iiseli zeprokaryotic kunye ne-eukaryotic

Ukuthanjiswa kwegazi. Iseli ye-eukaryotic kunye neprokaryotic

Ubusazi na ukuba zonke iiseli namhlanje zavela kwiseli eqhelekileyo? Ihlabathi elimangalisayo leeseli, eliphononongwa licandelo elithile lenzululwazi, i-cell biology, lisenza ukuba siziqonde ngcono iimpawu zeyunithi esisiseko yobomi: iseli.

Ngoncedo lwe-microscopy, kunokwenzeka ukuchaza imbonakalo eguquguqukayo kunye nomsebenzi weeseli, kunye nokuqonda iimpawu zabo ezisisiseko, ukuvumela izazinzulu ukuba zihlukanise phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zeeseli: prokaryotes kunye eukaryotes. Apha siza kukuxelela umahluko phakathi kweeseli ze-eukaryotic kunye neprokaryotic, kunye nencinci malunga nehlabathi leeseli.

Intshayelelo: umahluko phakathi kweeseli ze-eukaryotic kunye neprokaryotic

Iseli ye-eukaryotic kunye neprokaryotic

Umahluko ophambili phakathi kweeseli ze-eukaryotic kunye neprokaryotic zixhomekeke kwiiseli zabo ubungakanani kunye ubukho okanye ukungabikho organelles ezithile kunye nezakhiwo zeselula.

  • Ngokubanzi, sinokumisela oko iiseli ze-eukaryotic zinkulu (ngaphezulu kwe-10 yeemicrometer) kwaye intsonkothe ​​ngakumbi kuneeseli zeprokaryotic, ezingaphantsi kwe-10 micrometers ngobukhulu kunye nesakhiwo esilula.
  • El eyona nto iphambili, kulapho i ADN oko kuchaza iseli. Ifumaneka kuphela kwiiseli ze-eukaryotic, njenge-cytoskeleton kunye nezinye ii-organelles ezifana ne-mitochondria, i-chloroplasts, kunye ne-vacuoles.
  • Kwelinye icala, indlela yobomi eziphilayo ezizimeleyo ze-unicellular luphawu lwe iiseli zeprokaryotic. Ngexesha kwi iiseli ze-eukaryotic ezinye zi-unicellular phila ngokukhululekileyo kwaye abanye banjalo izinto eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo ezininzi.
  • Enye inkalo yomahluko phakathi kwezi seli yi ukuzala. Iiseli zeProkaryotic zihlala zivelisa ngokungafaniyo, ngelixa kwi-eukaryotes kukho iindidi ezimbini zeenkqubo zokuzala kweeseli: i-asexual kunye nesondo.

Ukufana phakathi kweEukaryotic kunye neeSeli zeProkaryotic

Ukongeza kwiiyantlukwano ezibonwe kwinqaku elidlulileyo, kukho ukufana phakathi kweeseli ze-eukaryotic kunye neeseli zeprokaryotic esiza kuzikhankanya ngezantsi:

  • Zombini iiseli ze-eukaryotic kunye neeseli zeprokaryotic zizinto ezisisiseko nezisisiseko sobomi eMhlabeni. Ngenxa yale nyaniso, nganye yezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo ze-unicellular kunye ne-multicellular ziye zakwazi ukuvela kwaye zenze ikoloni kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala eMhlabeni.
  • Ezi ndidi zimbini zeeseli ziphawulwa nge Ulwakhiwo oludalwe yinwebu engaphakathi kuyo iDNA okanye ulwazi lwemfuza. Kwaye iindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-enzymatic ezivumela ukuba zenze imisebenzi yazo ebalulekileyo: ukondla, ukukhula kunye nokuzala.
  • Iiseli ze-Eukaryotic kunye neprokaryotic, ukuze ziphile kwaye zivele, Bahlala beguqula amandla ukusuka kwelinye uhlobo ukuya kwelinye. Ukongeza ekugcineni ubudlelwane obuqhubekayo kunye nomphandle wabo ekuphenduleni ulwazi olwahlukileyo lwekhemikhali-yebhayoloji abalufumana kwindawo yabo.

Yintoni iseli yeprokaryotic?

Igama layo lithatyathwe kwigama lesiGrike "pro", elithetha "ngaphambili", libhekisa kubukho bayo ngaphambi kokuvela kwezinye iindidi zeeseli ze-eukaryotic. Ukuba sijonga kwimbali yokuzivelela kwezinto eziphilayo, iiseli zeprokaryotic zezona iiseli ezahlukeneyo kwaye zilula kwaye zindala.

Iiseli ezahlukeneyo zeprokaryotic ezihlala phantse kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala eMhlabeni zezobukumkani be IMonera, eziziibhaktheriya (eubacteria) kunye ne-archaea (izaphetha).

Iimpawu zeseli yeprokaryotic

Ukuze ubone ngaphakathi iiseli zeprokaryotic kufuneka uyenze nge ngemicroscope elektroniki, kuba yeyona inesona sigqibo siphezulu. Iiseli zeProkaryotic zinesakhiwo esilula kunye nesincinci. Ngaphakathi kwiseli yeprokaryotic isekwe koku:

  • Ulwelo lwePlasma. Njengazo zonke iiseli, ijikelezwe yinwebu. Iqulethe imigobe ebizwa ngokuba yilamellae. Esi sakhiwo sinika iseli amandla aphezulu okutshintshiselana ngezinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ngazo.
  • imizosomes. Ukuhlaselwa kwi-membrane ye-plasma, ehambelana nokuhlukana kweeseli.
  • Udonga lweseli. Yeyona maleko engaphandle yeseli, kwaye inika ukhuseleko.
  • Cytoplasm. Le yimeko yangaphakathi kwiseli. Inendalo enamanzi-viscous. Kulapho i-organelles kunye neemolekyuli zeekhemikhali zeseli zikhoyo.
  • i-nucleoid. Eyona ndawo ixineneyo ye-cytoplasm apho i-DNA yeselula, okanye imathiriyeli yemfuza, ifunyanwa. Ngokungafaniyo neeseli ze-eukaryotic, i-DNA apha ayihlukanga kwezinye iindawo zeseli.
  • IiRibosomes. Ezi zakhiwo zinomsebenzi wokwenza iimolekyuli ezifana neeprotheni. Ziyakwazi ukukhululeka kwi-cytoplasm, okanye ukwenza amaqela (polyribosomes).
  • I-Cilia, i-flagella okanye i-fibrils. Ziyizakhiwo zangaphandle zeseli, ezivumela ukuba zihambe.

Su Imilo Iyaguquguquka (i-spherical, spiral okanye intonga, njl.). Kwaye uhlobo lokuzala kwabo iziqhelo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba bahlukane ngokukhawuleza.

Yintoni iseli ye-eukaryotic?

Iseli ye-Eukaryotic kunye neprokaryotic: iseli yezilwanyana kunye nesityalo se-eukaryotic

Intsingiselo ye-eukaryote ivela kwisiGrike, apho "I-EU" lithetha "inyani" kwaye "karyon" lithetha "undoqo". Ngale ndlela, uphawu oluphambili oluchaza a iseli ye-eukaryotic yiyo ubukho benucleus yokwenyani kwisakhiwo sayo seselula, esichaza kwaye sigcine i-DNA yeseli ilungelelanisiwe. Ukongeza ekubeni zikhulu, zinzima ngakumbi kwi-morphology kunye nomsebenzi wazo.

Iimpawu zeseli ye-eukaryotic

Iimpawu zeeseli ze-eukaryotic sifumanisa ukuba zinenkqubo ebanzi kunye neyinkimbinkimbi ye-organelles. Ezinye i-organelles zikhethekileyo kwiiseli zezilwanyana okanye zezityalo, kwaye ezinye ziqhelekileyo kuzo zombini.. Okulandelayo, siza kukhankanya ezona ziphambili:

  • Ulwelo lwePlasma. Umda wangaphandle weseli. Umsebenzi wayo kukutshintshiselana kweeamolekyu kunye neekhemikhali phakathi komphandle nangaphakathi kwiseli. Yenziwe ngoluhlu oluphindwe kabini lwe-phospholipids kunye neeprotheni. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zeeprotheni ze-membrane:
    Iiprotheyini zeTransmembrane: ukunqumla i-lipid bilayer ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye. Zinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, umzekelo, ukuthuthwa kwezinto kunye neemolekyuli ezivela ngaphandle kweseli.
    -Iiprotheyini ezijikelezayo: banxibelelana kuphela necala elingaphakathi okanye elingaphandle leseli.
  • I-nucleus yeseli. Kulapho i-DNA okanye imathiriyeli yemfuza yeseli ifunyanwa khona. Yahlulwe kwi-cytoplasm yinwebu yenyukliya, oku kuphindwe kabini.
  • Inwebu yenyukliya. Sisakhiwo esahlula i-nucleus yeseli kuyo yonke i-cytoplasm. Inemingxuma ebizwa ngokuba yi-nuclear pores, evumela ukutshintshiselana kweemolekyuli.
  • i-nucleolus. Yeyona ndawo ingaphakathi kwinucleus. Inoxanduva lokwenziwa kwamacandelo enza i-ribosomes.

Iichromosomes, zithini?

ikromosome

Zifumaneka ngaphakathi kwinucleus, kunye ne-skunye neeyunithi ezenza i-DNA. Embindini zijijelwe i histones (iiprotheni) kunye ne ADN ngokwenza njalo ukwenza i ichromatin.

Ngexesha elininzi lomjikelo wobomi beseli, ichromatin ikwimo yokulala. Kodwa ngaxa lithile, iqala ukujijeka kunye ne-compact. I-DNA izisonga yona kunye neeproteni kaninzi kangangokuba ibonakala ngathi yinto eqinileyo. Kufana nokuthatha imitha yocingo kwaye uqale ukuyisonga ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Bagqiba ngebhola encinci, ebambene kakhulu. Kule meko intsha i-compact, ichromatin iphinda ilungelelanise ibe yimizimba emininzi edibeneyo ebizwa iichromosomes.

Ke ngoko, yenziwe yiDNA, ziqulathe ulwazi lwemfuzo. Umzekelo, kwenye yeechromosomes uya kufumana ulwazi malunga nombala weenwele, kwenye inokuba lulwazi malunga nobude bomzimba, njalo njalo.

Into ephilayo nganye iqulethe ulwazi olwahlukileyo lwemfuza, kwaye inani leechromosomes liya kuba yinto eqhelekileyo kuhlobo oluthile.. Ebantwini, iseli nganye emzimbeni wethu ineechromosome ezingama-46. Izalamane ezisondeleyo zeetshimpanzi zineechromosome ezingama-48 kwiiseli zazo. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba kwiiseli ze-eukaryotic, inani le-chromosomes lihlala lilingana. Kukho iiseti ezimbini ezifanayo zeechromosomes, kwaye iichromosomes ezinobukhulu obufanayo, imilo, kunye nolwazi lwemfuzo zihlanganiswe zibe ngazibini ezibizwa ngokuba izibini zeekhromozomi ezilinganayo okanye izibini ezilinganayo.

Ezinye ii-organelles eziboshwe kwi-membrane zeeseli ze-eukaryotic

La inwebu yangaphakathi Iiseli ze-eukaryotic zimisela iindawo ezahlukeneyo apho imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yenzeka khona. Kufana nomzi-mveliso, owenza imisebenzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle. Phakathi organelles inwebu ebotshwe yi i-endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Inokubonakala kwe-labyrinth, kwaye inwebu yayo idibene ne-nucleus. Ukwahlula imimandla yelathisi ehambelana ne ribosomes.

Los iiribosomes zibambelela kumphezulu wangaphandle we-membrane ye-reticular, inika imbonakalo enqabileyo okanye ye-granular. Ummandla we-reticular ohambelana ne-ribosome, onomsebenzi wokwenza iiprotheni, ubizwa ngokuba rhabaxa okanye igranular endoplasmic reticulum (RER okanye REG). Inxalenye yeletisi engaqulathanga ribosomes ibizwa ngokuba i-endoplasmic reticulum egudileyo (SER) kwaye, phakathi kwezinye izinto, inomsebenzi wokuvelisa i-lipids.

El I-Golgi complex yenye i-organelle emile njengengxowa ye-membrane eqokelelweyo. Ezinye zeeprotheyini eziveliswe kwi-RER zifika apha kwaye zilungisiwe. Iimveliso ziya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo: izixhobo zeGolgi ngumphathi wothutho lweeprotheni eziveliswa ziiseli.

Ezinye ziya kwi-plasma membrane, ezinye iiproteni ziya kuthunyelwa kwezinye iiseli, ngelixa ezinye ziya kufakwa kwiingxowa ezincinci ze-membrane ezibizwa ngokuba. iilicles. I iilysosomes luhlobo olukhethekileyo lwee-vesicles ezenziwe kwi-complex ye-Golgi equkethe i-enzymes edlala indima ekuthotyweni kwee-molecule ze-organic ezingena kwiiseli. Le nkqubo ibizwa ukwetyisa kweselula.

Mitochondria

Bangqongwe yi-a inwebu kabini. Inwebu yangaphakathi ye-mitochondria inemigobe emininzi ebizwa imingxunya. Kwi i-mitochondrial matrix iimolekyuli zifunyenwe I-DNA kunye ne-ribosomes. Kwi-mitochondria, iimpendulo zeekhemikhali zenziwa ezivumela ukuveliswa kwamandla ekhemikhali ukusuka kwiamolekyuli eziphilayo phambi kweoksijini. La mandla yinto egcina zonke iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo zeseli.

Iikloploplast

zikhona kuphela kwiiseli zezityalo. Inenwebu yangaphandle, inwebu yangaphakathi, kunye nodidi lwesithathu lwenwebu ngendlela yeengxowa ezisicaba ezibizwa ngokuba thylakoids Zikhangeleka ngathi ziipleyiti ezipakishweyo. Nganye kwezi mfumba zibizwa ingca. I-thylakoids iqulethe chlorophyll, i-pigment eluhlaza evumela ukuba inkqubo yenzeke inkqubo photosynthesis.

vacuoles

Zii-membranous vesicles ekhoyo kwiiseli zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Noko ke, banjalo eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwiiseli zezityalo. Banokuhlala kude kube I-70-90% ye-cytoplasm. Ngokubanzi, umsebenzi wayo kukugcina.

IiRibosomes

Ziyi-organelles ezenziwe kwii-subunits ezimbini (ezinkulu kunye nezincinci) ezivela kwi-nucleolus, kwaye kanye kwi-cytoplasm, zidibene ukwenza imisebenzi yazo. Iiribosomes zi uxanduva lokuvelisa okanye ukudibanisa iiproteni. Bazikhulula kwi-cytoplasm okanye zibophe kumphezulu we-RER.

ICytoskeleton

Kwi-cytoplasm yeeseli ze-eukaryotic, kukho isethi eyahlukileyo yemicu eyenza i-cytoskeleton, kwaye le micu ilungile. efunekayo ukugcina imilo yeseli kwaye ubambe i-organelles kwindawo. Isakhiwo esinamandla kakhulu njengoko sihlala silungelelaniswa kwaye sichithakala, sivumela iiseli ukuba zitshintshe imilo (umzekelo, kulabo kufuneka bahambe) okanye i-organelles ukuba ihambe ngaphakathi kwe-cytoplasm.

iicentrioles

Zizizakhiwo ezibini ezenziwe yimicu kunye ifunyenwe kwi-cytoplasm yeeseli zezilwanyana. Babandakanyeka kulwahlulo lweeseli.

Udonga lweseli

Udonga lweseli luqhelekile kwiiseli ze-eukaryotic zezityalo.

Eyodwa kwiiseli zokutyala. Ifumaneka ngaphandle kwe-membrane ye-plasma kwaye inika ukhuseleko. Ukubunjwa kwayo kuhluke kudonga lweeseli zeeseli zeprokaryotic. Ukubekwa kweekhompawundi ezithile kudonga lweseli kunika iindawo zesityalo i ukuqina kunye nobunzima iimpawu, umzekelo, iziqu zemithi.

Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi lube luncedo kuwe, kwaye unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neeseli zeprokaryotic kunye ne-eukaryotic.


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