingxuma elithoba phezulu kunye nesitya esizaliswe ngamalahle ngaphakathi, le nto ibonisa iimvakalelo zokufudumala kunye nokungabikho kwayo. Ngokubhekiselele kwi-iconography, kuye kwabhalwa ngokubanzi ukuba isimboli salo sibonisa ukuvuswa kwesondo sowesifazane, ekubeni ama-embers abonisa ukuba akayi kufudumala iinyawo zakhe kuphela, kodwa onke amanye amalungu omzimba afihliweyo phantsi kwengubo yakhe.
Ngoko ke, ukufudumala kweenyawo kusenokuba kubonise isidima esikhoyo sabasebenzi basekhaya, ngakumbi abancedisi bobisi, njengoko befumaneka ngokwesondo, kwaye ngokwembono yepragmatic banokubonisa umsebenzi onzima wabasetyhini kunye nesidingo sokuphumla phakathi.
Ukuqhubela phambili ngokuqwalaselwa komzobo, ngakwesobunxele kwe-heater kukho i-tile enomfanekiso we-Cupid, ngelixa i-tile ukuya ngasekunene kwe-heater imele indoda enomsila omude. Lo mfanekiso ukhankanyiweyo wokugqibela unokuqinisekisa oko kukhankanywe ngasentla malunga nengcamango yowesifazane, ngoko kunokuthiwa umlingiswa wengcamango yakhe ngumthandi ongekho. Umfanekiso wethayile odibanayo ngasekunene ubonisa umfanekiso ongenakuchazwa ngabom.
Umgangatho wezinto eziphathekayo
Lo msebenzi we-milkmaid kaVermeer ubonisa iinkcukacha ezahlukahlukeneyo ezibonisa ilifa elithile leFlemish Renaissance yesikolo sokupeyinta senkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, phakathi kwezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zalo msebenzi zilandelayo: iinkcukacha zebhaskithi ye-wicker, isikhonkwane esiseludongeni kwaye iheater enesitya esizaliswe ngamalahle avuthayo.
Ukuqulunqwa kunye nengqiqo yendawo
Into yokuqala ebamba ingqwalasela ye "Vermeer's Milkmaid" yinkqubo eyomeleleyo yenxantathu eyenziwe ngumfazi, isonka kunye netafile. Le ndawo iqulethe uninzi lwemibala yebhodi, imisebenzi, kunye nezibane. Kwakhona, kukho umgca ochaziweyo owenziwe yintsimi yombono womfazi xa ujonge ubisi oluchithekileyo. Ngandlela-thile, oku kunceda ukugcina ingqalelo yakho kulo mmandla we-triangular: ngoko oku kwenza ukuba ufune ukubona apho umfazi ekhangele khona.
Ngaphandle kwendawo ekhankanywe ngasentla, kukho iimbono ezingabalulekanga ekubunjweni: iileyile zeDelft kunye nokufudumala kweenyawo phantsi kodonga; ingobozi ejingayo ngasekhohlo; isikhonkwane kunye nemingxuma emincinci eludongeni; ifestile; kwaye kubonakala ngathi isakhelo somfanekiso sijinga kwikona ephezulu ngasekhohlo.
Ngokwazo, ezi azikho izinto eziphambili zomzobo, kodwa zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni kwendawo kunye nokutsala ingqalelo yakho kumzobo. Ke umzobi wongeza ielementi: ke okukhona ujongeka ngakumbi, kokukhona zisiba buthathaka ngakumbi iinkcukacha. Ekugqibeleni, kunokuqatshelwa ukuba zonke iinkcukacha ezifakwe ngumdwebi, kubandakanywa ukudibanisa phakathi kweengqungquthela ezinzima, ezithambileyo kunye nezingekhoyo, zinegalelo kwingqiqo ephawulekayo yokwenene kulo mzobo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba imiphetho enzima icebisa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwisifundo, njengokutshintsha ukusuka ekukhanyeni ukuya kwilaphu elimnyama okanye ukusuka kumthubi ukuya kwilaphu eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. I-Soft, i-edges elahlekileyo ibonisa ukunqongophala kokucaca kwiindawo ezigqunywe yizithunzi.
Imibala, ukukhanya kunye nokuthungwa
Ngokuphathelele imibala, uVermeer wasebenzisa inani elincinane leemibala xa kuthelekiswa nomzobi wakhe wangoku kunye nomvelisi wemibala uRembrandt, owayesebenzisa ngaphezulu kwekhulu leepigments. Nangona kunjalo, ii-pigments ezingaphantsi kwamashumi amabini ziye zafunyanwa kwimisebenzi kaVermeer kwaye ishumi kuzo ibonakala isetyenziswa rhoqo.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, ngomhla kaVermeer, i-pigment nganye yayisahluka kwenye ngokokuqina, ixesha lokumisa, kunye nomsebenzi. Ubunzima bokupeyinta ngezi pigments yayikukuba uninzi lwazo lwaluhlala lungahambelani kwaye kwakufuneka lusetyenziswe ngokwahlukileyo. Nangona kungenakwenzeka ukuba uVermeer wayenazo zonke ii-pigments kwi-palette yakhe xa edala nayiphi na imisebenzi yakhe, kunokwenzeka ukuba wayenayo i-pigments efunekayo kwinxalenye nganye yomzobo awayesebenza kuyo.
Lo mzobi wayesebenzisa iindidi ezisixhenxe ezahlukeneyo ezifana nezi: ilothe emhlophe, i-ocher emthubi, i-vermilion, ebomvu ephambeneyo, eluhlaza emhlabeni, i-amber ekrwada kunye nomnyama wendlovu. Inyaniso ephawulekayo iya kuthetha ukuba eLa Lechera kukho i-shades eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukupenda. Ngoko uVermeer wasebenzisa i-pigment ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-ultramarine, eyayibiza kakhulu kwaye iphucukile kune-azurite esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo.
Ngoku malunga nokuhlalutya umzobo, ukususela ebusweni bomfazi, kubalulekile ukugxila ekukhanyeni okuhluza ngefestile kwaye kubonakala ngokuthe ngqo ebusweni bakhe emthunzini kunye nezikali eziluthuthu, ukudala umphumo we-dimensional. Ubuso, umzobi wasebenzisa iidabs ezincinci zepeyinti ezifana ne-ocher ebomvu, emhlophe, ekhanyayo, kunye ne-brown exutywe kunye ukupeyinta ubume bobuso bakhe.
Ifestile iba yenye yeendawo ezigxininise kuzo umzobo, izisa ukukhanya kunye nokukhanya kumfanekiso. Ngoko uVermeer uhlawula ingqwalasela enkulu kuzo zonke iinkcukacha zomzobo; into eqhelekileyo njengefestile ye-rustic ipeyintwe ngobuchule inika ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha ezincinci njengeqhekeza leglasi eyaphukileyo okanye ukungahambi kakuhle kwesakhelo sefestile. Njengoko kulo mzobo kunye nabanye nguVermeer, iifestile zenziwe ngejometri yejometri kangangokuba, kwezinye iimeko, zibonakala ngathi ziyimisebenzi yobugcisa engabonakaliyo ngokwazo.
Ibhasikithi yobhedu kunye nebhakethi ngezinto zefestile zomzobo, zenziwe ngepeyinti emhlophe, i-ocher kunye nomnyama, ekugqibeleni idibaniswe ukuze ihambelane ne-wicker shape yebhasikithi. Ngoku, uburhabaxa obuncinci bejagi yeceramic kunye nestipling esipeyintwa ngayo isonka kunika umfanekiso ukubengezela okungaqhelekanga kunye nendalo.
Ngokunxulumene nempahla, abaninzi bathi ilokhwe yasebusika ngenxa yenani leengqimba elinayo, umzobi usebenzise ukukhawuleza kunye nokuchukumisa i-pigment ephuzi kunye ne-brown ukuze ayinike ukuthungwa okufunekayo.
Ngoku indlela uVermeer afake ngayo imiphumo yokukhanya kwelanga kulo mzobo iphawuleka ngokukodwa. Ukukhanya kubonakala ngakumbi xa ujonga iindonga. Udonga lwasekhohlo lunomthunzi kwaye udonga lwangasemva lukhanya ngokuqaqambileyo. Unako kwakhona ukubona izithunzi ezahlukeneyo eludongeni ngasemva. Okucacileyo sisithunzi sesikhongozeli sentsimbi ngasekhohlo kudonga olungasemva.
Enye ingongoma yokugqamisa ngokumalunga nomsebenzi wokukhanya ibonwa kwifestile efakwe kuphela ngokuyinxenye, apha sinokufumana umbono olungileyo wobungakanani bayo bokwenyani ngokujonga ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwezithunzi. Ngokomzekelo, xa umthunzi we-milkmaid ungekho, kubonisa ukuba ifestile ayidluli kude ukuya ngakwesobunxele. Nangona kunjalo, siyasibona isithunzi sozipho kumphezulu wesakhelo (ngaphaya kwegxalaba lasekunene leMilkmaid), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ifestile inde kakhulu.
Iinyani zokuziyolisa
Xa umzobo wawuphantsi kombono we-X-ray okanye iindlela zokuhlalutya zanamhlanje, kunokubonwa ukuba umzobo wangoku unotshintsho olukhulu lwepentimento okanye imvelaphi, oko kukuthi, izinto ezibekwe nguVermeer kuqala kodwa kamva zagqiba ekubeni zitshintshe nabanye zingabonwa. Izinto.
Umzobi waqala wafaka umzobo wemephu yehlabathi kudonga olumhlophe. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni imizobo yayibiza kakhulu ngelo xesha, wayisusa ukuze enze udonga olungenanto ukwenza lula igumbi. Okwesibini, wafaka nebhaskithi yokuhlamba impahla ecaleni komzantsi wengubo ebomvu yomfazi, kodwa kamva wayisusa nayo. Mhlawumbi wayisusa le bhasikithi ukuze agxininise ngakumbi kumxholo oyintloko walo mzobo kwaye angaphazamisi kakhulu kumbukeli.
Ngokumalunga nesazisi somfazi, abanye abagxeki bacinge ukuba uTanneke Everpoel wayeyisicakakazi sosapho lakwaVermeer. Kwaye ngandlela-thile, lo mfanekiso unxulunyaniswa naye ngenxa yamaxwebhu athile ogcino oluvela kwi-1663 apho ubukho bakhe kunye nomlingiswa owaziwayo.
Ngokumalunga nentshukumo yomzimba yokupeyinta, kukho ulwazi olunokuthi malunga ne-1674 imisebenzi kaVermeer yathengwa ngumxhasi wakhe waseDelft, uPieter van Ruijven, xa umzobi wayesweleka ngo-21. Xa le mizobo yayithengiswa kwindawo yomkhwenyana ka-van Ruijven, uJacob Dissius ngo-1696, i-Vermeer's The Milkmaid yachazwa "njengexabiso elikhethekileyo" kwaye yayalela ixabiso lesibini eliphezulu kwintengiso (i-Vermeer's celebrationd cityscape, i-View of Delft) ebekwe eMauritshuis eHague), yayibiza kakhulu).
"I-Vermeer's Milkmaid" emva koko yathengiswa kwifandesi ngo-1719 kwaye emva koko yadlula kwiingqokelela ezintlanu zaseAmsterdam ukuya komnye wabaqokeleli bezobugcisa abakhulu baseDatshi, uLucretia Johanna van Winter (1785-1845). Ngo-1822 watshata kusapho oluSithandathu lwabaqokeleli, kwaye kwakungenxa yeendlalifa zabantwana ababini bakaLucretia apho iRijksmuseum ngo-1908 yathenga "I-Milkmaid" ngenkxaso karhulumente waseDatshi kunye neRembrandt Society.
Umxholo, umbhali kunye neminye imisebenzi
I-Milkmaid kaVermeer yayingumsebenzi owazotywa ngexesha lobutyebi namandla amakhulu eNetherlands, xa urhwebo, ubugcisa kunye nenzululwazi zazikhula ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba phakathi kwezona zidumileyo ehlabathini. Ngo-1568, amaphondo asixhenxe atyikitya iManyano yase-Utrecht aqalisa ukuvukela uFelipe II waseSpain okwathi ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela kwiMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi Asibhozo. Ngaphambi kokuba iSpeyin ibuyisele amazwe aphantsi, iNgilani yavakalisa imfazwe eSpeyin kwaye yanyanzela amajoni aseSpeyin ukuba ayeke ukuhamba kwawo.
IMfazwe Yeminyaka engama-80 ekugqibeleni yafikelela incopho kuXolo lwaseWestphalia ngowe-1648, apho iSpeyin neUnited Republic of the Seven Netherlands zatyikitya isivumelwano soxolo. INkampani yaseDutch East India yaseka ulawulo lwamaDatshi kurhwebo lwaseAsia olwalawula kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini. AmaDatshi nawo alawula urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu, ngo-1680 umndilili weenqanawa zamaDatshi eziphantse zibe li-1.000 ezaziwela uLwandle lweBaltic nyaka ngamnye.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimo yentlalontle, leyo yaseNetherlands yayimiselwa kakhulu yingeniso. Oku kwazisa indlela entsha yokujonga iiklasi zentlalo. Ulawulo lwezihandiba lwaluthengise amalungelo alo amaninzi kwizixeko ezazilawulwa ngabarhwebi nemali yabo. Abefundisi babengenampembelelo, njengoko iCawa yamaRoma Katolika yayicinezelwe ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi Asibhozo.
ICalvinism yayiyeyona nto iphambili yenkolo ngelo xesha, kwaye kukho amahemuhemu adibanisa uVermeer kwinkolo kaCalvin, nangona kungacaci ukuba waba ngumKatolika emva kokutshata nomfazi wakhe.
Inyaniso ikukuba, ngenxa yeemfundiso ezinamandla zikaCalvin, abazobi belo xesha babengavunyelwa ukuba babonise isini kwimizobo yabo. Nangona kunjalo, uVermeer kunye namanye amagcisa exesha ayeyazi indlela yokuphepha ukulawulwa ngokushiya iisimboli ezifihlakeleyo ezivuselela inkanuko okanye isini sesini, kwaye le nto ibonakaliswe kakhulu kwi-milkmaid kaVermeer.
Ngubani uVermeer?
UJohannes Vermeer wazalelwa kusapho olukumgangatho ophakathi ngo-Okthobha 1632, inzalelwane yedolophu yaseDatshi yentengiso yaseDelft. Uyise, ogama linguReijnier Jansz, ngenxa yelaphu eliphilayo elilukwayo, emva koko waba ngumgcini wendlu yabahambi waza ekugqibeleni waba ngumthengisi wobugcisa. Umama wakhe, uDigna Baltus, mhlawumbi owayengumfazi wendlu, akukho lwazi luninzi ngaye.
Imfundo kunye nokwakheka
UVermeer okwishumi elivisayo ukholelwa ukuba ubhalise njengomfundi womzobi kuyise phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1640, owayekulungele ukuhlawula iifizi ezibizayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyana wakhe unekamva eliqaqambileyo. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kobungqina obunamandla, akunakwenzeka ukubiza ukuba uVermeer wafunda kubani, kodwa ababhali-mbali abaninzi bacebisa ukuba umfundi ogqwesileyo kaRembrandt uCarel Fabritius wamnika imfundo yakhe yokuqala. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba utitshala wakhe wayengumzobi uPieter van Groenewegen, owazalelwa eDelft waza wakhulela kwiGuild of Saint Luke.
Ngowe-1653 uVermeer watshata noCatharina Bolnes, intombi yosapho olufumileyo lobuKatolika eDelft. Nangona zombini iiseti zabazali bezichasa umtshato ngenxa yeenkolelo zobuKristu eziphikisanayo, umtshato wenziwa emva kokuguqulwa kukaVermeer kubuKatolika.
Mhlawumbi ukubonisa ukuzinikela kwakhe kunqulo lwakhe olutsha nakubukhwe bakhe, uVermeer wapeyinta uKristu kwiNdlu kaMarta noMariya (1654-55), ekuphela komfanekiso wakhe owaziwayo wengxelo yeBhayibhile. Umtshato wakhe kuCatherine wavumela uVermeer ukuba anyukele kwinqanaba lentlalontle kakhulu, kwaye kukholelwa ukuba kamva wanciphisa ukunxibelelana nosapho lwakhe ngelixa ehlala kwikhaya elibi likaninazala.
Ngeli xesha lomtshato wakhe, uVermeer waqhubeka nelifa likayise kwaye watyikitya njengengcweti yokupeyinta kwiGuild of Saint Luke, emnika iintlobo ngeentlobo zeziganeko, abaxhasi, kunye nokunxibelelana ukuqhubela phambili umsebenzi wakhe. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ibonisa impembelelo yeenkosi ezifana noRembrandt, i-Italian Caravaggio, kunye nabapeyinti base-Utrecht Caravaggisti abafana noGerrit van Honthorst kunye noDirck van Baburen.
ixesha lokuvuthwa
Ngo-1662 uVermeer waba yintloko yeGuild of Saint Luke, nto leyo eyayithetha ukuba wayenokunxulumana ngokusondeleyo nabaxhasi abaninzi baseDelft, amagcisa kunye nabaqokeleli. Isikhundla esitsha samenza ukuba abe ngumzobi ozihloniphayo, nangona imizobo embalwa ekhoyo ikhokelele abaphengululi abaninzi ukuba bakholelwe ukuba igcisa livelise imizobo emithathu kuphela ngonyaka.
Ngaphezu koko, ubutyebi bentsapho yomfazi wakhe benza ukuba uVermeer akwazi ukupeyinta ukuzonwabisa kwakhe, kunokuba axhase intsapho yakhe njengoko kwakunjalo kuninzi lwabanye abadwebi, kwaye akazange aqeshe nabani na njengomfundi okanye umfundi.
Umzobi wayesaziwa nangokusebenzisa ii-pigments ezibizayo ezifana nelapis lazuli kwisiketi somncedi wobisi kunye ne-deep carmine kwilokhwe yentombazana yewayini. Ngelixa abanye becebise ukuba umxhasi kaVermeer, uPieter van Ruijven, wathenga waza wabonelela igcisa ngezi zithako zikhethekileyo, ayimangalisi into yokuba kube ngeli xesha umzobi waqala esakhe isilayidi ematyaleni.
Ixesha elide kunye nokufa
Ngonyaka ka-1975 kuxa uVermeer waswelekayo, washiya ngasemva amatyala amaninzi kangangokuba usapho lwakhe lwalungenako ukumhlawulela ilitye lengcwaba. Kwimbali yamaDatshi, unyaka we-1672 wawubizwa ngokuba “nguNyaka weNtlekele” ngenxa yohlaselo lweRiphabhliki yaseDatshi yimikhosi yamaFrentshi, amaJamani namaBritane. Oku kukhokelele ekuwohlokeni koqoqosho kweli lizwe lalikade lihambele phambili kwezoqoqosho.
Imakethi yobugcisa yaqhekeka, kwaye uVermeer wayengenako ukuzixhasa, unkosikazi wakhe, umama wakhe kunye nabantwana babo abalishumi elinanye. Wangena nzulu ngakumbi ematyaleni, eboleka amawaka eeguilder waza wabhaqwa egcina imali kaninazala.
Ngokukodwa, uVermeer wasweleka ngoDisemba 16, 1675, emva kokuphambana kunye nokudakumba. Kwiingxelo zenkundla, umfazi wakhe wathi:
"... ngexesha lemfazwe etshabalalisayo kunye neFransi akazange akwazi nje ukuthengisa enye yemisebenzi yakhe, kodwa wahlala ephantsi kakhulu kunye nemizobo yezinye iinkosi eziye ngenxa yoko kwaye ngenxa yomthwalo omkhulu wabantwana bakhe abangenazo izixhobo zakhe. , wawela ekuwohlokeni nasekudandathekeni, kangangokuba wazithabatha nzulu ngokungathi ngosuku olunesiqingatha uye waphazamiseka waza wasuka waba sempilweni ukusa ekufeni.”
Ilifa
Ngenxa yodumo olukhulu lwendawo ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, uVermeer wabonakala enyamalala kwihlabathi lezobugcisa kude kube ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, xa abaculi baseFransi abanjengo-Édouard Manet; xa waqala ukubuyisela amehlo akhe kokwenyani kunye nokungaziphakamisi. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba uVermeer wayenobuchule ekubambeni ixesha lobuhle obuqhelekileyo, waba nefuthe elinjalo kula magcisa, avuselela ukuqaphela umsebenzi wenkosi.
Nangona kuphela i-34 (ezintathu kakhulu i-Vermeer ephikisanayo) yeziqwenga zakhe ziye zasinda, i-Vermeer namhlanje ithathwa njengomnye wabaculi abakhulu bexesha legolide laseDatshi. Ngenkulungwane yama-1934, i-surrealist uSalvador Dalí wathabatheka ngumsebenzi kaVermeer waza wavelisa ezakhe iinguqulelo, kuquka iVermeer's Delft Ghost, enokusetyenziswa njengetafile ngo-1955, kunye neLacemaker (emva kweVermeer) ngo-XNUMX.
Amanye amagcisa, anjengomzobi waseDanish uVilhelm Hammershoi, alungelelanisa ingaphakathi elizolileyo leVermeer kwimixholo yabo yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX. UHammershoi uphucule uMfazi oBlue ngokufunda unobumba weVermeer, eguqula umfanekiso kunye nokuthoba umbala ukuze kubonakale ngathi abaphulaphuli bajonge ifoto endala yegumbi lokuhlala laseDanish.
Phakathi kwemifanekiso emininzi ye-Vermeer, intombazana enecici leperile ithathwa njenge "Mona Lisa yaseNyakatho". Ubunyani bayo obumangalisayo kunye nokungacaci ngokweemvakalelo kuye kwaphefumlela amagcisa, ababhali, kunye nabenzi befilimu amashumi eminyaka. Kutshanje, umzobi ongaziwayo waseBritane u-Banksy uye waphinda watolika waza waphinda waphinda waphinda waphinda waphinda waphinda wazoba umzobo wesakhiwo eBristol, e-UK. Kwasetyenziswa ialam yokuqhekeza endaweni yecici leperile lasentsomini.
impumelelo Vermeer
Eli gcisa likhethekileyo kwimiboniso yobomi basekhaya, uhlobo olwanceda ekuveliseni isichazimagama seBaroque. Uninzi lwemizobo yakhe iqulethe ifanitshala okanye i-motif efanayo njengoko wayehlala kwisitudiyo sakhe sabucala, kwaye imodeli yakhe yayihlala ingabafazi awayebazi okanye izalamane zabaxhasi.
UVermeer emva kokufa kwakhe wawongwa ngewonga elithi "Master of Light" ngenxa yengqwalasela ethe kratya ayihlawuleyo ekuboniseni indlela ukukhanya okudlala ngayo ngolusu, ilaphu kunye namatye anqabileyo emsebenzini wakhe. Ubuchwephesha bakhe buvela ekusebenziseni kwakhe iindlela zeRenaissance ezifana ne-chiaroscuro, exutywe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhe okwahlukileyo kokukhanya, isithunzi kunye nombala ukuvuselela ukuthungwa, ubunzulu kunye nemvakalelo.
Imibala kunye neepigments zazinomdla omkhulu kuVermeer kwaye wayesaziwa ngokudibana kwakhe okugqwesileyo kwee-ethereal hues. Umxhasi wakhe, uPieter van Rujiven, kuthiwa uthenge kwaye wanika igcisa izithako ezibiza kakhulu ezifana nelapis lazuli kunye necarmine kule nzame. Mhlawumbi akumangalisi ukuba ngeli xesha umzobi waqala ukuba netyala, enyanzelekileyo njengoko wayephethe izinto zakhe ezixabisekileyo.
UVermeer wayengumzobi ophumelele ngokuthozama ebomini bakhe, kodwa namhlanje yimizobo engama-34 kuphela ebizwa ngokuba nguye (abanye abanye bayathandabuza), ebonisa ulawulo lomzobi olungenankathalo lomsebenzi wakhe, onokuthi ekugqibeleni umshiye kunye nosapho lwakhe benetyala kwaye bephelelwe lithemba.
Ukusukela ekubeni ukungaqiniseki kwezoqoqosho, impambano, kunye nokudakumba komeleza ubomi bomzobi, kucingelwa ukuba i-idyll Vermeer ethuleyo wayesaziwa ngokubonisa kwipeyinti ebonisa ilizwe awayenokufuna ukuhlala kulo.
Eminye imisebenzi kaVermeer
Phakathi kwemisebenzi yomzobi waseDatshi uVermeer enokunconywa kwaye ibonwe ukuba iyafumaneka kuluntu, oku kulandelayo kunokukhankanywa:
- UKristu endlwini kaMarta noMariya ukususela ngo-1654-1656
- Ummeli we-1656
- IGosa kunye nentombazana ehlekayo ukusuka kwi-1657-1660
- Intombazana eneglasi yeWine, ngo-1659
- Umbono weDelft ukusuka kwi-1660-1661
- Owasetyhini okwiBlue Reading Ileta evela kwi-1662-1663
- Isifundo soMculo okanye iNenekazi kwiiVirginals kunye neGentleman 1662-1665
- Intombazana enecici lePearl, ngo-1665
- Inenekazi kunye nentombi ka-1667
- Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi sowe-1668
- Wahlala iNenekazi kwiNtombi Enyulu, ngo-1672
- Umzekeliso wokholo ukususela ngo-1670-1674
Ukuba ufumene eli nqaku malunga nomzobo othi "I-Milkmaid nguVermeer" inomdla, siyakumema ukuba ujabulele ezi ezinye: