Indalo yenziwe ngezinto ezininzi eziphilayo eziyinika ubuhle kunye nokuguquguquka, ibalaselisa ukubaluleka kwayo ngaphakathi kokusingqongileyo kunye negalelo layo kwibhalansi yobomi. Phakathi kwabo, iifungi zinokugqanyiswa, abantu abasebenzisana nokuphuhliswa kweentlobo zezityalo, baziwa kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi ngenxa yeempawu zabo zonyango kunye nezokupheka. Okulandelayo siza kufunda malunga namaKhowa afunwa kakhulu eMexico kwelo lizwe.
Amakhowa eMexico
Imo engqongileyo yenziwe ngezinto ezininzi eziphilayo ezinika iyantlukwano kwiplanethi iphela, ukuziqhelanisa nemozulu, imo engqongileyo kunye neemeko zejografi, ezi zinto zibe nefuthe ekusasazweni kwindalo eyahlukeneyo. Le nyaniso ivumele ukusasazwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo kwiplanethi yonke, zihlelwa njengenxalenye yobukumkani beplantae, kodwa kukho ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezivela kwindawo yendalo kodwa azinazo iimpawu ezisisiseko zesityalo esifana nomngundo.
Ifungi zithathwa njengeeukaryotic organisms ezizezobukumkani befungi, zithathwa njengoluhlobo lwezifunxi-gazi ezinokuvela ekuboleni kwezinto eziphilayo. Abanayo i-chlorophyll, abanayo i-thallus, i-branched kwaye ine-filaments kunye neendonga zeeseli zabo zenziwe ngokupheleleyo nge-chitin endaweni ye-cellulose. Ngaphakathi kokuhlelwa kwayo kukho ukungunda, igwele kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ze-mushroom.
Iifungus zifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zendalo, ezohlukeneyo kwiimpawu ze-ecological kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweentlobo kunye ne-ecosystem apho zivela khona. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweentlobo, iya kuba neepropati ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezinye zilungele ukusetyenziswa, kuba ixabiso layo lesondlo liphezulu kakhulu, linomxholo ophezulu we-carbohydrates non-starchy kunye nefiber yokutya; Le nyaniso ibangele ukuba ibe yinxalenye yeendlela zokupheka zamazwe athile kunye nomqondiso wesondlo kwamanye amazwe.
IMexico iye yagqama njengeyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yokukhula kwamakhowa eentlobo ngeentlobo, ibonwa njengento etyiwayo kwaye iyinxalenye yokutya kwaseMexico ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo, apho abantu base-Aztec bayibiza ngokuba yiNanacatl, nto leyo ethetha “kwinyama” yabo ethandekayo nakwezinye iindawo. Imimandla yaseMexico yafumana igama elithi Nanacatepec elithetha "induli yamakhowa" kunye neNanacamilpa eyaziwa ngokuba "yindawo apho amakhowa akhula khona". Le mibutho ibaluleke kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla kubemi baseMexico.
IMexico lelinye lamazwe ambalwa akwaziyo ukuvelisa iitoni zamakhowa ngonyaka, lizijonga njengelizwe elinemveliso enkulu esasazwa kulo lonke elaseLatin America. Apho iintlobo eziphambili ezazilinywa kwaye zithengiswe kulo lonke ilizwe, zibalaselisa iintlobo ezinjengamakhowa amhlophe, amdaka kunye namakhowa aphilayo, ngokuqwalasela i-portobello kunye nabanye.
Amakhowa aqhelekileyo eMexico
Elinye lamazwe akwiMegadiverse yiMexico, ephume phambili phakathi kwamahlanu aphezulu ngeentlobo ngeentlobo zebhayoloji phakathi kwezityalo zendalo, izilwanyana kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zendalo. Konke oku kuyenza ibe ngummandla oneendawo zogcino ezininzi ezigcina iintlobo ezininzi ezigciniweyo, phakathi kwazo amakhowa asetyenziswa luluntu lwaseMexico ngokwenkcubeko nesithethe sabo.
Ehlabathini kukho malunga namashumi amathathu amawaka eentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamakhowa phakathi kwetyhefu, ezityiwayo kwaye ezinye zineempawu zonyango. Zinomsoco kakhulu ngenxa yezinto eziphezulu zeeprotheni, iivithamini, iifibers kunye neeminerali; Apha ngezantsi kukho iintlobo ezidliwayo kwihlabathi liphela, ngakumbi kwingingqi yaseMexico:
Amakhowa
Ibandakanya uhlobo lomngundo okwaziwa ngegama le-Paris Fungi, eyaziwa ngegama lesayensi njenge-Agaricus Bisporus yosapho lwe-Agaricales, inzalelwane yaseYurophu naseMntla Melika, ethandwa kakhulu ngenxa yeempawu zayo zesondlo kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwindawo yokutyela. intsimi ye-gastronomic. Ilinywe kwimimandla esentshona kwaye ingumthombo osisiseko worhwebo kulo mmandla.
Awona maxesha okuvuna aphambili akwixesha lasekwindla kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ikhula kwimimandla enamahlathi. Zinemilo engqukuva yomnqwazi edityaniswe kwisiqu esilula esiveza i-lamellae yayo, inombala omhlophe, othambileyo kunye nomhlaba. Ekhitshini banokudliwa ngeendlela ezininzi, eziluhlaza, eziphekwe kwaye zigcinwe; Kunconywa ukuba ungabagcini kwiindawo ezinomswakama, ekubeni inyama yabo i-porous kwaye inamandla okufumana amanzi ngokulula, ngoko kuyacetyiswa ukuba uyomise ngendwangu eyomileyo.
portobellos
Aziwa njengenxalenye yamakhowa amhlophe athandwayo kwimimandla yeMeditera apho agqalwa njengemveli, aquka uhlobo olufanayo lwamakhowa aseParis (amakhowa aqhelekileyo) kodwa ahluka ngokuba makhulu kakhulu, apho umnqwazi wawo ufikelela kwiisentimitha ezili-XNUMX ukongezelela. ukuba nombala omdaka okhanyayo. I-flavour yayo ingaqhelekanga kwaye ibukhali kakhulu, inomzimba oqinileyo, wenyama, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukupheka njengesiqalo, ikrwada okanye njengenxalenye yesaladi.
Ithathwa njengenkosi yamakhowa, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengesithako esisisiseko kwiisaladi, isuphu kunye neepizza. Kwamanye amazwe yinxalenye ye-superfoods kuba inika isixa esikhulu sezondlo kwimpilo.
iindlela
I-Senderuelas zaziwa njengamakhowa asendle anegama lenzululwazi elithi Marasmius Oreades, elaziwa kakhulu ngokutyiwa kumazwe ahlukeneyo, ingakumbi eSpain, athandwayo ngenxa yencasa yawo eneasidi kunye nokugcinwa lula; Banokwakheka okugudileyo, ivumba le-almond kunye nombala okhanyayo kakhulu. Phakathi kweenzuzo zayo eziphambili kukuba ayihlaselwa lula yeminye imibungu ukuba nje ikwindawo eyomileyo.
La ma-mushroom abonwa kwiindlela zendlela kunye nakwamanye amadlelo, ane-cap encinci ukusuka kwi-2 ukuya kwi-7 centimeters ububanzi, ingaba yi-convex kunye ne-conical shape; Umbala wayo ziitoni zekhrimu ezikhanyayo phakathi komdaka kunye nobomvu.
Amaxilongo Abafileyo
Yifungus yosapho lweCantharellaceae, eyaziwa ngombala wayo omnyama ophantse ube mnyama, imile okwefuneli kwaye inokulinganisa ukuya kuthi ga kwiisentimitha ezintathu ububanzi kunye neesentimitha ezi-4 ukuphakama, kunzima kakhulu ukuyifumana ngenxa yombala wayo omnyama kuba Iyakwazi. ubhidaniswe nenkunkuma evela entsimini. Ngamaxesha okufuma umbala wayo uye ugqame kakhulu kodwa ngamaxesha omileyo uphantse ubengwevu.
Abanye abantu abatsalwanga yinkcazo-ntetho yayo kodwa inencasa ephawulwe kakhulu, esetyenziswa njenge-condiment nokuba isemhlabeni, yomile okanye imanzi. Incasa yayo ineziqhamo kwaye inika incasa eninzi kwizitya ezihamba nazo.
Luhlobo lwefungus olusetyenziswa njenge-yellow chanterelle, i-anacate okanye i-chanterelle. Kuthathwa njengoluhlobo lwefungus ezidliwayo ezifumaneka kwimimandla ye-coniferous and flat forests; ikakhulu kufutshane nemithi efana ne-oki, i-holm oki kunye ne-oki yesikhokho. Olu hlobo lwamakhowa lubonwa ngokubanzi kwi-European cuisine, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-mushroom efunwa kakhulu kwaye ichongiwe ngokulula; Inencasa eswiti kancinci yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa kwizityu, izimuncumuncu kunye nezinye izitya.
igyrgolas
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yioyster mushroom okanye ipleurot, ifumaneka kwiindawo ezipholileyo kwaye ilinywa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Ithathwa njengodidi lwekhowa lasendle elifunwa kakhulu kwaye kulula ukuliqonda ngenxa yomnqwazi omile okwe fan, umphezulu walo ugudile kwaye uyakhazimla, unombala omnyama ongwevu kwaye ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu, umbala wayo unokwahluka, kwezinye iimeko ifumana imiba ebluish kunye ne-pardos.
Ngokunjalo, zaziwa ngokuba nemilo yeimbatyisi okanye iindlebe, njengoko zikhula ziba neethowuni ezimthubi kunye nezipinki; apho ivumba layo linamandla kwaye liphawu. Isetyenziselwa ngokubanzi ukukhapha irayisi, i-pasta okanye i-grilled, bathatha incasa ebalulekileyo xa ioli yeoli kunye negalikhi zisetyenziswa.
IiShiitake
Ikwaziwa njenge mushroom yaseTshayina okanye iLentinula Edodes, ithathwa njengekhowa elityiwayo eliyinzalelwane yaseTshayina kwaye liyinxalenye yokutya kwaseAsia. Inombala obomvu obomvu, ngaphakathi unombala wekhrimu, ukuthungwa okuchasene kakhulu kunye nephunga elimnandi lemithi, yingakho kubonakala ngokubanzi kwi-grills, i-stir-fries kunye nesobho. Ngenxa yokuchasana kwayo kwangaphakathi, inokumelana neeyure ezinde zokupheka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa iimpawu zayo ezifanelekileyo.
Sisithako esixhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo zokutyela zaseTshayina apho yaziwa ngokuba likhowa elivumba limnandi ngokuba nevumba elimnandi, kwezinye iindawo libizwa ngokuba yinkowa yasebusika kuba ukulinywa kwayo kukhethwa kwimozulu ebandayo.
ngaphezulu
I-morel fungus yaziwa ngokuba yi-morcella, i-cagarrias, i-morels okanye i-múrgoles; Ziluhlobo lwefungus ezinemilo yenqatha lobusi. Umbala wayo ngumbala wegolide omdaka kunye nemilo emide yomnqwazi, ukongeza kwimilo ye-spongy ene-ovoid, ingqukuva okanye uyilo olungqukuva, kunye nombala opinki kunye notyheli ofana kakhulu nobusi, yiyo loo nto zibonakalisa indlwane yoonomeva.
Zisetyenziselwa imisebenzi yokupheka apho zifunyenwe ziphelelwe ngamanzi kodwa zinokuthi zifakwe emanzini ukuze zifumane amavumba kunye neencasa ezithile, zinike imvakalelo yehlathi, ngokuchukumisa iziqholo kunye nokuthungwa okugudileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ziye zidityaniswe ukuze zibulawe kunye nenyama yezilwanyana kunye nesityu esinongwe kakhulu.
Porcini
Eyaziwa ngokuba yiBoletus, izalelwa kwilizwekazi laseAsia, luhlobo lwefungus olusetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-Italian gastronomy apho ukuthandwa kwayo kuye kwasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, luhlobo lwefungus olukhula lula kwiindawo ezifumileyo. Inyama yayo iqinile, inombala wesilika, i-trunk emhlophe kunye neengqimba ezikhanyayo; ivumba layo lityebile kakhulu kwaye inencasa encinci ye-nutty, inokutyiwa ekrwada kwiisaladi, igalelwe irayisi kunye ne-pasta.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le fungus ineempawu ezixabisekileyo ezichasene nomhlaza njengoko isebenza njengeentlobo ze-parasitic kwindalo, ezikhula ukusuka kwisinambuzane esihlala kwisityalo. Zisetyenziswa njengenxalenye yamayeza emveli aseAsia ngokukodwa eTibet, oku kukhuthazwe izifundo ngokuchasene nomhlaza, ukujonga iziphumo ezilungileyo.
enokis
Iqulathe uhlobo lomngundo oluvela eJapan, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiFlammulina Velutipes okanye ikhowa yenaliti yegolide, ihlaba kakhulu kwi-ecologists ngenxa yenkangeleko yayo yasendle, ikakhulu kwizityalo zayo, apho zibonwa njengamakhowa amhlophe amade kunye nemicu ebhityileyo. Ekuqaleni banokukhula mdaka omnyama, kodwa emva kwemizuzwana embalwa yokunxibelelana nelanga bathatha umbala omhlophe.
Ubume bayo buncinci kwaye buncinci, basetyenziselwa ukwenza isuphu, iisaladi okanye esinye isitya. I-flavour yayo imnandi kunye ne-crunchy texture, inokugcinwa ngokulula kumaqondo aphantsi, iphinde igcine imeko yayo ngokwemvelo.
truffles
Luhlobo lwefungus ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-tuber, inobudlelwane kunye neentlobo ze-chestnut, i-walnut, i-oki kunye nemithi ye-oki ye-holm. Kuthathwa njengama-mushroom abiza kakhulu kwihlabathi kunye nexabiso elibi kakhulu, abathengisi bayo abakhulu bavela eFransi, eItali naseSpain; Zinokufumaneka kumhlophe kunye nomnyama, zidliwe zikrwada okanye ziphekwe kwaye ifom yazo ikumaphepha, izilayi, i-grated okanye ioli.
Ithathwa njenge-mushroom efunwa kakhulu njenge-ejenti yencasa kuba isetyenziselwa ukuhombisa izitya ezibanika umahluko kunye nokwahluka, ke ngoko, isetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kweeresiphi zokupheka ezisulungekileyo.
Matsutake
Eyaziwa ngokuba yi-pine fungus okanye i-Tricholoma Matsutake, luhlobo lwefungus ye-mycorrhizal ebonwa ngokubanzi e-Asia (eChina, eKorea, eJapan), eYurophu (eFinland, eSweden) naseMntla Melika (eUnited States, eCanada). Ikhula phantsi kwemithi kwaye itya onke amagqabi awileyo. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ngamaJapani kuba inevumba elimnandi elifana kakhulu nelohlobo, ithathwa njengentlobo enzima kakhulu ukuyivuna, kungoko kufuneka utyalo-mali olukhulu ukufikelela kuyo.
huitlacoche
Ngumngundo wombona okhula phakathi kweenkozo zombona, okwaziwa njengeCuitlacoche kunye ne-Ustilago Maydis. Luhlobo oluthandwayo olutyiwayo eMexico, oluthathwa njengelifa langaphambi kweSpanishi, elaziwa kakhulu ngencasa eethe-ethe neyomsi, ukuthungwa okugudileyo kunye nevumba elimnandi; Isetyenziselwa izitya ezifana nesityu esinegalikhi, i-epazote okanye kunye nesosi. Kwakhona yinxalenye ye-quesadillas, i-tacos, i-omelettes, isuphu, phakathi kwabanye; iindawo zayo ezimhlophe okanye ezingwevu zitshintsha zibe ngumbala omnyama njengoko zipheka kubushushu obuphantsi.
Siyathemba ukuba eli nqaku libe luncedo, sikushiyela abanye abaya kuba nomdla kuwe ngokuqinisekileyo: