Kwihlabathi lezilwanyana kukho inani elikhulu leentlobo, kubandakanywa neentaka, nangona kunjalo, akuzona zonke ezinokubhabha esibhakabhakeni kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu, kuqheleke kakhulu ukufumana ezinye iintaka ezingahambiyo. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iiNtaka ezaziwa kakhulu ezingabhabhayo, siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda eli nqaku.
Ezona ntaka zaziwayo zingabhabhayo
Kuyo yonke indaleko, iintaka ezininzi ziye zagqiba kwelokuba ziyeke ukubhabha zize zihlale kumhlaba owomeleleyo. Ngelishwa, uninzi lwezi zilwanyana zaphumela ekubeni zinyamalale, njengoko zaba lixhoba elilula ebantwini nakwizilwanyana. Abo basindayo bakwenza oko ngenxa yokuba babebaninzi kakhulu (inciniba) okanye indawo ababehlala kuyo yayikude kakhulu (penguin). Ngoko kusekho iindidi zeentaka ezingabhabhayo.
Kutheni kukho iiNtaka ezingabhabhayo?
Ukuqwalasela ukuba iintaka zibhabha zikhangela ukutya, zifikelela kuluhlu olwahlukileyo lwamaxesha onyaka, zibaleka amarhamncwa, zifike kwindawo ezikhuselekileyo zokuhlala iindlwane, zikhusele ummandla wazo kwaye zichukumise amaqabane azo, ngoko kutheni iintlobo zeentaka zinokuphulukana namandla okubhabha? Kwiindawo apho iintaka zingenazo izilwanyana zendalo, zithembele kwimithombo yokutya efana neziqhamo okanye intlanzi, akukho mfuneko yokufuduka, kwaye isebenzise ezinye izilungelelaniso zokukhusela kunye nokuthandana, ukubhabha akubalulekanga kakhulu kubo.
iimpawu zeentaka ezingabhabhayo
Iintaka ezingabhabhayo zisenamaphiko, kodwa zihlala zincinci okanye zikhule kancinci kunezo zikwaziyo ukubhabha. Iimilo zeentsiba zinokwahluka, ezifana nokuba nenkangeleko efukufuku njengoboya okanye ukuba ncinci kwaye ibambene ukuze ikhuseleke xa uqubha. Iintaka ezingabhabhayo zidla ngokuba namathambo amaphiko ambalwa okanye zinokudityaniswa kunye, nto leyo eyenza amaphiko ukuba ahambe kakhulu kunokuba kufuneka xa ebhabha. Iintaka ezininzi ezingakwaziyo ukubhabha ziphosa ikeel ye-sternum, oko kukuthi, inxalenye yethambo enamathela kwizihlunu ezibhabhayo.
Ukuhlawulela ukungabikho kwamaphiko, ezi ntaka zihlala zihlakulela i-camouflage engcono, imilenze eqinile yokubaleka, kunye nemilenze ekhethekileyo yokudada okanye ezinye iindlela ezizinceda ukuba ziphile emhlabeni wendawo yazo. Olunye usetyenziso lwazo kukuba lusebenza njengamaphiko, lunceda ukubonelela ngolungelelwaniso okanye lusebenze njengeziqhoboshi kunye nezikhuni zokuqhuba iimbaleki ezikhawulezayo. Ezinye iintaka ezingenakubhabha, ezifana ne-kakapo kunye ne-kiwi, ziye zavelisa amavumba anamandla anokuthintela izilwanyana okanye ukunceda ukutsala amaqabane.
Iintaka ezingenabhabhathane zifumaneka kwihlabathi liphela, nangona ezona ntlobo zininzi zokubhabha zifumaneka eNew Zealand. Kwade kwafika abantu eziqithini malunga neminyaka eyi-1.000 eyadlulayo, kwakungekho marhamncwa amakhulu asemhlabeni kulo mmandla. Oko kunqongophala kwamarhamncwa, ukongeza kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuhlala kulo mmandla kunye nenkqubo etyebileyo yendalo ephilayo, yayilungele ukuvela kweqela leentlobo ezininzi zeentaka ezingabhabhayo.
Iintaka ezingabhabhayo zijongene nezoyikiso ezininzi ezinokuba yingozi kuzo kuneentaka ezibhabhayo. Izilwanyana ezihlaselayo ezifana neekati kunye neempuku zinokukhangela ngokufanelekileyo iintaka ezingabhabhayo, kuquka neendlwana. Ukongeza, iintaka ezingenakubhabha zisengozini yokuzingela, ukubambisa, kunye nezinye izoyikiso ezenziwe ngabantu ezifana nenkunkuma, ungcoliseko, ukuloba, kunye nokunye. Ngenxa yokuba azikwazi ukubhabha kwindawo entsha, ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala kuyingozi enkulu kwiintaka ezingenakubhabha.
iintaka ezingabhabhayo
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, inani elikhulu leentaka ezingakwaziyo ukubhabha liye laziwa emhlabeni kwaye uninzi lwazo luye lwaphela ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ezingahambelani nazo. Omnye weyona mizekelo ifanelekileyo ibe yintaka idodo, eyayiyintaka eyayikho kangangexesha elide, ukusuka kwi-10.000 BC ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Okulandelayo, siza kukhankanya iintaka eziphambili ezingabhabhayo ezisahlala nanamhla oku.
Inciniba
Iinciniba zezona ntaka zinkulu kwaye zezona ntaka zikhawulezayo eMhlabeni. Ziintaka ezingabhabhayo zodidi lweStruthio, ezifumaneka eAfrika, apho zihlala endle kwaye zikhuliselwa ukufumana izinto eziphuma kuzo. Iintaka zingabaleka ngesantya esingange 70 km ngeyure kwaye zihlala zibaleka njengendlela yokuzikhusela. Iinciniba zasendle zihamba ngendalo kwaye zihlala ngokwamaqela abantu aba-5 ukuya kuma-50. Ukongeza, zikwabeka amaqanda amakhulu kuzo zonke iintaka emhlabeni.
URhea
Intaka yerhea ifana kakhulu nenciniba kunye ne-emu, kwaye ibonakala ingaqhelekanga xa ithelekiswa neentaka eziqhelekileyo esizibona yonke imihla. Ngaphandle koku, inika umdla kwaye ingaqhelekanga. Kolu didi lweentaka ezingabhabhiyo kukho iindidi ezimbini ezaziwayo namhlanje, irhea yaseMelika kunye nenye ebizwa ngokuba kukuhlonipha umphandi oliNgesi uDarwin. Irhea yinxalenye yeentaka ezaziwa ngokuba zii ratites okanye iintaka ezingakwaziyo ukubhabha.
I-Rheas ngoku zidweliswe njengephantse yasongelwa yi-IUCN, iqela lolondolozo lwendalo elibeka esweni ukutshatyalaliswa kwezilwanyana kunye neentlobo. Ukukhusela i-rhea kubaluleke kakhulu. Bangakhula babe ngaphezu kweenyawo ezintlanu ubude kwaye banobunzima obusondele kwiiponti ezingamashumi alithoba. Ayimangalisi into yokuba iirhea zezona ntaka zinkulu eMzantsi Melika. Iirhasi zingwevu emnyama ngombala kwaye imizimba yazo igqunywe ziintsiba. Baneentamo nemilenze emide kakhulu. Kukho iinzwane ezintathu kuphela kwiinyawo ze-rhea.
Njengenciniba kunye ne-emu, i-rhea ayinazo izihlunu zesifuba ezifunekayo ukuze iphakamise umzimba wayo onzima ukusuka emhlabeni ukuze ibhabha. Ngokufanayo, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba indawo yokuhlala yendalo yentaka ye-rhea ifumaneka eMzantsi Melika, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinengca, iindawo ezinkulu ezivulekileyo ezifanelekileyo kwizilwanyana ezidliwayo. Ngexesha lokuzala, irhorho lithanda ukuhlala kufutshane nemithombo yamanzi enjengamachibi nemilambo.
ikiwi
Ikiwi yintaka edume ngokungabhabha. Ihlala ikhuthaza ukuthatha kabini ngenxa yomzimba wayo omncinci ongqukuva, iintsiba ezinjengoboya, kunye nobuso obune-whisker obungenazintloni. I-kiwi ithandwa kakhulu kangangokuba iyisimboli yesizwe saseNew Zealand. Kukho iintlobo ezintlanu zekiwi, zonke zizalelwa esiqithini. Ezimbini zeentlobo zisengozini, enye isengozini, kwaye enye isengozini enkulu. Nangona iindawo ezinkulu ezihlala amahlathi ngoku zikhuselwe, basajamelene nengozi yokuhlaselwa zizilwanyana ezizidlayo eziziinyama ezifana neekati.
IiKiwi ngenxa yokungabhabhi amaphiko azo angekhoyo abonakala kakuhle phakathi kweentsiba ezifukufuku. Zikwabeka amaqanda amakhulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nobukhulu bemizimba yazo kunye nezinye iintaka zehlabathi. I-kiwis yabantu abadala i-monogamous kwaye iqabane ubomi bonke, ichitha iminyaka engama-20 njengesibini esithembekileyo. Ezi ntaka zinentloni zihamba ebusuku kwaye zisebenzisa amandla azo okujoja ukuze zikhangele ixhoba ebusuku. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iindidi zeentaka, iimpumlo zazo zikwincam yomlomo wazo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ngazo ukusezela iintshulube, imibungu nembewu ezitya kuyo.
ICassowary
Esi silwanyana sisenokubonakala njengomfuziselo wedayinaso yamandulo ejika ibe yintaka, kodwa eneneni luhlobo lwale mihla: i<em>cassowary. Zintathu iindidi ze-cassowary, i-cassowary esemazantsi, i-cassowary esemantla, kunye ne-dwarf cassowary, zonke ziyinzalelwane yaseNew Guinea nase-Australia. I-cassowary yintaka yesibini enzima emhlabeni (ngasemva kwenciniba kuphela). Ineenzipho ezinzwaneni zayo ezinokukhula zibe yi-intshi ezine ubude kwaye ikwazi ukubaleka ngokukhawuleza kangangeekhilomitha ezingama-50 ngeyure.
Kwelinye icala, kukwaphawulwa ukuba, ngenxa yokuba le ntaka ingakwazi ukubhabha, inemilenze eyomelele ngakumbi nekhule kakuhle, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukukhaba kwayo kube namandla amangalisayo. Konke oku kuthetha ukuba nangona i-cassowary ingakwazi ukubhabha, isenzima ngokwaneleyo ukulwa namarhamncwa. Ukongezelela, kuyimfuneko ukugxininisa ukuba kuphela abo baye badibana nabantu abanomdla kakhulu ekuhlaselweni.
Ipenguin
Iipenguin ngokungathandabuzekiyo zezona ntaka zidumileyo ezingabhabhayo ngaphandle kosapho lweratite. Kukho iintlobo ezilishumi elinesixhenxe kwihlabathi jikelele, uninzi lwazo zifana kakhulu ngaphandle kokwahluka okumbalwa kobukhulu kunye neempawu entloko nasentanyeni. I-penguin eblue lolona hlobo luncinci, lufikelela kunyawo olu-1 ubude kwaye i-emperor penguin yeyona inkulu, ingaphezulu nje kweenyawo ezintathu ukuphakama. Oonombombiya bahamba ngokutyibilikayo emhlabeni, kodwa bayakwazi ukuqubha, besebenzisa amaphiko njengamaphiko kunye neenyawo zabo njengezikhuseli. Uninzi luhlala kufuphi neepali nakwimimandla ye-suarctic, ngelixa abanye bahlala eOstreliya naseNew Zealand.
Emu
Njengeenciniba, ii-emus yinxalenye yeqela leentaka ezibhabhayo. I-Emus yintaka yesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni, kwaye inamaphiko, kodwa iphantsi. Ezi ntaka zingabhabhayo zikwaqhayisa ngemilenze enamandla kwaye zinokubaleka ngesantya esingama-30 eemayile ngeyure. Bathatha amanyathelo ngamnye ukuya kwi-9 iinyawo. Iintsiba zazo zifana noboya obuchetyiweyo kwaye amaphiko azo amalunga ne-intshi ezisi-7 ubude. Ii-Emus ziinzalelwane zaseOstreliya, apho zikhuselweyo, kodwa ubukhulu becala zijongwa njengezona zinambuzane zitshabalalisayo ngenxa yokuthambekela kwazo ukuhla kwizityalo zezolimo ngobuninzi kwaye zizitye.
idada lomphunga wasezantsi
Zine iindidi zedada elinomphunga, ezintathu kuzo azikwazi kubhabha. Enye yazo, iFuegian Steamer Duck, inokufumaneka eMzantsi Melika ecaleni konxweme olunamatye ukusuka kumazantsi eChile ukuya eTierra del Fuego. Iintlobo zamadada e-steamer zifumana igama lazo kwindlela eziqubha ngayo, xa zihamba ngokukhawuleza, zibethe amaphiko azo ngelixa zibheqa imilenze yazo, kwaye ziphela zijonge kancinane njenge-paddle steamer. Ngeli xesha, igama lohlobo lweentlobo, iTachyeres, lithetha "ukuba namaphini okukhawulezayo" okanye "umntu obhexayo okhawulezayo."
I-Fuegian lelona dada likhulu kwi-steamer kunye nelona linzima kakhulu kwiintlobo, ngokude malunga nobunzima obufana neentlobo ezinkulu zerhanisi. Ubungakanani bazo obukhulu buluncedo kubo njengoko kunceda ukugcina amarhamncwa kude neendlwana ezinamaqanda okanye amantshontsho. I-Fuegian Steamers yabantu abadala banamarhamncwa ambalwa, ukuba akhona, amarhamncwa endalo, ngenxa yendibaniselwano yobukhulu bazo kunye nomoya ondlongondlongo. Amaphiko azo asenokuba mafutshane kakhulu ukuba angabhabha, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo awasebenzisa ekulweni.
Campbell's Teal
ICampbell teal yenye yeendidi ezimbini zeteal engabhabhayo. La madada mancinane axhwilayo ahamba ebusuku, aphuma ebusuku ukuze atye izinambuzane kunye nee-amphipods. Zakhe zafunyanwa kwiSiqithi saseCampbell, igama lazo, kodwa zaqhutyelwa ekubeni zitshabalale emva kokuba iimpuku zaseNorway zifumana indlela yazo emhlabeni. Emva kokuba kufunyenwe abantu kwesinye isiqithi, ezi ntlobo zadweliswa njengezisengozini yokuphela, kwaye abalondolozi bendalo basebenze amashumi eminyaka ukwenza inkqubo eyimpumelelo yokuzalanisa.
Ngowama-2003, kwenziwa umgudu omkhulu wokucoca iimpuku nezinye izinambuzane kwiSiqithi saseCampbell, yaye ngowama-2004, kwakhululwa iiCampbell Teals ezingama-50 apho, nto leyo eyabonisa ukubuya kwazo emva kokungabikho phantse iminyaka eli-100. Ukusukela ngoko, iCampbell teal iye yahlala apho. Nangona ihleli kuluhlu lwezilwanyana ezisengozini yokuphela, ukubuyela kwisiqithi sayo kunika ithemba elikhulu kolu didi.
Titicaca Grebe
IiGrebe ziintaka ezithandekayo, kodwa olu hlobo luthandwa kakhulu. I-Titicaca flightless grebe (ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-short-winged grebe) ifumaneka ePeru naseBolivia. Ihlala ngokuyintloko kwigama layo, iChibi iTiticaca, kodwa inokufumaneka kumachibi awahlukeneyo ajikelezileyo. Nangona ingakwazi ukubhabha, isilwanyana saseTiticaca sinokuqubha ngobuchule. Ikakhulu ithatha amantshontsho amancinci njengexhoba.
Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iindidi ezininzi zeentaka ezingabhabhayo eziye zasongelwa ngamarhamncwa ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, i<em>Titicaca grebe isongelwa kukusetyenziswa kweegillnet ngabalobi. Ngenxa yoko, ngoku idweliswe njengesengozini. Nangona kweminye imimandla zikhuselwe, kukho ubungqina bokuba akukho nzame zimanyeneyo zolondolozo lwenziwayo kwesi silwanyana.
I-cormorant enezixhobo enye
Iziqithi zaseGalapagos zikhaya kwiindidi ezininzi eziye zavela kwiimpawu ezingaqhelekanga, kubandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lweentaka ezikhethekileyo. Enye yazo yeyona cormorant kuphela ehlabathini engakwaziyo ukubhabha, ebizwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokuba yicormorant. Amaphiko amancinane ashinyeneyo ecormorant engenakubhabha bubungqina bokuba yaluyeka kwakudala kangakanani uvuyo lokubhabha. Enyanisweni, amaphiko amalunga nesinye kwisithathu sobukhulu ebeya kuwufuna ukuze ukwazi ukubhabha.
Kunokuba ibhabhe phezu kwamaza, le cormorant isebenzisa imilenze yayo enamandla ukudada kangangeemitha ezingama-300 ukusuka elunxwemeni, ikhangela iintlanzi namanye amaxhoba aselwandle. Uphando lwenziwe ukucacisa indlela icormorant eyaphulukana ngayo namandla ayo okubhabha. Ngo-2017, uLeonid Kruglyak weYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles wafumanisa ukuba le ntaka ingabhabhayo inoluhlu olude lwezakhi zofuzo eziguqukayo, kuquka izakhi zofuzo ezinokuphazamisa ukukhula kwamalungu.
Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba le yindibaniselwano ethile yemfuza eguqulweyo eyenza amaphiko amafutshane kunye namathambo amancinci amabele, ngaloo ndlela ihlutha intaka ukukwazi ukubhabha. I-flightless cormorant yenye yeentaka ezinqabileyo emhlabeni, ngenxa yokuba ifumaneka kwiziqithi ezimbini zeGalapagos. Nangona kunjalo, iyakwazi ukuchaphazeleka kumonakalo wesiphango kwaye iye yaziswa kwizilwanyana ezizingelayo, ngoko ke iintlobo zidweliswe njengezisengozini. Iinzame zolondolozo zibalulekile ukuze ziqhubeke ziphila.
Ukuba ulithandile eli nqaku malunga neNyoni eZazi kakhulu eziNgaphepheli kwaye ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi malunga neminye imixholo enomdla, ungajonga la makhonkco alandelayo: