UJosé de San Martín, indoda eyazalwa eneenjongo ezinkulu zomzabalazo kunye nenkululeko, yenza izifundo zempi ezifezekisa ukukhululwa kwezizwe ezininzi, phakathi kwazo iPeru, iChile neArgentina zikhankanyiwe. Libali elinika umdla leqhawe elikhulu, ungaliphosi.
UJose de San Martin: Usapho
UJosé de San Martín, wazalelwa kwintsapho eyenziwe ngabazali bakhe uJuan de San Martínez Gómez, owazalwa ngoFebruwari 3, 1728, eCervatos de la Cueza, ePalencia, eSpeyin, owafa ngoDisemba 4, 1796 eMalaga eSpeyin. , eneminyaka engama-68 ubudala wangcwatyelwa kumangcwaba aseRecoleta, eBuenos Aires eArgentina.
Utata kaJosé de San Martín, owaziwa ngokuba nguJuan de San Martín, wayengunyana ka-Andrés de San Martín kunye no-Isidora Gómez, owayesuka kwidolophu yaseCervatos de la Cueza, ngoku iphondo lasePalencia, eyayisakuba buBukumkani baseLeón eSpain. , wayeyirhuluneli yesebe.
Wasebenza njengejoni kwi-Crown yaseSpain, kwaye ngo-1774 wonyulwa njengerhuluneli yeSebe laseYapeyú, eliyinxalenye yoRhulumente weMishini yaseGuaraní, eyasekwa ukuba ilawule ulawulo lwemishini yamashumi amathathu e-Guaraní Jesuit, emva komyalelo. wagxothwa eMerika ngomyalelo kaCarlos III ngonyaka we-1767, ezinze eYapeyú.
UJuan de San Martín watshata noGregoria Matorras ngummeli, emelwe kwesi senzo somthetho ngumphathi weedragoons ogama linguJuan Francisco de Somalo, ngo-Oktobha 1, 1770, kodwa, ngentsikelelo kaBhishophu uManuel Antonio de Tower, eBuenos Aires. .
Kamva, baya eCalera de las Vacas, namhlanje eyaziwa ngokuba yiCalera de las Huérfanas eUruguay, ukuze bathabathe isikhundla somlawuli wefama yamaJesuit, apho bazalelwa khona abathathu kubantwana babo.
Wamiselwa njengerhuluneli ye-Yapeyú, ngonyaka we-1775, abanye abantwana bakhe bazalelwa kuloo ndawo, uJosé wayengoyena mncinci kubantwana bakhe. UJuan de San Martín wacwangcisa waza waqhuba umbutho wamajoni eenzalelwane zaseGuarani, ezenziwe ngamadoda angama-500, awayenoxanduva lokoyisa inkqubela yamaPhuthukezi kunye nokuhlasela kwabantu bomthonyama baseCharrúa.
Ngowe-1779, uJuan de San Martín wanyuselwa waba ngumphathi-mkhosi wasebukhosini, emva kokuba uGregoria Matorras ebuyele eBuenos Aires nabantwana abahlanu, edibana nomyeni wakhe ngowe-1781. Ngenyanga ka-Aprili 1784, uJuan de San Martín nentsapho yakhe. wafika eCádiz.
UGregoria Matorras, ngenxa yokufa komyeni wakhe, wamnika ipenshoni elula waza wahlala nentombi yakhe uMaría Elena kunye nomzukulwana wakhe uPetronila. Wafela eOrense, eGalicia, ngoJuni 1, 1813.
Unina uGregoria Matorras del Ser wazalwa ngoMatshi 12, 1738, eParedes de Navas, eCastilla, eSpain, wabhaptizwa ngoMatshi 22, 1738, eParedes de Navas, eCastilla, eSpain. Wafa ngoJuni 1, 1813, eOrense, eGalicia, eSpeyin eneminyaka engama-75 ubudala.
Ootatomkhulu nootatomkhulu, oomalume noomakazi bakho
Phakathi kootatomkhulu nootatomkhulu bakhe, oomalume noomalume bakhe ngaba: Andrés de San Martín y de la Riguera, noMicaela Baez; Andres de San Martin de la Riguera, Isidora Gomez. Phakathi kootatomkhulu nonina, oomalume kunye noomalume bakhe, kukhankanywa ngoDomingo Matorras kunye noGonzález de Nava, kunye noMaría del Ser Anton, uMiguel Matorras del Ser, uDomingo Matorras del Ser, uPaula Matorras del Ser, uFrancisca Matorras del Ser, uVentura Matorras del Ser. , Gregoria Matorras of Being.
Abantakwenu noodadewenu
Abazalwana bakhe kunye noodadewabo baquka uMaría Elena de San Martín y Matorras, watshata noRafael González y Álvarez de Menchaca, umntakwabo uManuel Tadeo de San Martín, watshata noJoseph Manuela Español de Alburu, kunye nomntakwabo uJusto Rufino de San Martín y Matorras. UJuan Fermin waseSan Martin kunye neMatorras.
Ngethuba eSpeyin, bonke abazalwana bakhe baqhubeka nomsebenzi wabo wasemkhosini kwaye bathetha ngokulambisa. Kodwa, uJosé de San Martín wayenxibelelana nabazalwana bakhe ngeeleta, njengodade wabo uMaría Elena.
Mhlawumbi ekubeni wayefudukele eYurophu, uSan Martín wayengenazo iindaba zomntakwabo uJuan Fermín, owafela eManila ekusenokwenzeka ukuba wakhawula abantwana ababini; ngoko kwakucingelwa ukuba ekuphela kwenzala yabo bonke abantakwabo yayinguPetronila González Menchaca, intombi kaMaría Elena.
NgoAgasti 8, 1793, umntakwabo uJusto Rufino de San Martín wacela ukungena kumkhosi waseSpeyin waza wamkelwa kwiRoyal Corps of Corps Guards ngoJanuwari 8, 1795. Emva koko wafakwa kuMkhosi Wamahashe WaseAragon, iHussar. yomphathi. Wathatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe ye-Independence, kunye nakwiziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene nayo.
Emva kokuba uJosé de San Martín egxothiwe, umntakwabo uJusto wahamba naye izihlandlo ezininzi xa wayesiya eBrussels naseParis phakathi kowe-1824 no-1832. Wafa ngowe-1832 eMadrid.
abanye
Uthixo wakhe ekubhaptizweni, uMnu. José Patricio Thomas Ramón Balcare Roca Mora.
Umtshato wakho
Wafumana umtshato ngoSeptemba 12, 1812, eBuenos Aires, kwiPhondo eliManyeneyo leRío de la Plata, kunye noMaría de los Remedios de Escalada, oneminyaka eli-14 kuphela ubudala, wazalwa ngoNovemba 20, 1797, eBuenos Aires, Umongameli waseRío de la Plata, uBukhosi baseSpeyin, wabhaptizwa ngoNovemba 21, 1797, eBuenos Aires, iSekela likaMongameli weRío de la Plata, uBukhosi baseSpeyin.
Intombi ka-Antonio José Escalada kunye noTomasa de la Quintana kunye no-Aoiz. Wayengowentsapho etyebileyo nehloniphekileyo, enxulumene nesizathu sokuthanda izwe. Intsapho yakhe yayinempembelelo enkulu ekusekeni iHorse Grenadier Regiment.
Emva koko, yasekwa eMendoza, eRemedios de Escalada, yaba ngumyili we-Women's Patriotic League, ukuze kuxhaswe uMkhosi osakhulayo weAndes. Ukusebenzisana nokuhanjiswa komnikelo wabo bonke ubucwebe bakho.
Kodwa ngaphambi kokunduluka ukuya eYurophu ngo-1824, umyeni wakhe waba negalelo ekwakhiweni komkhosi wamangcwaba eLa Recolecta Cemetery, kwaye kwilitye lakhe lengcwaba wafaka umbhalo owawusithi: “Nanku uRemedios de Escalada, umfazi nomhlobo kaGeneral San Martin. "
Wafa ngo-Agasti 3, 1823, eBuenos Aires Argentina, xa wayeneminyaka engama-25 ubudala, wangcwatyelwa kumangcwaba aseRecolecta.
UManuel de Olazábal noLaureana Ferrari Salomón babekho njengamangqina omtshato wabo.
Abantwana babo
Abantwana babo uMercedes Tomasa de San Martín no-Escalada, ikuphela kwentombi eyakhulelwa nguSan Martín nomfazi wakhe. Wazalelwa eMendoza ngo-Agasti 24, 1836, waza wafela eBrunoy, eFransi, ngoFebruwari 28, 1875.
Waye watshata noMariano Antonio Severo González Balcarce Buchardo. Abazukulwana bakhe uMaría Mercedes Balcarce kunye noJosé de San Martín, uJoseph Dominga Balcarce y San Martín, watshata no-Eduardo María de los Dolores Gutiérrez de Estrada y Gómez de la Cortina.
Ngowe-1830, uSan Martín wafudukela eParis ngokusisigxina, apho wahamba nentombi yakhe. Ngenxa yeemvukelo ezininzi, usapho luthatha isigqibo sokuya kwidolophu ekude, eyaziwa ngokuba yiBoulogne-sur-Mer.
Ekubeni kule ndawo, bafumana isifo sekholera, ngelixa ugqirha waseArgentina kunye nonozakuzaku ogama linguMarino Severo Balcarce, wayephethe ukubanika unyango.
Ekugqibeleni, ngokufa kukayise, kunye nomhlalaphantsi kaBalcarce kwidiplomacy, intsapho yagqiba ekubeni ifudukele eBrunoy, kufuphi neParis. UMercedes usweleke kule ndawo xa wayeneminyaka engama-58 ubudala.
Ngonyaka ka-1951, umngcwabo wakhe wawusele, lowo womyeni wakhe kunye nentombi yakhe enkulu, babuyiselwa ekhaya kwaye ngoku baphumle kwicawa ye-Basilica yaseSan Francisco eMendoza.
UJosé de San Martín wazalwa ngoNovemba 25, 1778 eYapeyú, i-mission yangaphambili ehlala emanxwemeni oMlambo wase-Uruguay kuRhulumente weMishini yaseGuarani ye-Viceroyalty yaseRío de La Plata, kwiPhondo laseArgentina elaziwayo.
Ekubeni wayemncinci kakhulu, wayesele ebonise umdla kumsebenzi wezempi kunye nomlingiswa wobunkokeli, phakathi kwezinto zokuzonwabisa zakhe kwakukho iingoma zemfazwe, amazwi omyalelo.
ukuhlala eYurophu
Ngenyanga ka-Aprili 1784, xa wayeneminyaka emithandathu ubudala, wafika nentsapho yakhe kwisixeko saseCádiz, eSpeyin, ngaphambi kokuba bahlale eBuenos Aires, yaye kamva waya kuhlala kwisixeko saseMálaga.
Wafunda kwiRoyal Seminary yeNobles eMadrid, kwaye wafunda kwiSikolo seTemporalities eMalaga ngo-1786. Kule ndlu yezifundo, wafunda iilwimi ezahlukeneyo kunye nobugcisa obunje: iSpanish, isiLatini, isiFrentshi, isiJamani, umdaniso. , umzobo , uncwadi lwemibongo, ucingo, izincokoliso, imathematika, imbali kunye nejografi.
Umsebenzi wasemkhosini kuMkhosi waseSpain
Ngomhla we-21 kaJulayi, 1789, xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinanye ubudala, uSan Martín wangena kumkhosi waseSpain, eqhuba umsebenzi wakhe wasemkhosini kwiRegiment yaseMurcia, eqala njenge-cadet.
Kwangaxeshanye kwaqalisa iMvukelo yaseFransi. Waba nenxaxheba kumlo owawukuMntla Afrika, esilwa namaMoor eMilla nase-Orán, nakwidabi lamaNapoleon eSpeyin, waza walwa noBailén noLa Albuera.
Ngomhla we-9 kaJuni, 1793, wanyuselwa kwinqanaba le-lieutenant yesibini, ngenxa yokungenelela kwakhe ePyrenees, esilwa namaFrentshi. Ngenyanga ka-Agasti waloo nyaka, ibutho lakhe, elalisilwa kumadabi aselwandle nxamnye nemikhosi yamaNgesi kuLwandle lweMeditera, loyiswa.
Ngomhla wama-28 kaJulayi, ngo-1794, wafikelela kwinqanaba le-Second Lieutenant 1st, ngoMeyi 8, 1795 wafikelela kwinqanaba le-2nd Lieutenant, kwaye nge-26 kaDisemba, 1802, waphumelela irenki yoMncedisi 2.
Ngonyaka we-1802, wothuswa waza wenzakala ngokumanyumnyezi ngabaphangi ngoxa wayephethe intlawulo yamajoni, nto leyo eyaphumela ekubeni ohlwaywe ngesi siganeko. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nembali kunye nabalinganiswa ababalulekileyo, sincoma ukufunda inqaku Emiliano Zapata.
NgoNovemba 2, 1804, wanyuselwa kwisikhundla sokuba ngumphathi. Ngeli xesha, walwa nenqanaba le-captain 2nd ye-infantry ekhanyayo, kwiziganeko ezininzi, kwiMfazwe ye-Oranges ngokuchasene ne-Portugal, engunyaka we-1802, nangonyaka we-1804 e-Gibraltar nase-Cádiz ngokuchasene ne-British.
Ngo-Agasti 11, 1808, wawongwa ngeMbasa yeGolide yamaQhawe aseBailén, imbasa yomkhosi waseSpeyin enikwa uSan Martín, ngommiselo weBhodi ePhakamileyo yaseSeville, kugqalwa umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu kwidabi lokoyisa amaFrentshi. , kungoko wanyuselwa nakwisikhundla sokuba nguLieutenant colonel.
Ngonyaka we-1808, umkhosi woMlawuli waseFransi uNapoleon Bonaparte wahlasela uSingasiqithi weIberia, ngoxa uFernando VII waseSpeyin wathinjwa. Kungekudala emva koko, ukuqhambuka kwemvukelo kwaqala ngokuchasene nomlawuli kunye nomntakwabo uJosé Bonaparte, owayebhengezwe njengenkosi yaseSpain.
Ngoko nangoko kwamiselwa iBhodi Yolawulo Loluntu, eyaqala ukusebenza eSeville yaye kamva kwisixeko saseCádiz. Emva koko, iSan Martín yaphakanyiswa yiBhodi kaRhulumente ePhakathi ukuya kwinqanaba lomncedisi we-1 weCampo Mayor Volunteer Regiment. Ngokukwanjalo, waboleka inkonzo yakhe kangangonyaka kwinqanawa yemfazwe iDorotea.
Ngomdlalo wakhe obalaseleyo ngexesha leMfazwe yaseSpain yeNkululeko ngokuchasene nemikhosi yamaFrentshi, wonyuselwa kwisikhundla sokuba ngumphathi woMkhosi weBourbon. Esona senzo sakhe sibalaseleyo yayikuloyiso lwedabi laseBailén, isiganeko esenzeka ngoJulayi 19, 1808, ngenxa yesenzo sakhe esixabisekileyo njengomncedisi kuNjengele uMarquis de Coupigny, kwimeko yokuguqa, okwathi ngenkxaso yamadoda angamashumi amabini ananye kuphela. , wawulawula ngokupheleleyo umkhosi omkhulu.
Olu loyiso yaba luloyiso lokuqala olubalulekileyo ngokuchasene nomkhosi kaNapoleon, ukuvumela imikhosi yaseAndalusi ukuba ihlangule isixeko saseMadrid. Encoma isiganeko sakhe esibekekileyo, uSan Martín wawongwa ngewonga lokuba ngummeli-mkhosi ngoAgasti 11, 1808. Ngokukwanjalo, iMbasa yeGolide yamaQhawe aseBailén yawongwa kuwo wonke umkhosi.
Ngale ndlela waqhubeka nedabi lakhe nxamnye nemikhosi eyayiphantsi kolawulo lukaNapoleon ehlangene eRoussillon, ePortugal, eNgilani naseSpain. Ngexesha lemfazwe yaseLa Albuera, walwa phantsi komyalelo weNgilane jikelele uWilliam Carr Beresford, owathi kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambili, ekuhlaselweni kokuqala kweNgesi, wazama ukungaphumeleli ukuthatha iBuenos Aires neMontevideo.
Kwakusebudeni baloo madabi awathi wadibana noJames Duff, indoda ebalaseleyo yaseSkotlani eyamngenisa kwiintlanganiso zobugqi ezazilungiselela ukufumana inkululeko yoMzantsi Merika. Kule ndawo, waqala wadibana namaqela enkululeko kunye nenguquko awayexhasa idabi lokuzimela kweMelika. Siyakumema ukuba wazi imbali enomdla ye I-Victory Orchard
ISan Martín yangenelela kwimisitho yemfazwe eli-17, efana ne: Plaza de Orán, Port Vendres, Batteries, Coliombré, war frigate Dorotea kumlo wenqanawa yaseBritani uEl León, Torre Batera, Cruz de Yerro, Mauboles, San Margal, Batteries de Villalonga , Bañuelos, Las Alturas, Hermita de San Luc, Arrecife de Arjonilla, Imfazwe yaseBailén, iMfazwe yase-Villa de Arjonilla kunye neMfazwe yase-Albuera.
Emva kwexesha, ngonyaka we-1793, umkhosi wakhe waba yinxalenye yoMkhosi waseAragon, ngokukhawuleza emva kwalowo waseRosetón, owasilwa neRiphabhlikhi yaseFransi phantsi kwemiyalelo kaGeneral Ricardos, engomnye wabaphathi abakhulu baseSpain, kunye neemeko ezininzi, kwaye ngubani owayengumcebisi olungileyo kwi-cadet encinci yaseSan Martín.
Ngowe-1794, xa uNjengele Ricardos, owayesaziwa ngokuba yiMurcia, waswelekayo, ibutho awayekulo lanikezela kumaFrentshi. Ngowe-1797, uSan Martín wabhaptizwa ngomlilo elwandle, ngenxa yokuba wayeseMurcia, ekhwele iinqanawa zaseSpeyin ezazisilwa namaNgesi kuLwandle lweMeditera, naye waba nenxaxheba kwidabi laseCabo San Vicente.
Ngexesha le-1800 ukuya kwi-1807, iSan Martín yathatha inxaxheba kwiziganeko zaseSpain ezazichasene nePortugal, kodwa, ekugqibeleni, ngesivumelwano saseFontainebleau sesixeko saseFransi neSpeyin, iPortugal kunye neekoloni zayo ezahlukeneyo zabelwana ngazo.
Londres
NgoMeyi 25, 1810, iNguqulelo kaMeyi yenzeke kwisixeko saseBuenos Aires, eyaphela ngokukhupha i-viceroy, yi-Viceroyalty yeRío de la Plata, kwaye iqhuba ukuqeshwa kweBhodi yokuQala.
Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuzimela, iimeko ezintsha zomkhosi zavulwa ukuze kuxhamle umkhosi waseMzantsi Merika, kuquka uJosé de San Martín, kwaye ufuna ukuguqulwa kwento eyayinyanisekile ngokupheleleyo, kuba ilizwe labo lokuzalwa lalingekho phakathi koBukumkani baseSpain, apho yayivela khona.
NgoSeptemba 6, 1811, uSan Martín wawuyeka umsebenzi wakhe wasemkhosini eSpeyin, eshiya wonke umzabalazo wakhe ngasemva, waza wacela inkokeli ukuba imnike incwadana yokundwendwela ukuya eLondon. Okwavunyelwayo, kunye neeleta zoncomelo, enye eyayisiya kuLord Macduff, ehamba ngoSeptemba 14 kwaloo nyaka, ukuya kuhlala ePark Road, enombolo 23 kwisithili saseWestminster.
Ngethuba ekule ndawo wadibana noCarlos María de Alvear, uJosé Matías Zapiola, uAndrés Bello noTomás Guido, kunye nabanye abaninzi amaqabane akhe.
Iingcali ezithile kwimbali zithi zaziyinxalenye yeqela loMbutho WaseMelika oMkhulu, uluntu ekucingelwa ukuba lunemvelaphi yeMasonic, eyadalwa nguFrancisco de Miranda, owathi kunye noSimón Bolívar, owayesele esilwela eMelika. ukwenzela ukuzimela kweVenezuela.
Mhlawumbi phakathi kobuzalwana, kwakukho amakhonkco ezopolitiko aseBritani awathi azisa iSicwangciso seMaitland, iqhinga lokuba iMelika ikhululwe eSpeyin.
Buyela kwi-River Plate
Ubuyela eBuenos Aires kunye nokuqatshelwa kwenqanaba lakhe le-lieutenant colonel yi-First Triumvirate
Ngomnyaka we-1812, xa wayeneminyaka engama-34 ubudala, ekwinqanaba le-lieutenant colonel, kwaye emva kokumisa eLondon, ehamba kwi-frigate yaseBritani uGeorge Canning, wabuyela kwisixeko saseBuenos Aires, ukuze anikezele kwinkonzo yokuzimela. yamaPhondo aManyeneyo eRío de la Plata.
La magosa azibonakalisa kumalungu eFirst Triumvirate, awamamkelayo ukuba abonelele ngeenkonzo zawo kurhulumente.
Ukudalwa kweRegiment yeHorse Grenadier
Ngomhla we-16 ka-Matshi, i-First Triumvirate ivuma isiphakamiso esibekwe nguJosé de San Martín ukuba enze umkhosi wamahashe, apho wayalelwa ukuba afumane i-Regiment of Grenadiers kwi-Horseback, ukukhusela amanxweme oMlambo waseParaná. Ngomnyaka we-1812, wazinikezela ekufundiseni iirejimeni kwiindlela zokulwa ezintsha, awazifumana kumava akhe aseYurophu ngelixa esilwa nemikhosi kaNapoleon.
Isiseko seLautaro Lodge
Kwinkampani kaCarlos María de Alvear, owayesandula ukubuya, wenza phakathi kwe-1812 i-arhente ye-Lodge ye-Rational Knights, eyathiywa ngokuba yi-Lodge Lautaro.
Eli gama lisuka kuMapuche lonko Lautaro, owayeyinkokeli yomkhosi owaziwayo waseMapuche kwiMfazwe yase-Arauco ngexesha lokuqala lokoyisa iSpanish, nowathi ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX wavukela iSpanish.
Isiseko saqulunqwa njengeCadiz kunye neLondon Masonic lodges, ezifanayo nezo zazikho ngelo xesha eVenezuela, njengamalungu aphambili uFrancisco de Miranda, uSimón Bolívar kunye noAndrés Bello.
Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko "yayikukusebenza kunye nenkqubo kunye nesicwangciso sokuzimela kweMelika kunye nolonwabo lwayo." Phakathi kwamalungu ayo aphambili, kwakukho noSan Martín noAlvear, yayinguJosé Matías Zapiola, uBernardo Monteagudo noJuan Martín de Pueyrredón.
Revolution ngo-Oktobha 8, 1812
Ngenyanga ka-Okthobha wonyaka we-1812, eBuenos Aires ulwazi loloyiso lwelizwe loMkhosi wasemntla kwimfazwe yaseTucumán, eyayilawulwa nguGeneral Manuel Belgrano, isasazeka. Ngomhla wesi-8 ku-Okthobha, balisebenzisa eli thuba, ngoko ke uJosé de San Martín y Alvear wakhokela imvukelo yasemkhosini eyayalelwa yiLautaro Lodge, eyaziwa ngokuba yimvukelo kaOktobha 8, 1812.
Ingxabano yaphela ngokugxothwa kukarhulumente we-First Triumvirate, owabonwa "njengesigqibo esincinci ngokuzimela."
Ukuzifumana benyanzeliswa yimikhosi exhobileyo kunye nabantu, i-Second Triumvirate yamiselwa, eyenziwa nguJuan José Paso, uNicolás Rodríguez Peña kunye no-Antonio Álvarez Jonte. Kwangokunjalo, kwafuneka kubizwe iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yabathunywa bawo onke amaphondo, ngenjongo yokubhengeza inkululeko nokubhengezwa komgaqo-siseko omtsha.
NgoDisemba 1812, iSecond Triumvirate yanyusela iSan Martín kwirenki yekholoneli yaza yammisela ukuba abe yiNkumanda yeHorse Grenadiers esekwe kumaqela amathathu eqela esele likho.
Ukulwa kweSan Lorenzo
Ibali lithi umsitho wokuqala wasemkhosini eSan Martín, kunye neRegiment yayo esandul' ukusekwa yeGrenadiers kwi-Horseback, ikhokelelwe ukuba iyeke ukuphazamiseka apho abalawuli basebukhosini baseMontevideo batshabalalisa amanxweme oMlambo iParaná, elona candelo libalulekileyo yiRío. de la Plata, kunye nendlela yonxibelelwano eyimfuneko kwindawo.
Emva koko, uColonel José de San Martín, kunye nemikhosi yakhe, bahlala kwi-convent yaseSan Carlos, endleleni eya eSan Lorenzo emazantsi, okwangoku iphondo laseSanta Fe. Ngenyanga kaFebruwari 1813, kwaye ngenxa yokufika. of 300 royalists, idabi San Lorenzo yaliwa, elunxwemeni lomlambo kwaye kufutshane phambi koonongendi.
Ngenxa yokuba kwakukho amathandabuzo amakhulu ngokunyaniseka kwakhe kwinkululeko, ngenxa yokufika kwamva nje kweSan Martín, wagqiba ekubeni aqhubeke ekhokela umkhosi omncinane wabakhuseli abakhwele amahashe.
Ke ihashe lakhe lonanzakele kakhulu kwaye uSan Martin watyunyuzwa phantsi kwesi silwanyana, ngelixa wayeza kubulawa nguroyalist. Kodwa, ngenxa yokungenelela kwejoni laseCorrientes ogama linguJuan Bautista Cabral, owabeka umzimba wakhe ukuba ulimele kwindawo ye-bayonet.
Eli joni lanyuselwa emva kokufa kukaJosé de San Martín, ngenxa yesi sizathu laziwa ngokuba nguSajini uCabral. Kwakuyimfazwe, apho imikhosi emibini yayinenani elikhulu labahlaseli, izibonakalisa njengesiganeko sesibini, nangona kunjalo, yakwazi ukwahlula ngonaphakade imikhosi yasebukhosini eyayihamba kuMlambo waseParaná, ihlasela iidolophu ezikufutshane.
INtloko yoMkhosi waseMntla
Ngenxa yoloyiso uManuel Belgrano, umthetheli oyintloko woMkhosi waseNyakatho, wabandezeleka ejongene nabalawuli basebukhosini kukhuphiswano lweVilcapugio kunye neAyohúma, nangenxa yoloyiso kumlo waseSan Lorenzo, lowo ubizwa ngokuba yiSecond Triumvirate wathatha indawo yeBelgrano. San Martín njengomphathi woMkhosi waseMantla.
Kwintlanganiso yakhe kunye nenkokeli ephumayo, awayengayazi ngokobuqu, ichazwe njenge "Yatasto hug", kuba isiko livumile kuyo kwindlu yamahashe yaseYasto, ekwiphondo laseSalta.
Ngokutsho kophando olwenziwa ngumphengululi uJulio Arturo Benencia, uqinisekisa ukuba intlanganiso yenzeke ngoFebruwari 17, 1814, ekuphumeni kweposi ye-Algarrobos, kufuphi nomlambo waseJuramento kunye nomgama we-14 leagues ukusuka eYatasto.
Esebenza njengomphathi woMkhosi oNcedisayo wasePeru, kumele ukuba uphinde wawuseka umkhosi owawungenakuzenzela nto ngenxa yemimandla yaseVilcapugio neAyohúma. Ngenjongo yokuchaza isibakala, wabuyela eSan Miguel de Tucumán, apho wamisa inkampu yomkhosi kwinqaba eyayisakhiwa, ebizwa ngokuba yiCiudadela, ngoxa wayezimisele ukuyomeleza aze ayiqeqeshe ngendlela esetyenziswayo.
Indalo yayo yabonakaliswa ngedabi laseSan Lorenzo. Kamva, wabelwa uxanduva lobunkokeli boMkhosi waseNyakatho, endaweni yeGeneral Manuel Belgrano.
Kolu lawulo, wakwazi ukufezekisa isicwangciso sakhe selizwekazi, esazi ukuba uloyiso lwe-patriot kwimfazwe yokuzimela yaseSpain-American yayiza kufezekiswa kuphela ngokutshatyalaliswa kwawo onke amaqela asebukhosini, ibe ngamaziko athembekileyo angundoqo agcina inkqubo yobukoloniyali. eMelika.
Isicwangciso selizwekazi
Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokusekwa eTucumán, eSan Miguel, wafumanisa ukuba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuhamba nge-Alto Perú ukuya kwisixeko saseLima, ikomkhulu le-Viceroyalty yasePeru kunye neziko lamandla obukhosi eMzantsi Melika. Indawo apho uhlaselo luthunyelwe khona ngenjongo yokuthatha imimandla engenakuzinceda phambi kwe-independentstas.
Ngalo lonke ixesha umkhosi wasebukhosini uvela eAltiplano usiya kwiintlambo zephondo laseSalta, woyiswa ngokuqinisekileyo, kanye njengokuba umkhosi wama-patriot wafika e-Upper Peru, nayo yoyisiwe.
Unobangela wokuba neqhinga eliluncedo kwindlela engasentla yasePeruvia, yayisele yazisiwe ngaphambili ziinkokeli ezithile zomkhosi ezaziyinxalenye yamaphulo aye e-Upper Peru, phakathi kwazo: Eustoquio Díaz Vélez, Tomás Guido kunye no-Enrique Paillardell.
UJosé de San Martín, ingcaphephe kunye nengcali kwezomkhosi, ngokukhawuleza wayibamba le ngcamango njengeyakhe waza waphumeza isicwangciso sakhe selizwekazi.
Ukususela ngoko, injengele yaqhuba iphulo layo lokuwela iiNtaba zeAndes ize ihlasele isixeko saseLima isuka kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki. Ifuna ukugcina umda osemantla ukhuselekile, iSan Martín yayinyamekela imikhosi engaqhelekanga yaseSalta, eyayiphantsi kolawulo lukaColonel Martín Miguel de Güemes, awathi wayinika uxanduva lokukhusela umda osemantla, yaza yaqalisa ukulungiswa kweyakhe elandelayo. iqhinga lomkhosi.
Ngexesha elifutshane, wamnika umyalelo woMkhosi waseMantla ezandleni zikaNjengele uFrancisco Fernández de la Cruz, ebuyela eSaldán, kwiphondo laseCórdoba, ngenjongo yokufumana unyango lwezilonda zesisu.
Ngoxa wayekule ndawo, wayethetha rhoqo nomhlobo wakhe ogama linguTomás Guido, owamqinisekisa ukuba kwakuyimfuneko ukwenza loo ntsimi izimele kwiChile.
Irhuluneli kabani
Ngomnyaka we-1814, uMlawuli oPhakamileyo wePhondo eliManyeneyo laseRío de la Plata, ogama linguGervasio Antonio de Posadas, wamiselwa njengerhuluneli yengingqi yaseCuyo, kwisixeko saseMendoza, eArgentina, wenza iprojekthi yakhe, emva kokumisela Umkhosi waseAndes, wanqumla yonke intaba enegama elifanayo, eyinkokeli yokukhululwa kweChile ngexesha lemizabalazo yaseChacabuco neMaipú.
Ukuma kwipolitiki yaseChile
Emva kwexesha elithile, kwaye emva kokunyamekela imisebenzi yakhe, i-colonel egama linguJuan Gregorio de Las Heras yafika, owayeqale kwimikhosi yase-Argentina eChile, kwaye wathatha umhlala-phantsi ngenxa yokungavisisani nama-patriots aseChile.
Wagqiba ekubeni ayibuyisele ngenjongo yokubaxhasa ngokuchasene nemikhosi yasebukhosini, kodwa oku kwenzeka emva kweNtlekele yaseRancagua, apho baphulukana nokuzimela kweChile. Ekuphela kwento awakwaziyo ukuyenza kukusindisa ukuwela ukuya eMendoza esuka kwiimbacu ezininzi zaseChile.
Abantu baseChile bahlulahlulwe baba ngamaqela amabini angahambelaniyo, aba: abagcini bexesha ababephantsi komyalelo kaBernardo O'Higgins, kunye nenkululeko eyayiphantsi kolawulo lukaJosé Miguel Carrera.
Emva koko uJosé de San Martín wagqiba ekubeni bahambe ngokukhawuleza, ngoko wagqiba ngo-O'Higgins. Emva kokwenza ngathi ukutyeshela igunya lerhuluneli yaseCuyo, uGeneral Carrera wavalelwa entolongweni, wasuswa kumyalelo wakhe, waza kamva wagxothwa eMendoza.
Injongo yecebo likaJosé de San Martín, awayecinga ukuba yayikukuliphumeza ngokusuka kwiChile ethanda ilizwe ngokupheleleyo; nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuthatha esi sizwe kwizandla ezichaseneyo, icebo lalikhangeleka ngathi kufuneka lipheliswe. Nangona, uSan Martín wagqiba ekubeni aqhubeke eqhubela phambili, kodwa ngenjongo yokuba kuqala abe nomsebenzi wokukhulula iChile.
Ukudalwa koMkhosi weeAndes
Nangona kuye kwakho inkcaso evela kumlawuli omtsha ophakamileyo, uCarlos María de Alvear, lowo uSan Martín wafumana ithuba lokuhlangana eCádiz, kwaye wamkhapha, kwaye wacebisa ukuba ayalele uMkhosi waseAndes.
Wahlanganisa ndawonye kumkhosi omnye bonke ababaleki baseChile, amajoni asekuhlaleni asuka eCuyo, amavolontiya amaninzi asuka kwiphondo lakhe, kunye namanye amagosa avela kuMkhosi waseMntla. Ngokunjalo, wacela waza wafumana ukuba amaqela oMkhosi weGrenadier wamaHashe, awayesasazeke kuyo yonke indawo, aphinde amanyaniswe eCuyo.
Ebona ukuba uAlvear wazama ukumthoba phantsi kwegunya lakhe, ngoko nangoko wafaka ukurhoxa kwakhe kwisikhundla awayesibambe njengerhuluneli. Emva koko, u-Alvear wakhawuleza wabeka uColonel Gregorio Perdriel njengendawo yakhe, nangona kunjalo, waliwa ngabo bonke abantu baseMendoza. Ngaloo ndlela, uSan Martín wamiselwa njengerhuluneli lunyulo oludumileyo.
Kungekudala emva koko, emva kokuqeshwa kukaGeneral Juan Martín de Pueyrredón njengomlawuli omtsha ophakamileyo, babamba intlanganiso eCórdoba, njengengongoma ephambili baxubusha umba wesicwangciso sephulo malunga neChile nePeru.
Ukufika ngomhla we-20 kaMeyi 1816, uTomás Guido, wanika ingxelo esemthethweni, apho wabonisa isicwangciso ngokweenkcukacha, esamkelwayo kwaye sanikwa umyalelo wokuphumeza ngemiyalelo yomlawuli uPueyrredón.
Ngelo xesha, uJosé de San Martín waphembelela amasekela eCuyo kwiNkongolo yaseTucumán ukuba abhengeze ukuzimela kwePhondo eliManyeneyo laseMzantsi Melika, awalifumana ngoJulayi 9, 1816.
Ukuze axhase ngemali iphulo lakhe, kunye neminikelo emininzi yePueyrredón, wafuna ukuba bahlawule "iminikelo efunekayo" kubo bonke abathengisi kunye nabanini beehaciendas. Njengotshintshiselwano, banikwa i-voucher, ababenokuyiqokelela "xa iimeko zivuma."
Ngelixa, wayeneengcinga ezimbalwa zokubamba izinto zabantu baseSpain abangayi kuxhasa injongo yokuzimela.
Wafumana inkampu yomkhosi enkulu e-El Plumerillo, enomgama omalunga neekhilomitha ezisixhenxe kumntla-mpuma wesixeko saseMendoza. Kulo mmandla, waqeqesha onke amajoni kunye namagosa, wakwazi ukwenza izixhobo ezifana: imipu, sabers, iinkanunu, iyunifomu, iimbumbulu nkqu nerhuluwa. Wazinikela kwizilwanyana ezityetyisiweyo ezifana neemeyile, amahashe, nokwenza izihlangu ezifanelekileyo zamahashe.
Inkokeli yeendibano zayo zocweyo, imonki uLuis Beltrán, yayinobuchule ekuyileni inkqubo yeepuli ezazivumela ukuba kudlule iintlambo ngeenkanunu kwaye naluphi na uhlobo lwebhulorho exhonyiweyo inokuthuthwa.
Inxalenye yezonyango yomkhosi yayiphethe ugqirha wesiNgesi uJames Paroissien. Ngelixa uColonel José Antonio Álvarez Condarco wayephethe ukuzoba iiplani zeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuwela iintaba zeAndes.
Ngaphambi kokuba aqalise ukhenketho, ekunye nazo zonke iinkosi zamaMapuche, wacela imvume yokungena eChile ngemimandla yayo. Ngelixa ezinye zezi zixhobo zazisa umphathi-jikelele waseChile, ogama linguCasimiro Marco del Pont, emva koko wacinga ukuba uhlaselo olunamandla luya kwenziwa ukusuka emzantsi, ngoko wayiqhekeza imikhosi yakhe.
Ngokuchasene noko kwakucingelwa ngumlawuli ophakamileyo uPueyrredón, kunye nabalandeli bakhe, wangena kunxibelelwano kunye ne-caudillo egama linguJosé Gervasio Artigas, njengoko wala ukonwabisa umzamo wakhe wedabi wamaphulo okukhululwa eChile nasePeru, eyayiza kubavumela ukuba baphumelele. jongana nama-federals kunxweme lweRío de la Plata.
Esi yayisisizathu sokuba abalawuli beeyunithi, ngakumbi uBernardino Rivadavia, bambhengeze njengomngcatshi.
Kwileta ka-Agasti 1816, iSan Martín ibhekisela kwiZiqithi zeMalvinas. Kumxholo wayo, uSan Martín, ucele irhuluneli yaseSan Juan, eya kukhulula amabanjwa awayeseCarmen de Patagones naseMalvinas, ePuerto de Soledad, ukuze bajoyine uMkhosi waseAndes.
Ukukhulula uhambo oluya eChile
NgoJanuwari 1817, kwaqaliswa uhambo lokuwela iAndes ukuya eChile. Umkhosi we-Andes wawuthathwa njengowona mkhosi mkhulu womkhosi owathi amaPhondo aManyeneyo aseRío de Plata achithachitha kwiMfazwe yeNkululeko yaseSpain-American. namajoni angamawaka amathathu, anamakhulu asixhenxe, anamanci asixhenxe anesibhozo.
Babenenxalenye yamagosa kunye namajoni aseChile afudukela eMendoza, emva kwemfazwe yaseRancagua.
Ababhali abaninzi bemvelaphi yaseChile, njengo-Osvaldo Silva kunye no-Agustín Toro Dávila, babhekisela kwinani elikhulu labalandeli baseChile, nangona kunjalo, akukho namnye kubo okhankanya ngokweenkcukacha umthombo we-documentary abawusebenzisileyo ekuqinisekiseni okunjalo.
Ngoxa u-Osvaldo Silva kwisicatshulwa sakhe i-Atlas de la Historia de Chile 2005 igcina ukuba kwakukho iwaka elinamakhulu amabini aseChile kwi-Army yaseAndes eyayixutywe eMendoza. Kwaye uAgustín Toro Dávila, kwisicatshulwa sakhe seMilitary Historical Synthesis yaseChile, ukhankanya isixa esifanayo.
Ngowuphi umbhali weplasma yombhalo:
Kumagosa angama-209 abasebenzi, malunga ne-50 yayingabaseChile, kwaye abanye baseArgentina. Umyinge wamaChile kwimikhosi eyi-3778 awaziwa ncam. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ayiyi kuba ngaphezu kwe-30%.
Ukuze kuqhekezwe imikhosi echasayo, iSan Martín yagunyazisa inkqubela-phambili yenxalenye yemikhosi ngokudlula kweCome Caballos, Guana, Portillo and Planchón. Ukuba ngamanyathelo akhethwayo njengama-buttresses aphambili, kuba ezimbini zokuqala zazisemantla kunye nezokugqibela ukuya emazantsi.
Yayiyinkqubela phambili yamacandelo athile phambi kweekhilomitha ezingaphezu kwama-2000 ngokudlula kudederhu lweentaba ezinkulu. Isenzo abazama ngaso ukuqhatha imikhosi yasebukhosini baseChile, eyayingenalwazi lokuba ivela phi, ibanyanzele ukuba bayiqhekeze imikhosi yabo baze emva koko bavelise iintshukumo ezithanda uguqulo kwimimandla ekude nekomkhulu, iSantiago de Chile.
Phakathi kwayo kwakukho nelo elalikhokelwa nguRamón Freire elisingise eChillán, lafika kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambili, ngaphambi kwamanye, yaye leyisela irhuluneli yasebukhosini ukuba yayiza kuqala emazantsi.
Ekugqibeleni, uJosé de San Martin wagqiba umsebenzi wakhe wasemkhosini emva kokuba nodliwano-ndlebe eGuayaquil noSimón Bolívar, ngo-1822, apho wanikezela umkhosi wakhe kunye nempumelelo yenkululeko yasePeru.
Umhlalaphantsi
UJosé de San Martin wagqiba kwelokuba arhoxe xa wayecinga ukuba uwufezile umsebenzi wakhe wokukhulula abantu. Ngenyanga ka-Oktobha wonyaka we-1822 wafika eChile kwaye ehlotyeni lonyaka we-1823 wawela i-Andes, edlula eMendoza, eneengcamango zokuzinza kulo mmandla owawungaphandle kobomi boluntu.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezimvo ezininzi ezimbi ezazimtyhola ngokuba neminqweno yobunkokeli, kunye nokusweleka kwenkosikazi yakhe ngoFebruwari, kwamkhokelela ekubeni athathe iYurophu njengendawo awayesiya kuyo, ekhatshwa yintombi yakhe uMercedes, owayeneminyaka esixhenxe kuphela ubudala. ixesha.
Wahlala ixesha elithile eGreat Britain, waza emva koko waya eBrussels, eBelgium, apho wayehlala khona ngokuthozama; Ngenxa yomvuzo wakhe omncinci, kwafuneka ahlawulele izifundo zikaMercedes kuphela.
Ngomnyaka we-1827, impilo yakhe yaphukile, ngenxa ye-rheumatism kunye nenxalenye yayo yezoqoqosho: umvuzo wawungekho ngokwaneleyo ukutya kwakhe. Kuloo minyaka wayeseYurophu, wayeziva enomnqweno onamandla ngelizwe lakhe lokuzalwa.
Umzamo wakhe wokugqibela wokubuyela wenziwa ngo-1829, kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambili, wanikela ngeenkonzo zakhe kubaphathi baseArgentina, kunye namava akhe emfazwe ukujongana noBukhosi baseBrazil. Ngeli xesha, waya eBuenos Aires, ukuze adibanise kwi-trance eyonakalisayo egcinwe yi-federals kunye ne-centralists.
Kodwa, ekufikeni kwakhe, oko wafumanisa ukuba ilizwe lakubo likwimeko yokuqhekeka ngenxa yeemfazwe ezinobundlobongela ukuba injongo yakhe yalahlwa, nangona isicelo sabahlobo abaninzi, akuzange kumkhokele ukuba abeke unyawo lwakhe kunxweme lwakhe olude olulindelwe lwase-Argentina.
Wabuyela eBelgium kwaye ngo-1831 wadlula eParis, apho wayehlala kufuphi ne-Seine, kwi-Grand-Bourg estate, apho ebulela umhlobo wakhe onesisa uDon Alejandro Aguado, owayengumlingane wakhe e-Spain. Ngomnyaka we-1848, indawo yakhe yokuhlala esisigxina yasekwa eBoulogne-sur-Mer, eFransi, ephelisa ubomi bakhe ngenxa yokufa ngo-Agasti 17, 1850, eneminyaka engama-72 ubudala. Wangcwatyelwa kwiCathedral yaseBuenos Aires, ngoMeyi 28, 1880.
UJosé de San Martín kunye noSimón Bolívar, bajongwa njengabakhululi abakhulu boMzantsi Melika kubukoloniyali baseSpain.
E-Argentina uthathwa njengoyise weSizwe, uhlawulwa imbeko emele kwaye uxatyiswe njengeqhawe eliphambili kunye neqhawe lesizwe. EPeru, ubonwa njengomkhululi wesizwe, emnika izihloko ze "Umseki weNkululeko yasePeru", "uMseki weRiphabhlikhi", kunye ne "Generalissimo of Arms". Umkhosi waseChile uyamqonda ngenqanaba likaKapteni Jikelele.