Inokuqinisekiswa ukuba iAmphibian Animals yaba zezokuqala ezikwazileyo ukushiya indawo ehlala emanzini ukuze zimisele indawo yazo yokuhlala kwi-ecosystem yomhlaba. Kodwa abazange bakwazi ukuyishiya ngokupheleleyo, ngoko baqhubeka bephila phakathi kwamanzi nomhlaba. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nendlela yokuphila ye-Amphibian Animals, siyakumema ukuba ufunde olu lwazi kwaye ucacise amathandabuzo akho malunga nezi zidalwa eziphilayo ezikhethekileyo.
Ziyintoni iiAmphibians kwaye zihlala phi?
Izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini zizilwanyana eziphuma kusapho lwe-vertebrate kwaye zinomjikelezo wobomi apho zidibanisa izigaba zasemanzini kunye nezigaba. Iintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana zeendawo zazo zokuhlala zithintelwe ngenxa yokulandelelana kwemijikelo eziphila kuyo, kwanento yokuba azizo-homeotherm, oko kukuthi, zizilwanyana ezinegazi elibandayo.
Ukuba negazi elibandayo libathintela ekubeni nobushushu bomzimba obuthe rhoqo. Ngeso sizathu kunqabile kakhulu ukuba izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini zifumaneke kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphantsi. Esi sesona sizathu siphambili sokuba zingahlali kwiindawo ezifana neAntarctica okanye iArctic, nangona kuye kwafunyanwa izidalwa eziphila phantsi kweefosili kwezo ndawo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kude kudala zazikwazi ukuhlala kuloo mazwe.
Ukuguqulwa kwemizimba
Ukongeza ekungakwazini kwabo ukugcina ubushushu bomzimba obuqhelekileyo, banophawu olunomdla kakhulu kwihlabathi lezilwanyana kwaye lubenza babe zizidalwa ezininzi: i-metamorphosis.
I-Metamorphosis yi-evolutionary adaptation eyenza ukuba izilwanyana ze-amphibian ziguquke ukusuka ekuzalweni njenge-tadpoles ukuya kwizilwanyana ezikhulileyo, ezibangela ukuba zingatshintshi nje kuphela iinguqu ze-morphological, kodwa kunye noshintsho kuhlobo lwazo lokutya kunye nokuphefumla.
Ukuhlelwa kweAmphibian
Izilwanyana ze-amphibian ziye zahlelwa zibe zii-odolo ezintathu, ngenxa yokuba zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokuguquguquka, ngoko ke, nangona ziyakwazi ukuhlala ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhlala enye, kuqhelekile ukujonga ukuba zihlala kwii-biomes ezahlukeneyo. Le miyalelo mithathu yile:
- Myalelo ijimnophiona (okanye ii-amphibians ezingenamilenze): equka izilwanyana ezinkulu eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, kodwa ezingenazo iziphelo, ezifana ne-caecilians okanye i-tapaculos. Ngaphakathi kolu lwahlulo sinokufumana i-apodes, ezizizilwanyana ezihlala emanzini ezikwaziyo ukumelana namaqondo obushushu aphantsi, ngoko zihlala zihlala kwiindawo ezishushu kunye ne-subtropical.
- Myalelo UAnura: Zizilwanyana ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini ezinemilenze, kodwa azinamsila, njengamaxoxo okanye amasele.
- Myalelo caudata: Iinewts, axolotls, kunye ne salamanders zibandakanyiwe kolu kuhlelwa.
Izilwanyana zasemanzini ezihlala kwindawo ezinobushushu obuphantsi
Njengoko sele sitshilo, izilwanyana ezihlala kwindawo ebandayo zinqabile kakhulu. Ngaphandle koku, sinokuzifumana ezinye, ngokuqhelekileyo zizilwanyana zasemanzini ezihlala emanzini ezizezomyalelo we-anurans okanye i-salamanders. Imeko ekhethekileyo yile yesalama yaseSiberia (Salamandrella keyserlingii), elikhaya labo likummandla osemantla weSiberia, okanye isele lasehlathini (Lithobates sylvaticus), ehlala kweyona ndawo isemantla kuMntla Merika, ebunjwe yiAlaska neKhanada.
Ngenxa yeempawu zabo zokuba zizilwanyana ezinegazi elibandayo, zikonwabela uhlengahlengiso oluninzi, ngenxa yokuba zihlala kwindawo ebandayo, enye yazo kukukwazi ukugquma phantsi komkhenkce, ngexesha lasebusika, okanye ubukho bezinto ezinqanda umkhenkce. kwikhemikhali yeeseli zomzimba wakho.
ii-amphibians ze-taiga
Iqondo lokushisa kwi-taiga okanye kwindawo yehlathi le-boreal lisabanda, nangona lingaphantsi kweendawo esizikhankanyileyo ngasentla, ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukufumana iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini kwezo ndawo.
Imizekelo emininzi yezilwanyana ezihlala kwindawo ye-taiga okanye kwihlathi le-boreal lisele eliluhlaza (Pelophylax perez), ingwe isele (Iipipiens ze-lithobates), isele lasehlathini (Lithobates sylvaticus), isele laseMelika (Anaxyrus americanus), intulo enemibala eluhlaza (Ambystoma laterale), intulo yomlilo (intulo intulo) okanye i-newt yasempumalanga (Notophthalmus viridescens).
I-steppe okanye i-amphibians yasentlango
I-steppe, i-savannah okanye intlango ziindawo zokuhlala ezomileyo kwaye akunakwenzeka kakhulu ukuphuhlisa ubomi bezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini. Isizathu soku kukuba baneendawo apho ukungabikho kwamanzi kubonakala kwaye enye yeemfuno ezinkulu zobomi be-amphibian ukuphuhliswa yindawo enamanzi amaninzi ahlambulukileyo, ukwenzela ukuba izigaba zabo zombungu zikhule.
Kodwa, indalo iyamangalisa kwaye ezinye i-anurans ziye zakwazi ukuphuhlisa ukulungelelaniswa kwemvelo ezivumela ukuba zihlale kwezi mozulu kwaye, ngokwenene, ukuba uphando olunyamekileyo lwenziwa, siya kufumanisa ukuba kwezo ndawo kwiplanethi, kuzo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana. kwizilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemanzini ezikhoyo, siya kufumana kuphela ii-amphibians ze-anura genus.
Eminye imiqondiso yophuhliso lweendlela zokuziqhelanisa nokuziqhelanisa nokubakho kokugcinwa komchamo ukuze ugcine amanzi akhoyo emzimbeni kunye nokudalwa kwe-osmotic gradient eyenza kube lula ukufunxa amanzi ngolusu, okanye nokuba nokwenzeka kokuhlala emhlabeni. , apho banokusebenzisa khona amanzi aqokelelweyo, beza phezulu kuphela ngamaxesha emvula ukuze bakwazi ukufunxa amanzi amaninzi.
Iintlobo ezifana nesele elinamachokoza abomvu (Anaxyrus punctus), ixoxo eliluhlaza (buffotes viridis), ixoxo lomhlakulo (I-Cultripe Pelobates), ukugqobhoza ixoxo okanye umgodi waseMexico (Rhinophrynus dorsalis) okanye ixoxo le-natterjack (Epidalea calamita).
Izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini zifumaneka kumahlathi eMeditera
Amahlathi aseMeditera yimimandla enemozulu epholileyo kunye nobuninzi bamanzi amaninzi, yingakho kulula ukufumana izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini. Kwezi ndawo sinokufumana amaxoxo, iinewt, amasele kunye neesalamanders, ezifana nexoxo le-spadefoot.I-Cultripe Pelobates), ixoxo eliqhelekileyo (IBufo bufo), isele eliluhlaza (Pelophylax perez), isele laseSan Antonio (hyla arborea), intulo yomlilo (intulo intulo) okanye i-marbleed newt (I-Triturus marmoratus).
Izilwanyana zasemanzini ezihlala kwindawo ezishushu okanye eziphantsi kwetropiki
Iindawo ezitshisayo kunye neendawo ezitshisayo zezo zikufutshane ne-ikhweyitha kwaye yindawo apho unokufumana khona ubuninzi bezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini, ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu kunye nenani elikhulu lemvula, ibe yeyona ifanelekileyo kolu didi lwezilwanyana.
Ngokubhekiselele kwi-genus ye-anurans, izilwanyana ze-amphibian ezinokufumaneka ngobuninzi obukhulu ngamasele, ngobuninzi obukhulu kunamasele, amaninzi awo ajika abe yityhefu kwaye anemibala emihle kunye nokudityaniswa kwechromatic, kuba amasele angcono ukumelana nemozulu eyomileyo. . Eminye imizekelo enokubonwa lisele elinamehlo abomvu (Agalychnis callidryas) okanye isele elinentloko yotolo (Dendrobatidae sp.).
Iindidi ezininzi ze-apods okanye i-caecilians nazo zinokufunyanwa kwezi ndawo, kodwa eli liqela elinzima kakhulu ukuliphanda, njengoko zihlala phantsi komhlaba, kumagqabi amagqabi okanye kumhlaba othambileyo.
Yintoni intsingiselo ye-amphibian?
I-Amphibia, livela kwi-Greek amphi, elithetha zombini kunye ne-bios, elithetha ubomi, ngoko igama elithi amphibian lithetha ngokoqobo zombini ubomi okanye kuzo zombini imidiya. Le ndibaniselwano yakhethwa ngenxa yemvelaphi yezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, ezikwazile ukuguquka okanye zishiye indawo ehlala emanzini ukuze ziphile emhlabeni. Ngoko ke kunokuthiwa ii-amphibians ziphila ubomi obubini, ubomi bokuqala basemanzini kunye nobunye emhlabeni.
Ziyi-anamniotes
Luhlobo lwezilwanyana ze-anamniotic vertebrate, okuthetha ukuba azinayo i-amnion, njengentlanzi, kodwa izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini zinokuba yi-tetrapods, i-ectothermic, enokuphefumla kwegill ngelixa ikwisigaba sazo sombungu kwaye emva koko ibe yimiphunga xa ifika. ukukhula kwabantu abadala.
Njengoko sele sitshilo, umahluko omkhulu kuzo zonke ezinye izilwanyana ze-vertebrate, zifumana inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-metamorphosis, apho ziguquka ukusuka kolunye uhlobo lwesilwanyana ukuya kolunye olwahluke ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lophuhliso lwazo.
Okwangoku, ii-amphibians zisasazwa phantse kulo lonke iplanethi, zingekho kuphela kwimimandla ye-Arctic kunye ne-Antarctic, kunye nakwezona ntlango zininzi kunye nenani elikhulu leziqithi zolwandle. Namhlanje sineentlobo ze-7492 ezichaziweyo zezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini.
Banendima ebalulekileyo ye-ikholoji ngokunxulumene nokuthuthwa kwamandla, ukusuka kwindawo ehlala emanzini ukuya kwindawo esemhlabeni, kunye nokubaluleka kwetrophic kwimeko yabo yabantu abadala, apho ngokusisiseko batya i-arthropods kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezingenamqolo. Iindidi ezininzi zezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini zisebenzisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezinetyhefu kakhulu eluswini lwazo njengendlela yokuzikhusela kumarhamncwa azo.
I-Evolution kunye nenkqubo
Apha ngezantsi kukho imiba emininzi enxulumene nendaleko eyavelisa ubukho be aizilwanyana ezihlala emanzini:
iitetrapods
I-tetrapods yokuqala yazalwa ukusuka kukhokho owawuqhelekileyo kubo kunye nentlanzi eyayine-lobe fins, ebizwa ngokuba yi-sarcopterygians, kodwa igcinwe i-gill kunye namaxolo, kodwa i-fins ikwazi ukuguquka ibe yimilenze ebanzi, ebanzi kunye nenani elikhulu lamaphiko. , esenokubonakala nanamhla kudidi lweAcanthostega ne-Ichthyostega, ezineminwe ephakathi kwesibhozo nesixhenxe.
Indaleko yavelisa utshintsho kubomi bezilwanyana, kwakunye nokulungelelana okwavumela ukuba ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ziqhubeke ziphila yaye kungekhona ezinye, iinguqulelo zaqhubeka zibakho ngokhetho lwendalo, enye yazo esinokuyikhankanya kukufika kolwimi olubonakalayo nolunexesha elide, ziziphi izilwanyana abazifundayo. ukubamba amaxhoba abo.
Olunye uhlengahlengiso olubangelwa ukulungelelaniswa kohlobo olutsha lobomi yayikukubonakala kwamadlala esikhumba akhupha ityhefu, eyadalwa njengendlela yokuzikhusela kumarhamncwa, uphuhliso lweenkophe ezihambahambayo, kunye nokudalwa kwamadlala okucoca, ukukhuselwa. kunye nokuthanjiswa kwamehlo kunye nezinye iindlela ezininzi.
Inkcazo ngezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini
Sisenokufumanisa ukuba kukho ingxoxo eninzi malunga nomxholo wenkcazo ye-amphibian. Isikhundla se-classic senkcazo ye-amphibian, namhlanje efanelekile njenge-paraphyletic, ithatha i-amphibians kuphela i-anamniotic tetrapods, oku kuthetha ukuba zezo ntlobo zeqanda alikhuselwanga yi-amnion okanye iqokobhe.
Ngokwendlela ye-cladistic, intsingiselo ye-amphibian ithintelwe kakhulu, kubandakanywa kweli qela kuphela iintlobo zezilwanyana zasemanzini zanamhlanje kunye nookhokho babo abasondeleyo, kunye ne-amniotes kunye nookhokho babo abasondeleyo.
Ngaloo ndlela, siya kufumanisa ukuba kukho ingcamango ebanzi yee-amphibians kunye nenye ethintelweyo. Kwi-cladogram elandelayo, esekwe kumthi wobomi, iikhonsepthi ezimbini ze-amphibian zinokufunyanwa, "ububanzi" kunye "nokuthintela":
Amphibia (paraphyletic)
Iqondwa njengengcamango ebanzi, ibandakanya iintlobo:
- elginerpeton
- i-metaxygnathus
- ukuthengisa
- Acanthostega
- ichthyostega
- IHynerpeton
- tulerpeton
- I-Crassigyrinus
- Baphetidae
- eColosteidae
- temnospondyli
- yintoni na
- Gephyrostegidae
- embolomeri
I-Amphibia ngengqiqo ethintelweyo
Ibandakanya kuphela ezi ntlobo zilandelayo:
- iaistopoda
- nectridea
- IMicrosauria
- I-Lysorophia
- ILissamphibia (izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini zanamhlanje)
- I-Amniota (izirhubuluzi, iintaka, izilwanyana ezanyisayo)
IiAmphibians zanamhlanje
Njengoko kulindelekile, izixhumanisi ze-phylogenetic ezinokuthi zifumaneke phakathi kwamaqela amathathu e-lissamphibians ziye zaba ngumxholo wengxoxo kunye neengxabano ngamashumi eminyaka. Uphando kwangethuba DNA mitochondrial kunye nenyukliya ribosomal DNA ulandelelwano waseka ikhonkco elisondeleyo phakathi salamanders kunye caecilians, le yokugqibela eyeqela ebizwa Procera.
Ngale ngxelo, isizathu seepateni zonikezelo kunye nerekhodi yefosili ye-lissamphibians yaqiniswa, ngenxa yokuba amasele anokufunyanwa phantse kuwo onke amazwekazi, ngelixa i-salamanders kunye ne-caecilians zinonikezelo oluthintelweyo kuphela. imbali yokwakheka komhlaba yayiyinxalenye yeLaurasia kunye neGondwana ngokulandelelanayo.
Iirekhodi ezininzi zakudala zefosili amasele kunye lissamphibians ziye yomhla ukuya Early Triassic, ezifumaneka eMadagascar kwaye iyahambelana uhlobo Triadobatrachus, ngelixa iirekhodi zakudala iifosili of salamanders kunye caecilians ziye yomhla kwixesha Jurassic.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeziphumo zezifundo zamva namva nje, apho ugcino-lwazi olubanzi kunye nolwazi luqinisekisiwe, zombini ukusuka kwinyukliya kunye nerejista yemfuza ye-mitochondrial, kunye nokudityaniswa kokubini, kuye kwaqinisekiswa ukuba amasele kunye ne-salamanders banodade wabo. amaqela, clade yabo ibizwa ngokuba Batrachia. Le nkcazo ixhaswe luphando malunga nokufana kwe-morphological, apho iisampuli zefosili zibandakanyiwe.
I-Hypothesis yokuqala malunga nemvelaphi yayo
Nangona kunjalo, imvelaphi yeqela ayikabonakali imfihlelo ecacileyo, kwaye iingcamango eziphathwayo namhlanje zahlulahlulwe kwiindidi ezi-3 eziphambili. Kweyokuqala, i-genus Lissamphibia ithathwa njengeqela le-monophyletic elinemvelaphi yayo kwi-temnospondyls, apho iqela lodade linokuba yi-genus Doleserpeton, kunye ne-Amphibamus, i-Branchiosauridae okanye i-subgroup yeqela lokugqibela.
Kamva uqikelelo
I-hypothesis yesibini iphinda iqale kwisiseko sokuba i-Lissamphibia liqela le-monophyletic, kodwa ukuba banemvelaphi yabo kwi-lepospondylos. Ingcinga yesithathu ibonisa umlinganiswa polyphyletic, nto leyo diphyletic kwaye kwezinye izifundo triphyletic, le lissamphibians, kunye nemvelaphi yabo ukusuka amasele kunye salamanders, ukuqala temnospondiles, kodwa ukuba caecilians, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha salamanders, babeza kuba nemvelaphi lepospondyles. .
eziphila emanzini namhlanje
Namhlanje zonke izilwanyana zasemanzini zibandakanyiwe kwiqela le-Lissamphibia, elenziwe yi-clades Gymnophiona, Caudata kunye ne-Anura, kwaye zisasazwa ngokweklasi yesakhiwo se-vertebral kunye neziphelo zazo.igama eliqhelekileyo le-caecilians okanye iziteketiso, benza iqela le ezona zilwanyana zinqabileyo, ezaziwayo nezingaqhelekanga zanamhlanje.
UCecilias kunye neeCaudates
IiCaecilians zizilwanyana ezigrumbayo ezingenamilenze, kodwa ezinomsila oqalayo kunye neentente ezinomsebenzi wokusezela. Ekuphela kwendawo ehlala kuyo yimimandla yetropiki enomswakama ophezulu. Kwelinye icala, i-caudate amphibians, eziyi-newts kunye ne-salamanders, inomsila kunye namalungu afanayo. Abantu abadala bayafana kakhulu ne tadpole, nangona behluke ngokuba endaweni yeegill, banemiphunga, kwaye banakho ukuzala nokuhlala ngaphandle kwendawo enamanzi.
Kuyinto engaqhelekanga kakhulu ukuba emanzini banokuhamba ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, ngenxa yeentshukumo ezisecaleni ezizenzayo ngomsila wazo, ngelixa emhlabeni zihamba ngokusebenzisa imilenze yazo emine ukuhamba.
iinurans
Ekugqibeleni, i-anurans, equka amaxoxo kunye namasele, inamalungu angalinganiyo ubude kwaye xa efika kwimeko yawo yabantu abadala, ayinasila, ebonisa, njengento yokulungelelanisa kwi-evolutionary jump, i-backbone. Ibizwa ngokuba yi-urostyle, ngelixa ikwinqanaba le-larval, ingaba nenqanaba leentlanzi.
Zidla ngokutya inyama, njengezilwanyana ezininzi ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini xa zikhulile, nangona kwinqanaba lemibungu yazo zizizilwanyana ezitya utyani. Ukutya kwabo kubandakanya i-arachnids, iintshulube, iinkumba, izinambuzane kunye nayo nayiphi na enye into ephilayo ekwaziyo ukuhamba kwaye ibe ncinane ngokwaneleyo ukuba iginywe ngokupheleleyo.
Umgudu wokwetyisa kubantu abadala umfutshane, nto leyo luphawu lwezilwanyana ezininzi ezitya inyama.Phantse zonke ezi zilwanyana zasemanzini zinendawo ezihlala kuyo kumadibi nasemifuleni, kodwa ezinye zikwazile ukuqhelana nobomi bamaarboreal kwaye ezinye zihlala entlango zibonisa umsebenzi kuphela ngexesha ixesha lemvula. Iintlobo ze-206 ze-caecilians ziyaziwa, ngelixa i-caudates kunye ne-anurans imelwe malunga ne-698 kunye neentlobo ze-6588, ngokulandelanayo.
I-Morphophysiology
Kweli candelo lenqaku siza kujongana nezona mpawu zikhethekileyo zezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini, njenge:
Ulusu
Isele elitolo olubomvu nolubhlowu (Oophaga pumilio) yi-amphibian enetyhefu ebonisa umbala olumkisayo. Ulusu lwamaqela amathathu aphambili ezilwanyana zasemanzini, eziyi-anurans, i-caudates kunye ne-gymnophians, zifana ngokwesakhiwo, kodwa ngokungafaniyo nezinye izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini, i-gymnophyans inezikali ze-dermal, iyakwazi ukungena emanzini, igudile, kwaye ezingenalo naluphi na uhlobo lwesihlomelo se- integumentary, njengeenwele okanye amaxolo), ngaphandle komda osele ulinganiselwe, kwaye iqulethe intlaninge enkulu yamadlala.
Imisebenzi yolusu
Olu lusu lweempawu zenza inani lemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kubomi babo, ngokubakhusela kwi-abrasion kunye ne-pathogenic agents, benza umsebenzi wokuphefumla ngolusu, ukufunxa nokukhupha amanzi, kunye nokusebenzisana ekutshintsheni umbala webala. ulusu ezinye iintlobo. Kukwabalulekile ekukhutshelweni kwezinto ngayo, kwaye, ekugqibeleni, zinceda ukulawula ubushushu bomzimba wezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini.
Ukongeza, ulusu lunokuzalisekisa umsebenzi osoloko ukhusela okanye ungathinteli kumarhamncwa, kuba unamadlala anetyhefu okanye unokuthatha umbala ovelisa izilumkiso kwiintshaba zawo.
Kulusu lwabo babonisa uphawu oluqhelekileyo lwezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni, ezibubukho bamaleko angaphandle anecornified. Ulusu lwezilwanyana ze-amphibian lunemigangatho emininzi kwaye luchithwa ngamaxesha, lufanayo, ngokubanzi, lufakwe kwisilwanyana, le nkqubo yokutshintsha kwesikhumba ilawulwa ngamadlala amabini, okuyi-pituitary kunye ne-thyroid.
Kukwayinto eqhelekileyo ukufumana ukutyeba kwendawo, njengoko kwenzeka kwimeko yee-anurans zohlobo lweBufo, olusebenze njengendlela yokuziqhelanisa nokuziqhelanisa nobomi basemhlabeni.
Amadlala esikhumbeni
Iingqungquthela ezifumaneka esikhumbeni, ziphuhliswe ngakumbi kunemeko yeentlanzi, kwaye kukho iindidi ezimbini: i-mucous kunye ne-poisonous glands. Amadlala e-mucous ayakwazi ukufihla i-mucus engenambala kunye neyolwelo enenjongo yokuthintela ukuchithwa kwayo kunye nokugcina i-ionic balance. Kwakhona kucingelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba le mfihlo ineempawu zefungicidal kunye ne-bactericidal.
Kwelinye icala, amadlala anetyhefu anenjongo yokuzikhusela ngokupheleleyo, njengempendulo yokukwazi ukuhlasela amarhamncwa awo, ekubeni evelisa izinto ezicaphukisayo kwezinye iimeko yaye kwezinye ziyityhefu.
Enye ingcaphephe yolusu lwezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini ngumbala wazo. Yimveliso yeeseli ezinemibala emithathu, ekwabizwa ngokuba ziichromatophores. Ezi maleko zintathu zeeseli ezihambelanayo ziqulethe, ngokolandelelwano, into ebizwa ngokuba yi-melanophores, ekweyona nxalenye inzulu yolusu.
Imibala
Zilandelwa zii-guanophores, ezenza umaleko ophakathi, oqulathe ukumila kweegranules ezithi, ngokwahlukana, zivelise umbala oluhlaza-luhlaza, kunye ne-lipophores, evelisa umbala omthubi kwaye ibekwe kowona maleko ungaphezulu. Ukutshintsha kombala onokuthi kubonwe kwiintlobo ezininzi ze-amphibian kubangelwa ukukhutshwa kwi-pituitary gland.
Ngokungafaniyo neentlanzi ezinamathambo, ii-amphibians azinalo ulawulo lwe-nervous ngqo kwiiseli ze-pigment kwaye, ngenxa yeso sizathu, utshintsho lwazo lombala lunokucotha kakhulu.
Umbala wezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini eziphila phantsi komhlaba eziwuthathayo uqhelekile ukufihlakala, nto leyo ethetha ukuba injongo yazo kukufihla i-amphibians kunye neendawo eziyingqongileyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i shades ezahlukeneyo oluhlaza predominate, nangona iintlobo ezininzi iipateni umbala evumela i-amphibian ukuba ibonakale ngokupheleleyo, njengoko kunjalo ngesalamande umlilo okanye Salamandra salamandra okanye kwenzeka ntoni kunye arrowhead amasele (Dendrobatidae).
Le mibala ihlabayo inxulunyaniswa, rhoqo, kunye nophuhliso olumangalisayo lwamadlala anetyhefu yeparatoid kwaye, ngenxa yoko, idala i-aposematic coloration, okanye isilumkiso sengozi, eyenza kube lula ukuba bachongwe ngokukhawuleza ngamarhamncwa abo anokwenzeka.
Iindidi ezininzi zamasele xa etsiba ngokukhawuleza abonisa amabala anemibala eqaqambileyo kumalungu awo angasemva, anomsebenzi wokumangalisa nowothusa amarhamncwa awo. Kwakhona, njengoko sele sibonisile, ulusu lwama-amphibians lunomsebenzi wokukhusela kwimiphumo enokuthi ibangele ukukhanya okanye, kwimeko yemibala emnyama, iququzelela ukufunxa nokugcinwa kobushushu obuthathayo kwindalo.
Umnxeba
Amathambo ezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini anokohlulwa kwaye achazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Cintura
Into esinokuyibiza ngokuba ngumbhinqo wamagxa eeklasi zokuqala zezilwanyana ezihlala emhlabeni nasemanzini yayiphantse ifane neyookhokho bazo, i-osteolepiforms, ngaphandle kobukho bethambo elitsha ledermal, i-interclavicular, engasekhoyo kwii-amphibians zanamhlanje.
Le bhanti yegxalaba yayinemiba emibini ehlukeneyo, ngakwesinye icala, izinto eziphuma kwi-endochondral ye-precursor ancestor fin eyayiyi-pisciform kwaye yayinomsebenzi wokubonelela ngomphezulu wokuchazwa kwesigxina; kwelinye icala, ikhonkco lamathambo emvelaphi yedermal, esinokuyibiza ngokuba ngamaxolo esikhumba kwaye aye angena ngaphakathi emzimbeni.
Ngokuphathelele umbhinqo we-pelvic, siya kufumanisa ukuba ugqitywe ngakumbi. Kuzo zonke ii-tetrapods zenziwe ngamathambo amathathu aphambili, ayi-ilium, ephantsi kunye ne-ventral, i-pubis, engaphambili, kunye ne-ischium, engasemva. Apho la mathambo mathathu adibana khona, iifom ze-acetabulum, apho intloko ye-femur ichaza khona.
Isiphelo
I-Anurans kunye ne-urodeles, njengomgaqo jikelele, zinemilenze emine, kodwa i-caecilians ayinayo. Kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo ze-anurans, amalungu azo angasemva asoluliwe, nto leyo eyenza inguquko eguquguqukayo ukuze ikwazi ukutsiba nokuqubha.
Ukubekwa kwamathambo kunye nezihlunu ezifumaneka kwimilenze yangaphambili kunye nemilenze yangaphambili ye-tetrapods ihambelana ngokumangalisayo, njengoko kusetyenziswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezibekwe kuzo. umphambili okanye umphetho ongasemva, ingqiniba okanye idolo, kunye nesihlahla okanye iqatha.
Amalungu kwi-tetrapods luhlobo lwe-chiridium. Kuzo siya kufumana ithambo elide le-basal, elinokuthi lisebenze njenge-humerus okanye i-femur kwaye lichaze ekupheleni kwayo amathambo amabini, anokuba yi-radius kunye ne-tibia ene-ulna, okanye i-ulna okanye i-fibula ene-fibula.
La mathambo adibanisa isihlahla okanye iqatha kunye necarpus okanye itarsus, ngokulandelanayo, ethi, xa iphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo, ibe yimiqolo emithathu ye-ossicles, kunye nemithathu kumqolo osondeleyo, omnye phakathi, kunye nemihlanu kwi-distal. Ngamnye wokugqibela ubambe umnwe, owenziwe ngama-phalanges amaninzi.
Inkqubo yokwetyisa
Umlomo wezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini ufikelela kumlinganiselo omkhulu, kwaye kwezinye iintlobo zinikezelwa ngamazinyo amancinci kakhulu kwaye abuthathaka. Ulwimi lwayo lunenyama kwaye kwezinye iindidi ibotshelelwa ngaphambili kwaye ikhululwe ngasemva, ukuze ikwazi ukuvela ngaphandle, ukuze isetyenziswe ukubamba ixhoba. Uphawu lwee-amphibians kukuba zizilwanyana ezidlayo, kuba zidla ngokungenisa ixhoba lazo lonke kwindlela yokwetyisa, ngaphandle kokulisika libe ngamaqhekeza.
Ilungu abakhupha ngalo inkunkuma emzimbeni wabo libizwa ngokuba yi-cloaca. Ingumngxuma apho i-digestive, umchamo kunye neenkqubo zokuzala zifunyanwa kwaye ezinomngxuma omnye wokuphuma ngaphandle; eli lungu linokufumaneka kwezinye iintaka kunye nezirhubuluzi.
Izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini zineempumlo ezimbini ezinxibelelana nomlomo kwaye zibonelelwa ngeevalvu ezithintela ukungena kwamanzi, apho ziqhuba khona ukuphefumla kwemiphunga.
Inkqubo yokujikeleza
Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, i-amphibians ifumana i-metamorphosis ngexesha lobomi babo, kuba ekuqaleni banefom ye-larval, efana nentlanzi kwiimeko ezininzi, kodwa xa ifika kwimeko yabo yabantu abadala, isilwanyana esahluke ngokupheleleyo, kwaye oku kwakhona. kubonakala kwinkqubo yakho yokujikeleza kwegazi.
Ukuba yimibungu, izilwanyana ze-amphibian zijikeleza ngokufana nentlanzi, imithambo emine iphuma kwi-aorta ye-ventral, emithathu eya kwi-gill, ngelixa isine sidibanisa nemiphunga, engaphuhliswanga, ngoko ihambisa igazi eliphelile i-oxygen.
Kodwa xa bekwimeko yabo yabantu abadala, izilwanyana ze-amphibian, ngokukodwa i-anurans, ziyeke ukusebenzisa iigill zazo kwaye ziphuhlise imiphunga yazo, ngoko ukujikeleza kuphindwe kabini, kuba ukujikeleza okuncinci kubonakala, kongezwe kwinkulu esele ikhona. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba banentliziyo ene-tricameral, eyenziwe yi-ventricle kunye ne-atria ezimbini.
Ukujikeleza okukhulu kwenza intshukumo jikelele emzimbeni, kodwa omncinci uya kuphela emiphungeni kwaye ngendlela engaphelelanga, kuba igazi lixuba kwi-ventricle, kwaye xa uhamba ngomzimba kuphela i-oxygen. Lo mxube wegazi le-venous kunye ne-arterial blood, xa uphuma entliziyweni, uhlelwa kusetyenziswa ivalve ejikelezayo ebizwa ngokuba yivalve ye-sigmoid, kwaye inoxanduva lokuthwala igazi eline-oksijini liyise kumalungu kunye nezicubu kunye negazi elingenayo umoya-mpilo liyise emiphungeni. Indlela esebenza ngayo le valve ayikaziwa.
Ukuzala, uPhuhliso kunye nokutyisa
Izilwanyana zase-Amphibian ziyi-dioecious, oku kuthetha ukuba zinezini ezahlukeneyo, kwaye i-dimorphism yesini ephawulweyo inokubonwa kwiintlobo ezininzi. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo, ukuchumisa kunokuba ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle, kwaye inani elikhulu li-oviparous.Ukubekwa, ngenxa yokuba amaqanda awakhuselwanga kwi-desiccation, ngokuqhelekileyo kwenziwa emanzini ahlambulukileyo kwaye ahlanganiswe nenani elikhulu lamaqanda amancinci adityaniswe yi. into gelatinous.
Lo bunzima be-gelatinous obudibanisa amaqanda, emva koko, buya kugutyungelwa yi-membrane enye okanye ngaphezulu ezikhuselayo ekubetheni, izilwanyana ze-pathogenic kunye nezilwanyana ezidliwayo.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbalwa kakhulu ezibonelela ngenkathalo yabazali kumantshontsho azo. Phakathi kweemeko apho kukho isicwangciso sokuvelisa i-Surinam toad (i-Pipa pipa), i-frog yaseDarwin (i-Rhinoderma darwinii) okanye iindidi ze-genus Rheobatrachus.
I-embryos ine-holoblastic segmentation engalinganiyo, ngaphandle kwe-extra-embryonic membranes, ukusuka emaqanda ukuqandusela incinci kwinqanaba le-larval, kwiimeko ezininzi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-tadpoles. Imibungu ye-amphibian ihlala emanzini amatsha, ngelixa xa sele ikhulile, ihlala iphila ubomi obuphakathi komhlaba, nangona ihlala ikwindawo ezifumileyo.
I-metamorphosis yezilwanyana ze-amphibian zizaliseka ngale ndlela ilandelayo: njengoko zikhula, imibungu ilahlekelwa yimisila ngokuqhubekayo, imveliso ye-autolysis yeselula, ide ifumane ukumila kwesilwanyana esisemhlabeni kunye ne-semi-aquatic esiyiyo. Kwiintlobo ezininzi, abantu abadala bagcina imikhwa yasemanzini kunye nokuqubha.
Umnqa wobomi
I-larvae yezilwanyana ze-amphibian zihamba ngezigaba ezintathu zophuhliso, eyokuqala i-pre-metamorphic, apho ukukhula kuveliswa ngokukhuthazwa kwemilinganiselo ephezulu yeprolactin eveliswa yi-adenohypophysis. kwaye iphetha ngesigaba sesithathu, apho i-metamorphic zenith iyenzeka ephela ngokuguqulwa kombungu kwisilwanyana esincinci.
Ukutyiswa kwezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini nako kuphinda kubekho utshintsho, kuba idla utyani kwisigaba sombungu, ukuze isekelwe kwi-arthropods kunye neentshulube xa sele zikwisigaba sazo sabantu abadala. Umthombo oyintloko wokutya kubantu abadala ngamabhungane, ama-butterfly caterpillars, i-earthworms kunye ne-arachnids, phakathi kwabanye.
Ulondolozo
Ukusukela ngo-1911 kube nokwenzeka ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba kukho ukuhla okumandla kwi-amphibians kumhlaba wonke jikelele. Kuye kwaqinisekiswa ukuba ukuwohloka kwabantu bezilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemanzini kunye nokutshabalala kobuninzi kwenzeke kwezinye iindawo.
Izizathu zolu kuncipha kwabemi ziyahluka, ezifana nokutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yabo yokuhlala, iintlobo ezifakiweyo, utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nezifo ezikhulayo. Ezinye zazo azizange zibe yinto yochungechunge lophando, ukuze ukwazi ukwazi ngokuthe ngqo iziphumo eziye zavelisa, yingakho izazinzulu ezivela kwihlabathi lonke zihamba ngaloo ndlela ngalo mzuzu uchanekileyo.
Ama-85% ee-amphibians ezili-100 ezisengozini yokutshabalala azifumani ngqalelo kunye nokhuseleko oluncinane kakhulu. Phakathi kwezilwanyana ezilishumi ezisengozini yokuphela ehlabathini, kuwo onke amaqela, ezithathu zizilwanyana ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini; kwaye phakathi kwekhulu lezona zisengozini, kukho amashumi amathathu anesithathu ezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini, kwaye ngale ndlela, ukugqiba, sikunika uluhlu lwazo, kunye noluhlu lwazo lomngcipheko wokunyamalala:
- UAndrias davidianus ("insali yamaTshayina enkulu")
- Boulengerula niedeni ("cecilia Sagalla")
- Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ("isele elimfusa")
- UHeleophryne hewitti kunye noHeleophryne rosei ("amasele esiporho")
- Proteus anguinus ("olm")
- Parvimolge townsendi, Chiropterotriton lavae, Chiropterotriton magnipes kunye Chiropterotriton mosaueri kunye 16 nezinye iintlobo Mexican salamanders lungless
- Scaphiophryne gottlebei ("isele laseMalagasy rainbow")
- Rhinoderma rufum ("Darwin's Chile frog")
- I-Alytes dickhillen ("i-Betic midwife toad")
- Sechellophryne gardineri, Sooglossus pipilodryas, Sooglossus sechellensis kunye neSooglossus thomasseti ("amasele aseSeychelles")
Ukuba usithandile esi sihloko, sincoma la manqaku anomdla: