Kukho inani elikhulu leentlobo zeeNyoni zeTropiki emhlabeni, uninzi lwazo ezihlala kwiindawo ezihlala emahlathini okanye kufuphi nolwandle apho imozulu efudumeleyo nefumileyo ibanika iimeko ezigqibeleleyo zophuhliso lwazo. Siyakumema ukuba ufunde eli nqaku ukuze ufumane ezona ntaka ziphambili zeTropiki ezibalaseleyo ngokuduma, ngenxa yobuhle bazo obumangalisayo kunye nezinye iimpawu.
Amagqabantshintshi ngeentaka zeTropiki
Zizo zonke ezo zivela ikakhulu kumahlathi ashinyeneyo aseMelika, eAfrika, eMzantsi Asia naseOstreliya. Ezi ntaka zahlulwa ngokwahlukana kwazo okukhulu, iintsiba ezimangalisayo ezinemibala engaqhelekanga neengoma ezimyoli nezimangalisayo, ezinye zide zicinge ukuba zinengxolo. Zii-omnivores ezitya imbewu, iziqhamo kunye nezinambuzane. Kumahlathi ashinyeneyo kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo, ezinye zazo ezidume kakhulu, njenge<em>turpial ne<em>cardinal eVenezuela, iquetzal ekumahlathi aseGuatemala, eMexico naseCosta Rica, apho kukwakho neengcungcu neetoucans.
Elinye ilizwe elinolu hlobo lwezilwanyana ezininzi yiBrazil, ingakumbi intaka yayo yantlandlolo ekuthiwa yi<em>pendulum ehlala kumahlathi ayo aseAmazon, uhlobo oluthile lwezilwanyana oluhlala kweminye imimandla yoMbindi Merika nakwiziqithi zeCaribbean. E-Colombia, iintlobo zayo ezinomdla kunye nezihlala zikho yi-red-billed toucan. I-yaco kunye nentaka yothando zisuka eAfrika. Ngelixa ii-cockatoos kunye neeparakeets zivela eOstreliya. Kwaye ke zininzi ezinye iintaka ezidumileyo kwiindawo ezishushu, esiya kukunika lonke ulwazi olungezantsi ukuze ufunde ngakumbi ngazo.
Iintaka zaseTropiki xa zigcinwe ekuthinjweni, kubalulekile ukuthathela ingqalelo indawo, kuba ezinye zezi ntaka zidinga ikheji enkulu okanye i-aviary, ngelixa ezinye zinokuba nekheji encinci, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukutya okunempilo Banokunikwa. indibaniselwano yembewu kunye nokutya okugxininisiweyo okuqulathe amacandelo athile ayimfuneko kwisidlo esilungileyo kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ezinye iziqhamo kunye nemifuno.
iparakeet yaseAustralia
Yintaka encinci yangaphandle ehlala eOstreliya, enemibala eluhlaza kunye netyheli eyona yemveli, kukwakho nozuba, omhlophe, ongwevu okanye ezinye izithunzi eziye zavela ngenxa yokuwela ezi. Iyakwazi ukuvelisa kabini ngonyaka entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Zitya kwimbewu yeentaka, i-millet, ingqolowa kunye ne-oats, zikwanikwa i-lettuce, i-chard, isipinatshi, i-carrots, ibhanana okanye i-apile. Ukongeza, kufuneka ugubungele iimfuno zabo ze-iodine kunye ne-calcium ngokuzithenga kwiivenkile ezikushishino.
Xa zikwiindawo zazo zendalo ezihlala kuzo, ezi ntaka zakweleenjiko zidla ngokwenza amaqela amakhulu ngamaxesha onyaka wokufuduka. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuqaqambisa ukuba kunikwe ubuqhetseba bokuba nobudlelwane obugqithisileyo nabantu, zezinye zezona ntlobo zidumileyo zangaphandle ezindlini kwaye kuba zifuna ukugcinwa okusisiseko, njengokutshintsha kwamanzi rhoqo kubasela kunye nokucocwa kweekheji zabo. . Ngokufanayo, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba luhlobo oluvelisa ngokukhawuleza.
i-golden conure
Olu hlobo lweentaka zetropikhi luhle kakhulu kwaye lunenxalenye enkulu yomzimba wayo kunye neentsiba ezibugolide ezityheli eziguqukayo zibe bomvu-orenji. Ibunzi, isithsaba kunye nenape zimthubi oqaqambileyo kunye neetoni eziorenji. Umbala otyheli oqaqambileyo kwidyasi, umva kunye nomzimba. Izigqubuthelo zomsila ezityheli ezinentsiba eziluhlaza ezingaqhelekanga. Ibheji eluhlaza kunye neengcebiso eziluhlaza kunye namaphiko angaphakathi; i-cache encinci kunye nephakathi, i-yellow kunye namabala aluhlaza ahlukeneyo; amaqweqwe amakhulu anencam etyheli-luhlaza, amaqweqwe aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Iintsiba zeFlight, eziluhlaza ngaphezulu, iiprimaries ezineencam ezibhlowu kunye neencakuba zangaphakathi, ezingwevu buntsundu ngaphantsi. Umthubi (okanye o-orenji kunye notyheli) umgquba wangaphantsi. Umqala unombala o-orenji kunye nesamente emthubi kumphezulu wesifuba, ngelixa isifuba esisezantsi kunye nesisu si-orenji. Ngaphezulu, umsila ubukhulu becala buluhlaza obutyheli kunye neencam ezibhlowu; ngaphantsi, ngwevu kunye nekhala elityheli. Umlomo wayo unomdaka omnyama ukuya kumnyama, iris imdaka omnyama, kwaye inemilenze emdaka.
Ngokuqhelekileyo bahlala kwii-savannas, kumahlathi omileyo anemithi yesundu, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kwiindawo ezikhukhulayo ukuya kwi-1200 m. Ziwela kuphela iindawo zokuhlala ezivuleleke ngakumbi xa zihamba phakathi kweendawo zamahlathi. Ziintaka ezihlala kwiitropiki ezidla ngokubonwa kwimihlambi yabantu abangama-30 okanye ngaphezulu. Ngokuphathelele ukuzala, kunokuthiwa indlwane emingxunyeni yemithi okanye yesundu apho kukho intshontsho elinye kuphela. Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo be-clutch ngamaqanda ama-3 ukuya kuma-4, afukanyelwa kwinyanga e-1. Oku kuphantse kube ngamashumi amane epesenti ngaphezulu kunezinye iintaka xa kuthelekiswa nobunzima beqanda.
Ukutya kwezi ntaka zetropikhi akuchazwanga kakuhle, nangona kusenokubakho ukutya okufumaneka ekuhlaleni okufana neziqhamo, amaqunube, okanye iintyatyambo. Okunye ukutya okwaziwayo kubandakanya imifuno, i-cacti ebomvu, kwaye mhlawumbi i-Malpighia berries. Ngokuphathelele ukuhanjiswa kwazo ngokwejografi, zifumaneka kumntla-mpuma woMzantsi Merika, ukusuka kwiNtaba iRoraima ekumntla kakhulu weBrazil, iindawo ezikufuphi neSierra de Pacaraima eVenezuela nakumantla eGuyana, ukuya kuMlambo iPomeroon, empuma ukuya eSuriname naseFrench Guiana. ukuya eBrazil eAmapá.
Nangona zikhe zabonwa ePará nakwimpuma yeAmazon (entshona ejikeleze iRio Branco kwaye kwindawo esemazantsi eAmazon, ukusuka eSantarém ukuya kwingingqi yaseRio Canumá). Nangona kunjalo, zinokugqalwa njengesiqhelo. Iirekhodi ze-sporadic zibonisa ubukho bale ntaka kwindawo ebanzi yoluhlu lwayo. Igcinwa ekuhlaleni njengentaka yasekhaya kwaye ibanjelwe ukurhweba ngeentaka eziphilayo.
i-hyacinth macaw
Olu hlobo lweentaka zetropikhi sesinye sezona zikhwenene zikhulu kwaye zinemibala eyahlukileyo, ubukhulu becala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, enemithunzi eyahlukahlukeneyo. Amaphiko kunye nomsila ngaphantsi komnyama. Isiseko somlomo kunye neringi yeperiocular enombala oluhlaza kancinci. Umsila mde kakhulu kwaye ibhilikhwe yawo emnyama eyomeleleyo igophe ngokunzulu kwaye ikhombe. Uhlobo olufanayo kodwa oluncinane olubizwa ngokuba yiAnodorhynchus glaucus, olwaphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, kusenokwenzeka ukuba lwabakho eBolivia.
Kwelinye icala, ithanda iintlobo ngeentlobo zeendawo zokuhlala ezizele yimithi yesundu enembewu enkulu, etya kuzo. Kwihlathi elikumantla eBrazil, ikhetha amahlathi asezantsi kunye nokwakheka kwexesha elifumileyo elineendawo ezicoliweyo. Kodwa kwiindawo ezomileyo ihlala kumhlaba othe tyaba esikwe ziintlambo ezinamatye, umnqantsa onemithi evuthulukileyo evaliweyo, amahlathi egalari kunye nemigxobhozo eneMauritia flexuosa. Kwingingqi yasePantanal, iintaka zihlala zihlala kwihlathi elinemithi yesundu kwindawo egqunywe yingca efumileyo. Kuyabonakala ukuba, yenza iintshukumo ezifudukayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kubonakala ngababini, amaqela osapho okanye amaqela amancinci.
Ngokuphathelele ukuzala kwazo, sinokuthi zihlala kwimingxunya yemithi emikhulu, kwiimfanta zamatye akumntla-mpuma weBrazil. Imithi ekhethwayo yokuzalela e-Mato Grosso, eBrazil iquka i-Enteolobium kunye ne-Sterculia striata. Kumntla-mpuma weBrazil, indlwane ifumaneka kwimithi yesundu yaseMauritius okanye emaweni. Zidla ngokubeka iqanda elinye okanye amabini, nangona intshontsho elinye lidla ngokuphila ukuba iqanda lesibini liqanduselwa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kwelokuqala.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ixesha lokufukamela lihlala malunga nenyanga kwaye inkunzi iya kunyamekela iqabane layo ngelixa lifukamela amaqanda. Amantshontsho aselula ahlala nabazali bawo de abe neenyanga ezintathu ubudala. Ezi ke ziye zifikelele ekuvuthweni kwaye ziqalise ukuzala malunga neminyaka esixhenxe ubudala. Kwakhona, kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba ixesha lokuzala livela ngo-Agasti ukuya kuDisemba, mhlawumbi emva kwexesha elithile kwimimandla yasePantanal.
Ukutya kwabo kuqulathe ikakhulu amandongomane, afumaneka ekuhlaleni ukusuka kwimithi yesundu eyahlukeneyo, kuquka iMaximiliana regia, iOrbignya martiana kunye neAstrocaryum, kumntla-mpuma weBrazil, ukusuka eSyagrus coronata kunye neOrbignya eicherir, kwiindawo ezinomgxobhozo ukusuka eScheelea phalerata kunye neAcrocomia. Amandongomane esundu atsalwa kwisityalo okanye emhlabeni ngokwawo (ingakumbi emva komlilo okanye xa efumaneka njengeentsalela ezingagaywanga kwilindle lenkomo). Ezinye iziqhamo ulwazi olukhoyo zezo Ficus sp., kwakunye Pomacea molluscs emanzini. Iintaka zisela ulwelo kwiziqhamo zesundu esiluhlaza.
Ukusasazwa kwayo kubandakanya ingaphakathi loMbindi woMzantsi Merika, mhlawumbi kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Kwi-Amazon Basin e-Pará ukusuka kuMlambo iTapajós, kwimpuma ye-Tocantins catchment, emazantsi, mhlawumbi kumntla-ntshona weTocantins. Ubuncinci ngaphambi kwangoku, i-Amazon esemantla (e-Amapá, i-Amazonas kunye ne-Roraima, eBrazil) kwaye mhlawumbi ezinye iisampuli ezingakumbi zingahlala, nangona kungekho zirekhodi zamva nje zaziwayo. Ikwasasazwe kuwo wonke umntla-mpuma weBrazil, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kumbindi weChapadas das Mangabeiras microregion ekudibaneni kweMaranhao, Piauí, Goiás, kunye neBahía, eBrazil (kwingingqi yaseGerais).
Isithathu sabemi esibalulekileyo sigxile kwiindawo zokuhlala ezinomgxobhozo kwindawo ephezulu yoMlambo iParaguay kumazantsi-ntshona eMato Grosso, eMato Grosso do Sul, eBrazil kwaye inabela kwimpuma edityaniswayo neBolivia kunye nokumantla okumantla eParaguay. Ichazwe njengenokwenzeka kuMlambo iMapori kumzantsi-mpuma weKholombiya (Vaupés). Jikelele kodwa mhlawumbi iintshukumo zonyaka eAmazon ngokunxulumene ne-ecology yezityalo ezizondla kuzo. Ummandla ophakathi kolwabiwo olungundoqo oluthathu lwangoku usenokuba usahlala, nangona iindlela zamva nje zibonakala zibonisa ukuba oku akunakufane kwenzeke.
Isikhwenene uChiripepe
Xa kuchazwa olu didi lweentaka zetropikhi, kunokuqatshelwa ukuba inomqolo ongaphambili omxinwa nobuthuntu obomvu kunye neentsiba ezithile eziqaqambileyo ezibomvu emva kwe-cere, iinkosi ezimnyama, iintsiba ezihlathini kunye nezithsaba, ezingwevu eziluhlaza kunye neencam ezimnyama; iindlebe ezigqunywe buluhlaza womnquma. Umphezulu unengca eluhlaza kunye nendawo encinci ebomvu kumqolo ongezantsi. Ubuluhlaza obuluhlaza buluhlaza, amaphiko agqume ngengca-luhlaza, ezinye iintsiba ngamanye amaxesha zithintwe ngumnquma.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiiprimaries, ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwiiwebhu zangaphandle kwaye ziluhlaza ngaphakathi, zineengcebiso ezimnyama; ezizisekondari, kwelinye icala, ubukhulu becala buluhlaza. Amacala entamo, umqala kunye nesifuba, i-olive brown, intsiba emdaka ephantsi komhlaba kunye neengcebiso ezimnyama, enika yonke impembelelo ye-scaly. Indawo engezantsi yebele iluhlaza kwaye inebala elimdaka embindini wesisu, imilenze, amathanga kunye ne-undertail coverts eluhlaza. Ngaphezulu, umsila oluhlaza kwisiqingatha se-basal, i-bronze edibeneyo kwiitoni ezibomvu ekupheleni; ezantsi, umsila bumdaka omdaka.
Olu hlobo lweentaka zetropikhi lunebhili engwevu, ngamanye amaxesha luba mnyama emazantsi e-mandible, i-cere etyheli, i-orbital ring emhlophe engwevu, kunye ne-iris emnyama emnyama. Ukongeza, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imilenze yayo imnyama grey. Kunokuqatshelwa ukuba iimpawu zangaphandle kunye nezasemzimbeni zozibini zesini ziyafana. Intshontsho elincinci alinawo umbala omdaka esiswini. Ukukhula okuluhlaza kunomntu omdala oneiris emnyama. Ziquka iindawo zokuhlala ezahlukahlukeneyo zamahlathi, amahlathi, imiphetho, kunye nemigxobhozo, kuquka neendawo eziseleyo ze-araucaria.
KwiChaco yaseParaguay, zibonakala ngathi zisondele kwiindawo ezikhula kumlambo iParaguay nakwimingenela yawo ephambili. Kumzantsi-mpuma weBrazil afumaneka ubukhulu becala ezintabeni ezikwi-1.400 leemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle; kweminye imimandla esemazantsi ukuya kutsho kwiimitha ezili-1.000 6, apho zixhathisayo ekuphazamisekeni, bade batyelele iipaki zasezidolophini kwizixeko zaseAsunción, eRio de Janeiro naseSão Paulo baze batye kumabhoma (eRio Grande do Sul). Zihlala kunye, ngokuqhelekileyo kwimihlambi yeentaka ezi-12-40 ukuya kuma-XNUMX.
Zihlala emngxunyeni womthi. Ixesha lokuzala libandakanya iinyanga zika October ukuya ku December. Ukukhwelana kwamaqanda ama-5-6. Imazi ifukamela iyodwa phantse iintsuku ezingama-30. Amantshontsho ayayishiya indlwane emva kweentsuku ezingama-45, emva koko aqhubeke esondliwa okwethutyana ngawo omabini amalungu esi sibini. Ukutya kwayo kubandakanya i-pulp ye-Euterpe edulis, imbewu ye-Schinus, i-Xylopia, i-Cecropia, i-Croton, i-Miconia, i-ficus, i-Psidium kunye ne-Pinus; Ambrosia kunye neVernonia iintyatyambo kunye neProtium Aril. Kwezinye iindawo, iAraucaria ngumthombo wokutya obaluleke kakhulu.
Ukongeza, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ifumaneka kumzantsi-mpuma woMzantsi Merika, kumzantsi-mpuma weBrazil nakumantla eArgentina. EBrazil, zinokujongwa ukusuka kumazantsi eBahia ngaphaya kwamazwe aselunxwemeni ukuya eRio Grande do Sul nasentshona kumzantsi-mpuma weMinas Gerais nakumazantsi eMato Grosso edlula eParaguay (ukwandiswa kweerekhodi kubonisa ubukho bazo eParaguay). kude nentshona), kumantla e-Uruguay nakumantla eArgentina, eMisiones, eCorrientes, eFormosa, eChaco nakwixesha elidlulileyo emantla eSanta Fe nakumazantsi-mpuma eBolivia.
I-Cacique parrots, neentaka ezidumileyo zasetropiki
Olu hlobo alunampazamo ngemibala yalo eqaqambileyo. Inebunzi elibutyheli-mhlophe kunye nesithsaba, emva kokuba mdaka ngebala kunye nemigca emdaka kwi nape, kwaye ineentsiba ezinde, ezimile okweqanda ezinombala obomvu obomvu emazantsi kunye neblue eqaqambileyo kwiingcebiso. Iiparothi eziBrown zinezidlele ezimdaka, umqala, amacala entamo kunye neshiya, zihlulwe kakhulu ngeethoni ezityheli. Amalungu aphezulu aluhlaza. I-median kunye ne-lewer wing coverts ziluhlaza kunye nobumnyama obumnyama obuphambili bokugquma.
Iiprimaries ezimnyama, iisekondari eziluhlaza kunye neengcebiso ezimnyama. Ngaphantsi, amaphiko aluhlaza, iintsiba zokubhabha ezimnyama. Isifuba esiluhlaza kunye namacala esisu; i-burgundy iziko elibomvu lesifuba kunye nesisu esinombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukudala i-blue and red streak effect, ngamanye amaxesha kunye nohlaza oluncinci, ngakumbi kwisifuba esiphezulu; amathanga kunye ne-undertail coverts eluhlaza. Ngaphezulu, umsila uluhlaza ngeengcebiso eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iintsiba zangaphandle eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwi-webs yangaphandle kwaye zifihliwe ezibomvu kwisiseko sewebhu zangaphakathi; ngezantsi, umsila omnyama. Ibhilikhwe emnyama, i-paler kwincam, i-cere emnyama, iris emthubi, kunye nemilenze emnyama engwevu.
Olu hlobo lwentaka yetropikhi luhlala kumahlathi ashinyeneyo kwaye luthanda iindawo ezinomhlaba oqinileyo, kuqukwa neendawo ezinomqengqelezi kancinane okanye iinduli (mhlawumbi ngenxa yobuninzi bezityalo ezitya kuzo). Kuyabonakala ukuba iyawaphepha amahlathi eVárzea, emaphethelweni amahlathi, namahlathi, kodwa kukho ingxelo yeentaka ezikumahlathi aphuphumayo akwimijelo yoMlambo iMorona, ePeru, yaye zitya ubukhulu becala kumahlathi agudle umlambo eVenezuela. Ifikelela kumgama weemitha ezingama-400 kumzantsi-mpuma weColombia kunye neemitha ezingama-200 eVenezuela.
Ngokuqhelekileyo ayifumanekanga kumaqela amakhulu, ahlulwe abe ngamabini okanye amaqela amancinci angama-3-4. Kunqabile ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10. Udibaniso lwangaphambili lubonakala luqhekeka ngokwezibini okanye ezintathu ekuqaleni kokuzalela. Zihlala phezu kwemithi zingamaqela amancinane (mhlawumbi nazo zodwa kwimingxunya yemithi). Ukutya ikakhulu kwicanopy. Kwakhona, abahlali kakhulu. Babonisa imbonakalo efana ne-raptor, bebonisa iintsiba ngasemva kweentloko zabo njengefeni.
Zihlala kwimithi enemingxuma, kuquka nendlwane endala yenkuni, umzekelo i-woodpecker enentamo ebomvu (Campephilus rubricollis). Ukubetha kwamaphiko okukhawulezileyo okulandelwa kukuhla ngokutyibilika okuthambileyo kubangela ukubhabha okunzulu okungaguquguqukiyo ngexesha lokuzala. Ukuzala okwenzeka phakathi kukaMatshi-Juni eVenezuela; ngoJanuwari-Matshi eGuyana; ngoFebruwari-Aprili eSuriname; phakathi kukaDisemba-Februwari, eBrazil. Ukutya kumagqabi kunye nokuhluma kweBombacopsis, iziqhamo ezikhulayo zeDialium, iziqhamo ze-Euterpe, i-Attalea, i-fagifolia, i-Astrocaryum. Ikwatya i-inga kunye ne-guava kwiindawo ezilinywayo.
Isishwankathelo, kunokuqatshelwa ukuba yintaka ekrelekrele kakhulu, edlalayo kwaye intle kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, nangona umtsalane wayo ongenakuphikiswa, ayilona uhlobo olufanelekileyo lokuhlala eluvalelweni. Boyika kakhulu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha oku kuthetha ukuba bancothula okanye balume iintsiba zabo zenza umonakalo. Zizikhwenene ezingxola kakhulu kwaye ukuba nekopi ekhaya akubonakali kunyamezeleka, kodwa kunovavanyo olunzima kumonde wethu.
Toucan
Yenye yeentaka zetropikhi ezizalelwa kumazantsi elizwekazi laseMelika, zinentsiba ezimnyama xa zithelekiswa nomthubi kakhulu entanyeni, umlomo wayo omkhulu nombala unokulinganisa ukuya kutsho kwisithathu sobukhulu bayo (malunga ne-14 cm). Ziintaka ezinomlomo omkhulu xa zithelekiswa nezinye iintaka zakweleenjiko. Inamaphiko amancinci, amafutshane kwaye angqukuva. Umsila uyisikwere kwezinye iintlobo. Amehlo ajikelezwe lulusu ngamanye amaxesha lukhanya ngombala.
Kwelinye icala, zabhalwa phantsi komyalelo wePiciformes kunye nosapho lukaRamphastidae. Oko kubandakanya i-6 genera kunye neentlobo ze-40. IiToucans zilinganisa phakathi kwe-18 kunye ne-63 cm kwaye iToco toucan yeyona inkulu. Itoucan ihlala ehlathini kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ithanda kwaye ifudukele kumahlathi afumileyo nakwiindawo ezibandayo. Ihlala kwincopho yemithi yamahlathi ashinyeneyo, akweleenjiko nakumazantsi emvula. Indawo yayo isuka eMexico, ukuya kuMbindi Merika, ukuya emantla eColombia nakumantla ntshona eVenezuela.
I-bill ayisebenzi nje kuphela ukuzikhusela, isetyenziselwa ukubamba iziqhamo kunye nemifuno efumaneka kwiinqununu ezincinci. Ukongezwa ngezinambuzane okanye izidalwa ezincinci, kubandakanya nezinye iintaka kunye namaqanda azo. Ukongeza, banobuhlobo, bahlala kwimihlambi yamalungu amalunga neshumi elinesibini. Ubukhulu becala ubukho bazo buchithelwa emithini, ngoko ke azizontaka ezifudukayo yaye zidla ngokufunyanwa ngababini okanye imihlambi emincinane. Ezi ntaka zakweleenjiko zihlala emingxunyeni yemithi kwaye zizalela amaqanda amhlophe ama-2 ukuya kwamane kwaye ixesha lokufukamela liziintsuku ezingama-4 ukuya kwezingama-43, inkunzi nemazi ziyawanyamekela.
Ekuzalweni, amantshontsho akanantsiba kwaye agcina amehlo evaliwe kangangeeveki ezintathu. Zihlala kwindlwane kangangeeveki ezisibhozo ukuya kwezilithoba ngelixa umlomo wazo ukhula ngokupheleleyo kwaye zilungiselela ukubhabha. Xa bebancinci, banamatyala amafutshane kunabantu abadala, kodwa kukho umahluko omncinci kwintsiba ngokweminyaka okanye ngesondo. Imibala yazo eqaqambileyo iwavumela ukuba adibane nokukhanya okumdaka kwehlathi. Noko ke, ezi ntaka zidla ngokuntyiloza ngendlela evakalala okanye zintyiloze, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba azizami kufihlwa.
Xa kusahlulwa uhlobo ngalunye lwentaka ekweleenjiko, kusenokukhankanywa iindidi ngeendidi zeempawu zayo ngokweentsiba okanye umlomo wayo. Ngokomzekelo, kuyaziwa ukuba abo bahlala kwindawo ye-Amazons kunye ne-Andes ngabona bakhulu, bafikelela ngaphezu kwesiqingatha semitha ubude. Noko ke, kukho ezinye ezincinane, njengee<em>aracari, ezihlala kumahlathi afumileyo akuMbindi Merika nakumntla welizwekazi loMzantsi Merika.
Nangona le ntaka inoluhlu oluninzi, ezi zimbini zibalaseleyo, isengozini yokuphela. Ziye zizingelwa ngamandla athile, kodwa esona sizathu siphambili sokuba zibe semngciphekweni omkhulu kukutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ungcoliseko, ukukhula kweendawo zasezidolophini kunye ne-biopiracy zezinye zezinto ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo. Okwangoku, olu hlobo lusengozini yokuphela ngenxa yokutshintsha kwendawo yokuhlala kunye nomjikelezo ocothayo wokuzala apho ubeka amaqanda ama-2 kuphela ngonyaka kwaye kunzima ukufezekisa ngokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Galerita Cockatoo
Ludidi lweentaka ezinkulu zetropikhi ezinentsiba ezimhlophe ubukhulu becala. Kubantu abadala, iintsiba zendlebe, intamo kunye nesidlele zibomvu tyheli, umphetho owenziwe ziintsiba ezi-6 zokumisa ezijonge phambili, utyheli. Umlomo unokufikelela kwiisentimitha ezili-14 ubude. Umzantsi wamaphiko kunye nomsila bumthubi okhanyayo. Umsesane ojikeleze iliso ubonisa umbala omhlophe. I-iris inombala omnyama kwindoda kunye nobomvu obomvu kwibhinqa. Ityala lingwevu mnyama, imilenze ibe ngwevu. Abancinci bayahlulahlula ngokulula irises zabo zimdaka okhanyayo.
Zingxola kakhulu kwaye kulula ukuzibona, nangona zibonwa ngcono ngokukhala kwazo. Ngexesha lokuzala zihlala ngababini okanye amaqela amancinane eentsapho, kodwa unyaka wonke zihlala kwimihlambi enokubalelwa kumakhulu. Baziphatha ngendlela eqhelekileyo kwimimandla yasezidolophini nakwiindawo ezixhotyiswe ngezondla. Kwezinye iindawo ezivuselela ukukrokrelana nobuqili babo besiqhelo, kunzima kakhulu ukufikelela kuzo. Kwiindawo ezivulekileyo, ezi ntaka zisebenzisa inkqubo yokulinda ehleliweyo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ngelixa uninzi lomhlambi udla, ezinye iintaka zibukele kwi-perch ekufutshane kwaye zivame ukukhala i-alamu ukuba kukho ingozi.
Ifunyenwe kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinemithi, amahlathi (kuquka imigxobhozo kunye nemimandla engaselunxwemeni), i-mangroves, imihlaba evulekileyo, kumhlaba wezolimo (kuquka amasimi erayisi kunye nemithi yesundu), i-savannas, i-mallee, kunye neendawo zasedolophini. Ifunyenwe ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1500 yeemitha kwiindawo zaseOstreliya, iimitha ezingama-2400 ePapua New Guinea. EOstreliya, ixesha lokukhwelana liphakathi kukaMeyi noAgasti emantla naphakathi kuka-Agasti noJanuwari emazantsi. ENew Guinea kwenzeka kuzo zonke iinyanga zonyaka, nangona ezona nyanga zisebenzayo ziphakathi kukaMeyi noDisemba.
Olu hlobo ngamanye amaxesha luzalela kwiikoloni. Indlwane ngumngxuma wendalo kumthi omkhulu we-eucalyptus kufuphi nomlambo ophakathi kwe-3 kunye ne-30 yeemitha ngaphezu komhlaba. Ngamanye amaxesha indawo yokuhlala ifumaneka kwimingxuma kumawa ekalika ecaleni koMlambo iMurray. Kule meko, amaqanda afakwe ngokuthe ngqo kwisanti. ENew Zealand, ezi ntaka zifumaneka phakathi kweebhali zefula ezikwiishedi. Indlwane idla ngokuba namaqanda amhlophe ama-3. Ezi zifakwe kumaleko wenkunkuma ebolayo ezantsi komngxuma.
Kwelinye icala, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, kwinkqubo yokufukama, bobabini abazali bakwenza oko ngokutshintshanayo kangangeentsuku ezingama-30. Amantshontsho atyheli ngombala kwaye ayishiya indlwane emva kweeveki ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-9. Ukongeza, kunokukhankanywa ukuba, rhoqo, ezi ntaka zetropikhi zibuyela kwindlwane ukuze ziphumle malunga neeveki ezimbini. Abaselula bahlala kwiqela lentsapho kangangeenyanga eziliqela. Zitya kunye ngokwamaqela amancinci asasazekileyo.
Ngokuphathelele ukutya kwabo, kwenziwa ngamagqabi kunye nengca, kunye nombona kunye nengqolowa. Ikwatya amayeza ayingozi afana nekhavade lobisi. Okunye ukutya kubandakanya: iingcambu, iirhizomes, amandongomane, amaqunube, iintyatyambo, iiglowubhu, iintyatyambo, nemibungu yezinambuzane. Zinokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwizityalo. Bemba kumhlaba osandul’ ukutyalwa besitya iziqhamo ezivuthiweyo, oku kukonakalisa izityalo ezigciniweyo kunye neebhali zefula apho bakrazula igquma leplastiki.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinokuthi, ngokumalunga nokusabalalisa kwendawo, le ntlobo ixhaphake kumantla nasempumalanga ye-Australia, iNew Guinea kunye neziqithi ezingabamelwane, ngakumbi kwii-Aru Islands, e-Indonesia. Ingeniswe ngempumelelo kwiZiqithi zasePalau eMicronesia, eNew Zealand, nakwezinye iiMoluccas. Inani labemi baseTaiwan liqikelelwe malunga ne-100 lezibini ezizisiweyo zokuzala. Uhlala ikakhulu ngaphantsi kwe-1000 m, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha unokubonwa e-Australia kwi-1500 m kunye ne-2000 m kwimpuma yeNew Guinea.
Flag Cockatoo
Yahlulwa ngobuhle bayo obunentsiba ezili-16 ezinde ezigobela phambili. Ezintsiba zinesiseko esibanzi esinendawo ephakathi epinki kancinane ethe tye-bomvu. Iziphelo eziphezulu zekrest zimhlophe. Enye isethi yeentsiba ezingqukuva ngakumbi ikhula phezu kweliso, yenze isiseko esimhlophe xa i-crest iphakanyisiwe. Umphambili ugqitywe ngebhendi entle ebomvu. Ubuso, intamo, kunye ne-underparts zinemibala ye-salmon, iyancipha ibe mhlophe kumagquma.
Iintsiba zokubhabha kunye nomsila zimhlophe kunye nokungena kwesalmon ngaphantsi. Umlomo uphantse wamhlophe. Iirises zintsundu omnyama kwaye imilenze ingwevu. Imazi ifana neqabane layo, kodwa ikhaphukhaphu entloko yesalmon-pinki nangaphantsi. Umgca otyheli ohombisa inqaku uqaqambile kwaye ubanzi. Umntla wesisu umhlophe endaweni yesalmon epinki. Iirises zibomvu ezipinki. Abancinci bayafana nemazi. Umgca ongaphambili unombala o-orenji oqaqambileyo, i-iris brown brown.
Ngokumalunga nokuziphatha kwezi ntaka zetropikhi, kunokuthiwa ukuba isibini yiyunithi yentlalo esisiseko, kodwa zigcina uqhagamshelwano nezinye izibini ezingazalisi ngokusekwa kwamaqela. Ngaphandle kwexesha lokuzala, kukho imihlambi emincinane yeentaka ezili-10 ukuya kwezingama-50. Ezona ndibano zinkulu ziqhutywa ngamaxesha embalela kuphela okanye xa kukho ukutya okuninzi. Kule meko, kunokubakho abantu abalikhulu. Iindawo ezixhaphakileyo zihlala ngaphandle kwexesha lokuzala kwaye iintaka zihamba kwangethuba ngonyezi.
Bakhangela ukutya emithini nasemhlabeni. Njengoko zihamba emhlabeni, zihamba kancinane ukuze ziphephe ingca ende. Emhlambini, intaka enye isoloko idlala indima yomlindi. Ithatha isimo sengqondo sokulumka kakhulu, ngokuyinxenye ibetha isifuba sayo, kwaye rhoqo ithatha ikhefu apho ithi ime mde ijonge indawo eyingqongileyo. Ebudeni bobushushu bemini, ibalekela kumagqabi emithi. Ngexesha lasehlotyeni, ixesha lokuphumla lide. Iintaka ezidibeneyo zihlala zisondelelene. Ngamaxesha obushushu obugqithiseleyo, le ntaka ityelela iindawo zamanzi, ekutshoneni kwelanga, ibuye.
Abemi bayo basasazwa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeendawo zokuhlala zamahlathi kwiindawo eziyimiqwebedu okanye ezomileyo. Olu hlobo lunxulumene ngokusondeleyo neendawo ze-mallee. Zifumaneka ngokukodwa ekukhuliseni amahlathi emisipres kunye ne-eucalyptus, kwiindawo ezixubileyo ze-eucalyptus kunye ne-casuarinas okanye kufuphi namawa. Ubukho bazo kwindawo bukwabangelwa ikakhulu kubukho bomthombo wamanzi. Kwelinye icala, ibonisa ukuncamathela okubuthathaka kakhulu kwiindawo zokuhlala eziqhekezayo apho ingahlali ixesha elide.
Ixesha lokuzalela liqala ngoAgasti ukuya kuDisemba. IiCockatoos zibuyela kwiindawo zazo zokuhlala. Indlwane yendlwane ifumana ukuphucuka: indawo yokungena yandiswa kwaye igqunywe ngoluhlu lweeshavings ezintsha ezibekwe emazantsi edlekeni. Iindlwane ziphantse zihlale zikude enye kwenye, kumgama omalunga ne-2 km. Ukuzala kunamaqanda aphakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-5 adiphozithwe phakathi kweentsuku ezi-2 kunye ne-3. I-Incubation yenziwa ngabazali bobabini, iqala emva kokudipozithwa kweqanda lesithathu kwaye ihlala phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-23 ukuya kwezi-24.
Amantshontsho ahlala ezantsi emqolombeni kangangeentsuku ezingama-57 kwaye atyiswa ngamadoda neemazi. Intsapho ihlala kufutshane nendlwane de intshontsho lokugqibela lishiye indlwane. Baye ke bajoyine amanye amaqela eentsapho apho imithombo yokutya yanele. Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, i-cockatoo yeflegi iphoqeleka ukuba igxothe ibini esele iqalile ukubeka amaqanda kwisidleke sabo, kodwa le ndlela ye-parasitism nayo inokuphumelela.
Zitya imbewu, ingca, iinkozo, kwaye ngokufuthi iivatala. Bakwatya amakhiwane asekuhlaleni amatsha, amapayinapile, imbewu ye-eucalyptus, itswele, amandongomane, iingcambu, izinambuzane kunye nemibungu. Ebudeni nasemva kokutya, ezi ntaka ziqokelela amasebe neziqwenga zamaxolo zize zenze imvula yamaplanga emazantsi emithi. Kwakhona, xa ubushushu bukhulu, bongeza amaxesha amaninzi okutyelela kwimingxuma yokunkcenkceshela. Ezi ntaka ziyinzalelwane yaseOstreliya kwaye amandla azo aphambili kukuMzantsi Ntshona weQueensland, apho zixhaphake khona, nakuMzantsi Ostreliya, apho zihlala khona.
ICuban Aratinga, enye yeentaka ezishushu
Inomlomo owomeleleyo, oxhonyiweyo, obonisa isakhono sawo omabini amalungu angasentla nasezantsi okushukuma, nto leyo eyenza ukuba esi sikhwenene sixovule kwaye sityumze imbewu, iziqhamo namandongomane awiswe zezinye iintaka ezininzi, ngaloo ndlela ebonisa enye inkalo eyimpumelelo yale ntaka yakweleenjiko. . Imilenze yayo inomthamo omangalisayo wokubamba oyivumelayo ukuba ithathe imizobo emangalisayo kwaye ibambelele kwiindawo ezigqithisileyo ngenxa yolungiselelo lwenzwane eneminwe emibini phambili, 2 kunye no-3, kunye nemibini ngasemva, u-1 kunye no-4.
Intloko yayo, amacala entamo, kunye nentamo iluhlaza-luhlaza kunye neentsiba ezimbalwa ezisasazekileyo ezibomvu ezithi ngamanye amaxesha zibe namabala. Iminqwazi engaphezulu yengca eluhlaza kunye nomlindi, iprayimari kunye neyesibini kunye neengcebiso eziluhlaza obumnyama kunye nemida yokubamba ingaphakathi; i-carpal edge eneentsiba ezibomvu ezisasazekileyo kwaye iphiko layo ligobile kwaye libomvu. Iintsiba zokubhabha ezibugolide-buntsundu, ezibomvu ezincinci neziphakathi, kunye nezigqubuthelo ezingaphezulu komnquma-tyheli.
Umthubi-luhlaza ongaphantsi kunye nombala womnquma obanzi, ngamanye amaxesha kunye neentsiba ezibomvu ezizimeleyo, ngakumbi entanyeni nasemathangeni. Ngaphezulu komsila oluhlaza obumnyama kunye ne-olive tint, ngaphantsi komdaka otyheli. Ibhilidi enombala okhanyayo, iringi yeorbital ebluish-mhlophe, iris emthubi, kunye nemilenze emdaka. Imazi inombala o-orenji ngaphezulu emaphikweni. Iintsana zineentsiba zangaphantsi eziluhlaza nabomvu, umda womlenze otyheli (ongekho bomvu), ii-irises ezingwevu, kwaye azinantsiba ezibomvu ezisasazekileyo.
Olu didi lweentaka ezitshisayo luhlala kwi-savannah, ngakumbi kwiindawo apho i-Copernicus kunye ne-Thrinax palms zixhaphake, emaphethelweni amahlathi nakwiindawo ezinemithi eninzi. Noko ke, kukho ubungqina obubambekayo bokuba zifunyenwe kwiindawo eziye zalungiswa ngandlel’ ithile, njengamahlathi eeucalyptus akwilizwe elivulekileyo namaqhekeza ahlala eluhlaza kwimithi yesundu. Ngaphezu koko, kunokutshiwo ukuba olu hlobo luphila kuphela kufutshane nemimandla emikhulu yamahlathi asisiseko.
Enye yeengxaki eziphambili zokuzala kolu didi kukufumana iindlwane kunye nokukhuphisana nazo. Incinci, ngoko ke inzuzo yayo ngokwasemzimbeni ngaphezu kwezinye iintaka ukuyisusa kwindlwane incinci kwaye kufuneka ibonise ubundlongondlongo obungaphezulu ukuze ikwazi ukugxotha iziqongqothwane kunye neentaka ezincinci ezidla inyama. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwakutsha nje lubonisa ukuba kubomi obukhululekileyo le ntlobo ayinayo inqanaba eliphezulu lokukhetha ngenxa yokuphakama kwesundu apho iya kuhlala khona okanye ubunzulu bendlwane, ekwinqanaba lokukhwelana kwaye ayibonakali kumandla. indlwane yeempawu zobubele.
Nangona kunjalo, kunokubakho utyekelo lokukhetha iindlwane ezinesango lokungena elimxinwa ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela isibini ukuba singene kwaye sithintele amarhamncwa ekungeneni. Kukwabonakala ngathi uhlobo lokuzalisa lukwazi ukunyamezela ezinye izibini ezingabamelwane zohlobo olufanayo kunezinye izikhwenene, kodwa ukusa kumlinganiselo othile ziqelelene, zikhetha imithi yesundu apho kukho umngxuma omnye apho kukho umlinganiselo othile wokuzimela geqe xa ufuywa. izikhwenene..
Ixesha lokuzala liqala ngo-Epreli kwaye lidla ngokuphela ngoJulayi. Maxa wambi bakhe iindlwane zabo kwimingxunya eyayimbiwe sisiqokothe semithi iTajá ( Xiphidiopicus percussus ). Inani lamaqanda abeka i-avareji phakathi kwesithathu nesihlanu. Ufukamo lwenziwa ngawo omabini amalungu esi sibini kwaye amantshontsho atyiswa de ashiye indlwane. Nje ukuba indlwane iphumile, abantwana abangekakhuli banokubonwa bebhabha kwimihlambi emincinci nabazali ngaphambi kwexesha lobusika, kwaye benze imihlambi emikhulu xa iintsapho ezahlukeneyo zidibana.
Ukutya kolu didi lweentaka zetropikhi kubandakanya imango, iipapaya, iigwava, iRoystonea palms, iziqhamo zeMelicoccus bijogatus kunye neSpondias mombin, kunye nembewu, amahlumela, i-millet kunye namaqunube e-Inga. Bade batya ikofu kunye nembewu yombona, yiyo loo nto bezingelwa kudala ngabahlali, kuba benza umonakalo omkhulu kwizityalo. Ngaphambili yayiyenye yeentaka zaseCuba kunye ne-Isla de la Juventud, kodwa ngoku ilinganiselwe kwiidreadlocks ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezikude zesiqithi seCaribbean.
Ekuthinjweni, banoburhalarhume kwaye bayaxambulisana kwaye abaphumli kwaye bahlala befuna ukujongwa. Unxibelelwano oluncinci ekuphumeni kwamagama, nangona benobuhlobo kakhulu nomntu abamkhethayo njengeqabane elingayi kulahla ububi obumnandi, phantse bunyamezele kwaye bunombulelo. Inovakalelo kwiimeko eziguqukayo ze-ikhosistim ehlala kuyo. Iimfuno kunye nobunzima bokusasazwa kolu hlobo buninzi. Ukugcina le ntaka intle njengesilwanyana sasekhaya kunokuba nomdla, nangona inani elincinci labemi likwenza kube nzima ukuyigcina.
Ukuba uye wathanda eli nqaku malunga neeNyoni zeTropiki kwaye ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi malunga neminye imixholo enomdla, ungajonga la makhonkco alandelayo: