Impucuko yaseMesopotamiya: imvelaphi, izinto ezinomdla kunye neenkcubeko

impucuko yaseMesopotamiya

Impucuko yaseMesopotamiya yavela phakathi komlambo iTrigris neEuphrates, amanzi awo ayeyindlela yokunkcenkceshela amasimi. Yimimandla esinokuyifumana ngoku kwimephu ekuMbindi Mpuma. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, baye babona indlela impucuko emitsha eye yavela ngayo ukuze kuphuhliswe uluntu. Le nkcubeko yayingamanduleli amaqhinga afana nekhuba, babezazi iindlela ezineemoto ezinamavili amane kunye nesikhephe seseyile.

Igama laseMesopotamiya liguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo zamandulo ezazikho ngelo xesha kwaye lithetha, phakathi kwemilambo emibini. Oku kungenxa yemeko yejografi apho bebekuyo. Ngaba awuyazi yonke imbali emva kwempucuko yaseMesopotamiya? Musa ukulinda okwesibini ixesha elide kwaye ungene kweli hlabathi litsha.

Iinyani zembali malunga nempucuko yaseMesopotamiya

imephu yempucuko ye-mesopotamian

Impucuko yaseMesopotamiya ivela malunga ne-4000 BC inkulungwane kwaye kuyo, iindawo zokuhlala zokuqala ezisisigxina ziyaphuhliswa. Yayimi kwindawo umhlaba wayo uchume kakhulu phakathi kwemilambo emibini, uMlambo iTigris noMlambo umEfrate, into esiyaziyo namhlanje kwimephu njengommandla wase-Iraq. Igama lalo mmandla livela kule ndawo bahlala kuyo njengoko besitshilo ekuqaleni, ukuba phakathi kwamanzi amabini, igama leMesopotamiya lichazwa "njengomhlaba ophakathi kwemilambo".

I-Egypt neGrisi yayiziimpucuko ezimbini eziye zanenkqubela efanayo, oko kukuthi, ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye ngendlela ekwanti kunezinye. Impucuko yaseMesopotamiya yayiphawulwe ngokubamba ubukhosi obahlukeneyo kunye neenkcubeko ezaziqhuba ngokudibeneyo.Ngenxa yoko, iMesopotamiya igqalwa njengesiqalo sempucuko.

Kwakukho ezine, iinkcubeko eziphambili eziye zagqama kweli nqanaba lembali, impucuko yaseSumeri, i-Akkadian, iAsiriya kunye neBhabhiloni.. Banoxanduva lokuyilwa kweendlela ezintsha zolimo ukuze basebenzise ithuba lezikhukula ezithwaxwa yimilambo ngamaxesha emvula eninzi, nto leyo eyabanceda ukuba benze izixeko ezinenani elikhulu labemi.

Impucuko yaseMesopotamiya: imvelaphi

Ukuba sigxininisa kwimvelaphi yempucuko esithetha ngayo kule mpapasho, kufuneka sibuyele kwinqanaba lembali ye-prehistory, ekupheleni kwexesha le-Neolithic. Eli nqanaba libonakaliswe yindlela yokuphila uhlobo lwabantu ababenalo, kumaqela amancinci kwaye bazinikele ngokukodwa ekuzingeleni okanye ekuqokeleleni ukutya.

Impucuko yayisazi ukuba ingathatha njani ithuba lendawo yayo phakathi kwemilambo emibini ukuze isebenzise loo manzi njengokutya kwamasimi ayo., ngoko ezolimo zazikhula yaye kwenzeka okufanayo nakwimfuyo, ikwazi ukuvelisa ukutya kwabantu nezilwanyana.

Ixesha elidlulele, Impucuko yaseMesopotamiya yavela yaza yaqalisa ukwenza abantu bokuqala ukuhlala. Esi siganeko saphawula ngaphambi nasemva kwabo kunye nembali, eyaphuhliswa kwimephu yonke de yafikelela kwihlabathi langoku.

Imilambo emikhulu yempucuko yaseMesopotamiya

Njengoko besihlomla, Eyona milambo iphambili eyayikhukulisa amasimi okulinywa kwale mpucuko yayimibini, uMlambo iTigris nomEfrate.. Ngombulelo kubo, abantu baseMesopotamiya baphumelela.

  • Umlambo iTigris: Inobude obuziikhilomitha ezili-1850 zizonke. Olunye lweempawu zalo mlambo kukuthambeka kwawo okukhulu, ukusuka kwindawo ozalelwe kuyo ukuya emlonyeni unokwehla okuyi-1150 m.
  • umlambo umEfrate: ulwandiso lulonke lwe-2800 km lulo mlambo unalo. Inokwehla okungaphezulu kwe-4 lamawaka eemitha, kodwa ihamba ngendlela egudileyo kubo bonke ubude bayo. Eminye yemimandla yayo efana neTaurus, iBalih kunye neHabur inqumla oko ingummandla wamandulo owawuhlala yimpucuko yaseMesopotamiya.

Yomibini le milambo ngexesha leMesopotamiya yayisoloko inezikhukula, nto leyo eyanceda ukuchumisa umhlaba olinywayo wempucuko.

Iimpawu eziphambili zempucuko yaseMesopotamiya

IMesopotamiya

history.nationalgeographic.com.es

Impucuko yaseMesopotamiya yayinothotho lweempawu ekwakunokuthiwa zazimelwa ngazo, Yehova, siya kukutyhilela zona.

  • Las imisebenzi yezolimo nemfuyo ibiyeyona iphambili kwaye, ukuqokelela ukutya nokuzingela kwakushiywe ngasemva
  • Isakhiwo sentlalo esasidaliwe sasinabantu abaninzi kwaye sasi ziququzelelwe ziintsapho kananjalo nahlulwahlulwa ngabasebenzi
  • Las iinkcubeko zale mpucuko bawela nabanye kufutshane njengoko babenjalo, iYiputa okanye intlambo ye-Indus
  • La iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kuyo: AmaSumeri, amaArcadians, ama-Asiriya namaBhabhiloni
  • Se ulwazi oluphuhlileyo malunga nezibalo, i-astronomy kunye noyilo lwezakhiwo. Kuvela inkqubo yokuqala yokubhala ngoonobumba abatsobhileyo
  • Benza enye ye amaxwebhu okuqala asemthethweni abhalwe ngemithetho ematyeni namacwecwe ezinto zodongwe, oku kwenzeka ngexesha lokuhlala kwamaBhabhiloni
  • Unqulo lwangoku lwalukholelwa kuthixo omkhulu, kwakunqulwa oothixo abahlukahlukeneyo, ngamnye enetempile nezithethe ezithile zonqulo

Igalelo elashiywa yimpucuko yaseMesopotamiya

Asiyi kukuchazela kuphela ukuba yintoni impucuko yaseMesopotamiya kunye neempawu zayo eziphambili, kodwa kwakhona Siza kukukhapha ukuze ufumanise ukuba ngawaphi amagalelo aphambili ale mpucuko.

  • Inkqubo yokubhala: iimpawu zokuqala zokubhala zifunyenwe, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zidlulileyo inkqubo yaseYiputa ye-hieroglyphs. Lo mbhalo wawubizwa ngokuba ngoonobumba abatsobhileyo ngenxa yendlela emile ngayo.
  • ikhalenda: ikhalenda yaseMesopotamiya eyayimele amaxesha onyaka amabini elo xesha; ehlotyeni nasebusika.
  • ikhowudi yomthetho: imithetho ngolwimi lwamaSemite eyayibhalwe etyeni okanye kumacwecwe odongwe. Kuzo, izichasiselo zezohlwayo zabaphuli-mthetho zihlala zisekelwe kwiklasi yabo yentlalontle.
  • Ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi: Iinkcukacha eziye zafunyanwa kuyo yonke imbali zibonisa ukuba yayiyimpucuko eyayikholelwa kwisixokelelwano sezijikelezi-langa yaye, ukongezelela, isijikelezi-langa somhlaba sasijikeleza kwenye esikhanyayo.

Iinkcubeko zaseMesopotamiya

Umfanekiso wempucuko yaseMesopotamiya

Culturecientifica.com

Ummandla waseMesopotamiya wahlulwa waba ngabantu abahlukeneyo; emantla yayingama-Asiriya yaye emazantsi yayingamaBhabhiloni. Eyokugqibela yayigubungela imimandla emibini engakumbi, engasentla yayiyiAcadia ize engezantsi ibe yiSumeria. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, izithethe zaseMesopotamiya zazingafani yaye zazikwazi ukwahlula enye kwenye kungekuphela nje ngenxa yemvelaphi yazo kodwa nangenxa yendlela yokuphila eyayiphilwa ngumntu ngamnye. Lixesha lokufumanisa ukuba zeziphi iinkcubeko eziphambili zaseMesopotamiya zazisekwe kuyo.

AmaSumeriya

Sithetha ngempucuko yokuqala kwingingqi yaseMesopotamiya, baseka izixeko zokuqala ezifana ne-Uma, i-Ur, i-Eridu ne-Ea. Nangona unokumangaliswa kukufunda oku, ngeli nqanaba lembali sele unombono wokuba uRhulumente wayethetha ntoni kungekuphela nje njengemodeli yentlalontle kodwa nanjengezopolitiko. Kufuneka kuthiwe yayiyindlela endala yokuqonda, kodwa kuyo kwalawula umzobo ogama lakhe laliphelele phezu kwabantu.

Iipictograms zokuqala zisukela kweli nqanaba, nto leyo eya kuthetha imvelaphi yokubhala. Ubuchule ababusebenzisayo yayikukwabela igama kumzobo. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezibalulekileyo njengeetempile okanye iindonga, kwakuyimfuneko ekuphuhliseni nasekukhuseleni izixeko.

ama-akadians

Njengoko bekusoloko kusenzeka kwimbali, iziganeko ezinganqwenelekiyo njengohlaselo lwenzeka. Abantu abahlukahlukeneyo abahambahambayo; AmaSiriya, amaHebhere nama-Arabhu ahlasela imimandla esele iphuhliswe yinkcubeko yamaSumeri. Esi siganeko simalunga ne-2500 yenkulungwane ye-BC

Impucuko yaseAkkadi yayilelona qela libalulekileyo kummandla waseMesopotamiya ngenxa kaKumkani uSargon. Lo mfanekiso ngulowo waseka ikomkhulu laseAgade xa ubukhosi baseLugalzagesi boyiswa. Ngexesha elithile kamva, lo kumkani kwafuneka abhekane neengxabano ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yomzabalazo wamandla, into eyabangela ukuwa kobukumkani base-Akkadian ngo-2200 BC.

Ama-Asiriya namaBhabhiloni

Kwakukho ukubuyiselwa okufutshane ngamaSumer, kumazwe awayethathwe kuwo ama-Akkadi. Ubukhosi baseBhabhiloni neAsiriya babuphakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo nezinempembelelo kummandla waseMesopotamiya. Ngombulelo kubo, kwadalwa imodeli entsha yobukumkani obumanyeneyo obuthatyathwe ngabanye ookumkani banamhlanje eNtshona Yurophu.

Phantsi kwamandla kaHammurabi, umzabalazo wokufikelela ukwandiswa kommandla kunye nolawulo lwenkcubeko waqalisa, ngaloo ndlela wenza iBhabhiloni yaba likomkhulu. Ngeli nqanaba, imithetho yokuqala kwinkqubo yokulawula ephumelelayo yabhalwa, oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ubukhosi bune-domain eninzi kwaye kufuneka ilawulwe.

Ngeli xesha ukubaluleka kobu bukhosi kuyacaca kwaye oku kungenxa yezenzo ezinkulu zomkhosi apho abantu babephantsi kolawulo. Babebonakala ngokungakhathali, ngokungavumeli nantoni na okanye nabani na ukuba aboyise, batshabalalisa yonke into ababeyibona baza bamisela imithetho nenkcubeko yabo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le nkcubeko yazisa iindlela ezintsha zokunkcenkceshela, ukongeza kwilifa lenkcubeko elibalulekileyo eliye lasinda ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

Ucinga ntoni ngayo yonke into esikufundise yona ngale mpucuko? Ngaba uyifumene inomdla kwaye ufunde into entsha? Siye sakunceda ukuba uqonde ngokunzulu ukuba yintoni impucuko yaseMesopotamiya, apho sinokuyifumana khona kwimephu, isizathu sokuba ibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali kunye neziphi iinkcubeko ezazihlala kuzo. Njengoko besinixelele, sinethemba lokuba le mpapasho ibibangel’ umdla kuwe, yaye ukususela ngoku ukuba ubani ukubuza ngalo mbandela, uya kukwazi ukucacisa izinto ezibangel’ umdla njengale sikucacisele yona namhlanje.


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