Amagqabi oMthi: Iintlobo, Zichongwa njani? Kunye nokuninzi

Las amagqabi omthi, kwanamaxolo awo, ubukhulu bawo nendlela esime ngayo isithsaba, zisinceda sikwazi ukwahlula umthi komnye. Nganye kwi amagqabi emithi nezityalo, inophawu olubenza bahluke kwenye, yingakho kukholelwa ukuba ezi zifana neminwe yemithi.

Athini amagqabi emithi?

Amagqabi emithi aziwa njengelungu lemifuno elihlala lithe tyaba kwaye lizalisekisa umsebenzi oyintloko wokuqhuba i-photosynthesis. Ukuthetha nge-anatomically kunye ne-morphologically yeziqu kunye namagqabi emithi kunye nezityalo ngokubanzi, ezi zihlobene ngokungqongqo kwaye kunye, ezi zitho zimbini zenza isiqu sesityalo.

Amagqabi aqhelekileyo okanye awona aqhelekileyo, aziwa ngokuba nomophiles, asikuphela kwento esinokuyifumana ekuphuhliseni izityalo nakwixesha lomjikelo wabo wobomi ngokubanzi.

Ekubeni ukuhluma kwesityalo kuqala, amagqabi azalwa ukusuka nganye kwezi anokuba luhlobo olwahlukileyo, cotyledons (kwimeko amagqabi primordial), prophylls, bracts kunye anthophyll (kwimeko yeentyatyambo).

ezi ezahlukeneyo iintlobo zamagqabi omthi, ziya kuba nemo eyahlukileyo kunye nomsebenzi omnye komnye.

umsebenzi wamagqabi omthi

Omnye wemisebenzi ephambili yamagqabi emithi kunye nezityalo zonke kukuba zisinika enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ebomini kwiplanethi, ioksijini.

Amagqabi azalisekisa umsebenzi wokuthatha i-carbon dioxide efunyenwe emoyeni kwaye ayilungise ngaphakathi kwabo ngelixa inkqubo ye-photosynthesis iqhutyelwa, ngale ndlela, inokunceda ukuhlambulula umoya kwaye, thina Inika i-oksijini ukuba bonke abaphilayo. izinto kufuneka ziphile.

Nangona lo ingengomsebenzi wawo kuphela, ukongezelela koko, amagqabi akwanoxanduva lokugcina lo mthi uphila, kuba ngawo, kwenziwa inkqubo yephotosynthesis, ethi inike isityalo ukutya kwaye isincede sikhule kwaye siphefumle.

Inxalenye yomthi iyashiya

Njengoko besesitshilo, amagqabi amele umnwe weminwe yemithi, oku kuthetha ukuba umthi ngamnye unomnwe weminwe yawo, oku kuthetha ukuba umthi ngamnye uneempawu ezikhethekileyo ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo ekulo.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukukwazi ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iindawo ezenza amaqabunga, kuba ngale ndlela, kuya kuba lula kakhulu ukuba siqonde ukuba zihlelwe njani.

UPeterole

Oku kukwisiseko esinoxanduva lokudibanisa isebe kunye nesiqu sesityalo, ikwabizwa ngegama lesiseko sefoliar. Iyakwazi ukwaziwa kuba inobume obuncinci kunye ne-cylindrical, nangona, ngamanye amaxesha, inokuba ncinci kakhulu, iphantse ibe ncinci, okanye isityalo sinokusilela.

Imigqaliselo

Kwizityalo ze-vascular, i-stipules inokufumaneka kwicala ngalinye lesiseko seqabunga, oku kubonisa ukuba banenkqubo yabo yokuthutha i-sap, ngaphezu koku, banokuza ngobukhulu obuhlukeneyo kunye nemilo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, enye ifumaneka kwiqabunga ngalinye lomthi kwaye umsebenzi wayo kukukhusela i-primordium yeqabunga, xa sele ifikelele ekupheleni kokuphuhliswa kwayo, idla ngokunyamalala.

Limbo

Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-lamina, oku kubhekiselele kwindawo ethe tyaba yegqabi, kuyo, indawo ephezulu yaziwa ngokuba ngumqadi kwaye ngokubanzi inombala omnyama kancinci, ngelixa indawo esezantsi yaziwa ngokuba yi-underside kwaye ihlala ikhanya rhoqo. ngombala.

I-blade idla ngokuhlelwa ngokomphetho wayo njenge: iphelele okanye igudileyo, i-lobed, inamazinyo, icandeke, iqhekeke okanye ihlulwe.

Ngaphezulu

Isiphelo segqabi saziwa ngolo hlobo, oko kukuthi, indawo echaseneyo nesiseko segqabi. Kwamanye amaqabunga, i-apex ayinakuchazwa ngokucacileyo, oku kungenxa yokuba, kuxhomekeke kwimilo, i-apex inokuthi ingabonakali ngokucacileyo okanye ichazwe ngokucacileyo.

Ubambo

Oku kubhekiselele kuthungelwano lwemithambo-luvo enokuthi ibonakale kwiqabunga, apho i-sage ijikeleza, ngale ndlela, iqabunga linokunxibelelana kunye nesityalo sonke.

umthubi wekhwapha

Oku kufumaneka kwindawo yokudibanisa phakathi kwesiqu kunye neqabunga, umsebenzi walo kukukwazi ukudala amahlumela angakwazi ukuvelisa kwixesha elizayo okanye ahlale elele kwisityalo.

Ukuhlelwa kwamagqabi emithi

Amagqabi emithi, ngokubanzi, anqunywe ngenxa yendawo efumaneka kuyo, ngenxa yoko, iqabunga lithatha ifom encedayo ukuba ibe nokulungelelaniswa okusebenzayo.

Siza kuyazi indlela yokwenziwa ngokwamaqela abohlukeneyo iintlobo zamagqabi omthi kunye namagama awo:

Ngenxa yobume bayo

• Elula: Zizo ezo, ukusuka kwi-petiole, i-limbo enye kuphela izalwa, oku kuthetha ukuba kukho iqabunga elinye kuphela kwi-petiole.
• Edityanisiweyo: Kule meko, ngokuchasene neyokuqala, amaqabunga ahlukeneyo achazwe azalwa kwi-petiole, eyaziwa ngokuba ngamaphecana.

Ngenxa yokubamba kwayo

• Ii-Uninervia: Ngala magqabi ane-nerve ephakathi kuphela, sinokulubona olu hlobo lwamagqabi kwipayini.
• Iiplurinervias: Ngokuchasene ne-uninervias, kula magqabi, sinokubona ubuninzi be-nerve.

amagama amagqabi omthi

Ukuhlelwa kwamagqabi, ufumanisa kulawulwa yimilo, udini, imithambo-luvo kunye nomboniso abanawo. Namhlanje, siza kukwazisa kwezinye zeempawu ezinokukunceda ukuba ufumane iphepha ngalinye ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela elikhangeleka ngayo.

Kuxhomekeke kwimilo yephepha lakho

Kolu luhlu, sibeke iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeendlela zokubonwa kwamagqabi emithi, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba kubhekiswa kwindawo ecaba apho i-photosynthesis yenzeka khona.

Masazi ukuba zeziphi ezi fomu:

• I-Ensiform: kule meko, amaqabunga anesimo esifana nekrele kwaye ukupheliswa kwabo kubonakaliswe.
• acicular: Ubume bayo bufana nenaliti, inde kwaye ibukhali, inokupheliswa kwe-apex ecacileyo kwaye ichazwe.
• I-Filiform: kule meko amagqabi anqabile kakhulu, afana neentambo.
• Umgama: la ngamagqabi abhityileyo kwaye acutheneyo anemiphetho ehambelanayo.
• I-Oblanceolate: kule meko, amagqabi afana ne-arrow, nangona anokuba ne-oval.
• NONE inokwakheka okumbhoxo ethanda ukuba nde kunobubanzi bayo.
• Umbhoxo: kule meko, i-blade ine-elliptical shape.
• I-Rhomboid: La magqabi anesimo kunye nokumila okufana ne-rhombus.
• i-ovate: Olu hlobo lwamagqabi lunemilo efana neyeqanda, isiseko salo sibanzi kunencam kwaye i-pex yayo ichazwe ngokucacileyo.
• Obovate: oku kuchasene ne-ovate, i-apex yayo ibanzi kunesiseko.
• NONE ukumila kweli gqabi kuyafana naleyo yentliziyo.
• Kunqatshelwe: Le ncakuba imile njengentliziyo ejijekileyo, ichasene nentambo.
• Deltoid: ukubonakala kwayo kufana nonobumba wesiGrike, isiseko sayo sibanzi kwaye i-pex yayo ilungile.
• I-Orbicular: enemilo engqukuva.
• hlaziya: enemilo efana kakhulu nokumila kwezintso.
• Spatula: Olu hlobo lwamagqabi lunemilo efana ne-spatula, enesiseko esincinci kunye ne-apex ebanzi.
• I-Flabellate: ukumila kwayo kufana nokwefeni.
• I-Panduriform: ifana kakhulu naleyo yesiginkci, kuba iqala ngesiseko esibanzi esiya kwincopho.
• uhadi: kule meko, sibona igqabi eliqala ngokubanzi kwisiseko, licuthe embindini, kwaye liphinde landise ukuya kwi-pex.
• iqhutyiwe: la magqabi ohlulwe abe ziilobe ezinzulu kancinci kwaye zigobile ukuya kwisiseko sazo, isiphelo esingasentla seli gqabi siyaqinisekisa ngelixa elisezantsi lithe tye.
• Ihlaziyiwe: Eli gqabi linoncam otsolo apho iilobe ezimbini ezihlukeneyo zinokubonwa emazantsi.
• Sagittate: nangona le nayo inemilo efana neyotolo, isiseko sayo sineentsimbi ezimbini ezibukhali.

Ngokwemilo ye-apex

Njengoko sele sisazi, i-apex yamagqabi nganye ikwi-terminal yayo, oko kukuthi, sithetha ngencam echaseneyo nesiseko. Oku kungabonisa imeko apho isityalo sifumaneka khona.

Xa i-apex isifa, oku kusixelela ukuba kukho iingxaki ngemozulu, kunye neengcambu zomthi, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwezichumisi, ungcoliseko olugqithisileyo kunye nezinye izinto. Ngoku, siza kwazi ukuba zihlelwa njani kunye ne Uhlobo lwamagqabi imithi ngokwemilo yeengcebiso zayo;

• Acuminate: ezi zibonisa i-apex echazwe ngokupheleleyo okanye i-terminal.
• Kabukhali: kule meko, i-apex ine-angle ebukhali.
• acuminate kabukhali: Kule meko, sinokubona ukuba i-elliptical blade inesiphelo esibukhali ngendlela yephuzu elihle.
• Apiculate: kule meko, i-apex iqala ukwenza kakuhle ide iphele kwindawo efanelekileyo.
• I-Caudate: kule, incopho ibonakala inde, ifana nomsila.
• Ikhutshiwe: lo unesimo esithambileyo ngakumbi kunokuba "i-acumidate ngokukhawuleza", kulo mzekelo, i-apex ifikelela kwinqanaba elihle.
• Mucronate: kule meko, i-apex iphantse ingabonakali, ngoko ke incam ayibonakali okanye ingabonakali kwiso lenyama.
• I-Mucronulate: iyafana ne-apiculate kodwa inencam encinci kakhulu.
• Obtuse: kule meko, i-lamina i-elliptical kwaye i-apex ikwimo ye-angle obtuse.
• Ijikelezwe: kule meko, i-apex ijikelezwe ngokupheleleyo.
• Inqunyulwe: ubukho bayo buphantse buthe tye, bufana naxa isikwa.
• Sebenzisa kwakhona: i-blade i-semi-straight okanye ifana ne-neckline kwaye i-pex yayo ilula kakhulu, oko kukuthi, ayibonakali.
• ukhutshiwe: kule meko, igqabi linokuvulwa okuncinci kwi-apex, kodwa kancinci kakhulu.

Kuxhomekeke kwimilo yesiseko

Xa sithetha ngesiseko samagqabi, sibhekisela kuloo nxalenye eyandisiweyo apho i-stem idibanisa ne-petiole. Kwezinye iimeko, sinokufumana ezinye izihlomelo ezinemilo eyahlukeneyo. Kule meko, isiseko sinokuhlelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

• Kabukhali: oku kwenzeka xa isiseko segqabi senza i-angle ebukhali kunye ne-petiole.
• Obtuse: kule meko, i-engile eyenziwe i-obtuse.
• Acuminate: apha, isiseko segqabi senza unxantathu ogqibeleleyo.
• luzizi: apha, i-blade iyancipha ide ifike kwi-petiole.
• Cuneate: kule meko, amacala ee-blades aqondile ade afikelele kwi-petiole.
• NONE iblade yeli gqabi ithatha imilo yentliziyo de ifike kwi petiole.
• hlaziya: oku kufana kakhulu ne-chordate, kuphela imilo ethambileyo ngoko ifana ngokusondeleyo nokumila kwezintso.
• Ihlaziyiwe: kwezi meko, isiseko senza iilobe ezimbini ezihlukeneyo.
• Sagittate: nangona oku kufana ne-hastada, ukuhlukana kwayo kukhulu.
• Auricular: Kolu lwahlulo, kukho amagqabi anesiseko sakhe sineentsimbi ezimbini ezincinci ezingavakaliyo kangako.
• ingqukuva: kule meko, i-blade idibene ne-petiole ngendlela ejikelezayo.
• Inqunyulwe: i-blade ifakwe phantse ngqo kwi-petiole.
• Akungalingani: nangona umanyano lwelamina kwipetiole lungalingani kodwa lunemilo engqukuva.
• Oblique: kule meko, umanyano phakathi kwe-petiole kunye ne-lamina ayifani ngokufanelekileyo.

Ngokomda wephepha

Eyaziwayo phantsi kwegama elithi "limbo", lo ngulo olunika ubume obunokubonakala kwiqabunga leqabunga, ngale ndlela, ngalinye lamagqabi liyingqayizivele kwaye liyabonakala. Phakathi kwezona zixhaphakileyo sizifumana zezi:

• Lilonke: Ngeli xesha, akukho nqaku elenza umahluko kwiphepha, kuba linikezelwe kakuhle.
• i-serrulated: Kule meko, i-blade inezikhonkwane ezivela ngokulandelelanayo kwaye zincinci kakhulu ngobukhulu, zifana kakhulu namazinyo eemela zokuthunga.
• Isarha: ubukho beencopho ezingavakali kakhulu buyaqatshelwa.
• Isarha kabini: oku kufana nesarha, nangona kunjalo, iincochoyi zicaciswe ngakumbi kwaye unokuqaphela ubukho bomngxuma phakathi komnye nomnye wabo.
• I-Crenate: oku kukwafana nokusarha, kodwa kulo mzekelo, iipayinti endaweni yokuba zimilise okwencochoyi, ziwavy ngobunono.
• I-Lobed okanye i-Lobed: Ubume bayo bukwi-lobes ezivakaliswa kakuhle, zinee-concavities eziphuma ngaphandle kunye ne-convexities ezingena ngaphakathi.
• I-Sinuous okanye i-scalloped: kule meko, iindawo zokuhlangana komda zinika imilo yentamo yentamo kunye neemilo ze-concave.
• Ikheli: i-concavities eyibonisayo iya ngaphandle kwaye i-convexities, kule meko, ingena ngaphakathi, nangona kunjalo, iphantsi kakhulu okanye ithambile.
• Icandelwana: Ngenxa yokunganyaniseki okuvezwayo, kubonakala ngathi kugragrama.
• ukhukuliseko: ifana ne-wavy kodwa imilo engaqhelekanga.
• Ukuba namazinyo okanye ukuhlaba: imilo yomda weli gqabi i-serrated, nangona kunjalo, ubukho bayo bunameva ngakumbi, oku, ukwenzela ukukhusela isityalo kwizilwanyana ezitya ingca.

Amagqabi emithi ngokohlobo lomthi

Uhlobo lwamagqabi omthi onalo nawo luya kuxhomekeka kwimozulu ojongene nayo, indawo omi kuyo kunye nemeko yesityalo, oko kukuthi, ukuba sisempilweni okanye akunjalo.

Imithi yahlulahlulwe yangamaqela amathathu amakhulu, leyo inamagqabi ahlala eluhlaza, imithi yokuhombisa kunye naleyo ithwala iziqhamo. Masifunde malunga ne ukuhlelwa kwamagqabi omthi:

• Amagqabi emithi ehlala iluhlaza: kule meko, amagqabi emithi anokubonwa unyaka wonke, umthi womnquma ngumzekelo ocacileyo wolu hlobo lomthi, njengoko lawa anamagqabi aqhotyoshelwe kumasebe awo ixesha elide okanye ebudeni bonyaka wonke.
• Amagqabi oMthi wokuhombisa: Olu hlobo lwemithi lunamagqabi avuthulukayo, oku kuthetha ukuba amagqabi awo akhona kangangexesha elithile, adityaniswe kumasebe, aqhele ukumiselwa kwimeko yemozulu. Ezi imithi evuthulukayoNgokuqhelekileyo zibonakaliswa ngemibala yazo, ubukhulu kunye neemilo ezinazo. Imibala yale mibala iyatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha de iwe kwisebe.
• Amagqabi omthi weSiqhamo: Kwiimeko ezininzi, le mithi inamagqabi ahlala eluhlaza, oko kukuthi, anjalo amagqabi emithi okanye amatyholo ahlala unyaka wonke. Iziqhamo zayo zikhula ngamaxesha athile naphantsi kweemeko ezithile.

Ukubaluleka kwamagqabi esityalo

Amagqabi emithi kunye nezityalo ngokubanzi, azalisekisa imisebenzi ethile ebaluleke kakhulu kubomi kunye nakwiplanethi, yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukuba kubekho izityalo ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka kuMhlaba wethu. Ngapha koko, koku kuvela i Ukubaluleka kwemithi kunye namagqabi ayo eplanethi ngokubanzi.

Masifunde ngakumbi malunga nokuba yeyiphi le misebenzi ibalulekileyo:

Ukubila

Le yinkqubo efana kakhulu naleyo yomphunga. I-Transpiration yinxalenye yomjikelezo wendalo wamanzi kwaye iquka ukulahlekelwa ngumphunga wamanzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesityalo, ngokukodwa ngamagqabi, nangona le nkqubo inokuthi iqhutywe ngeziqu.

Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elininzi lokuphefumla kwenzeka nge-stomata yezityalo. Xa esi sakhiwo sivulwa kwaye sivaliwe, sivelisa iindleko zamandla ezihambelana nokulahlekelwa ngumphunga.

Oku kuvumela ukusasazwa kwekharbon dioksidi ukuba kuqhutywe, okuyimfuneko ekuqhubeni inkqubo yephotosynthetic ukusuka emoyeni ukuya kwindawo yangaphakathi yegqabi, ukuphuma kweoksijini engaphakathi kwegqabi ukuya ngaphandle kunye nexesha, ukulahlekelwa ngumphunga wamanzi.

Kwinkqubo yokuphefumula, ukupholisa kwesityalo kwakhona kuqhutyelwa, ngale ndlela, ukuhamba akukho nanye kuzo zonke izondlo zamaminerali kunye namanzi avunyelwe ukusuka kwingcambu yesityalo ukuya emagqabini.

Oku kuhamba kwamanzi amaninzi asuka ezingcanjini ukuya egqabini kubangelwa kukuhla koxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic olufumaneka kwiindawo eziphezulu zesityalo ezibangelwa ukwanda kwamanzi asuka kwi-stomata ukuya kwindalo.

La manzi afunxwa emhlabeni ngeengcambu, ngenxa yenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-osmosis, nayiphi na iminerali enyityilisiweyo kula manzi iyakuthuthelwa emagqabini ngexylem yesityalo.

Iphotosynthesis

Enye yeenkqubo ezisisiseko zemithi kunye nazo zonke izityalo, ngazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ziguqulwa zibe yi-compounds, kunye ne-organic, ngenxa yokukhanya kwamandla (amandla elanga). Ngale nkqubo, amandla okukhanya aguqulwa abe ngamandla ekhemikhali azinzileyo, kwaye i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) yimolekyuli yokuqala apho kugcinwa khona amandla ekhemikhali.

Ngaphambi koku, i-ATP isetyenziswe ngaphakathi kwiseli, ukwenzela ukuba ukuhlanganiswa kweeamolekyu ze-organic kunye nezizinzile zinokuthi zenziwe, injalo imeko ye-carbohydrates.

I-cytoplasmic organelles enoxanduva lokuqhuba inkqubo yephotosynthesis yi-chloroplasts, ezi zizakhiwo eziluhlaza ze-polymorphous (umbala ngenxa ye-chlorophyll yesityalo) ezifumaneka ngaphakathi kweeseli zezityalo.

Ngaphakathi kwezi organelles, kukho igumbi apho i-stoma ikhona, eli lijongene nokugcinwa kwezinto ezithile, phakathi kwazo sinokufumana i-enzymes, ejongene nokuguqula i-carbon dioxide ibe yinto ephilayo, ngaphezu koko, kukho kwakhona. iisaccules ezicandiweyo ezaziwa ngokuba zii-thylakoids okanye i-lamellae, ezinenwebu apho ii-photosynthetic pigments zinokufunyanwa khona.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iseli yegqabi nganye inokuqulatha phakathi kwe-50 kunye ne-70 chloroplasts. Ezo zinto ziphilayo ezinokuqhuba inkqubo ye-photosynthesis zaziwa ngokuba ziifotoautotrophs, ezinoxanduva lokulungisa iCO._2.

Okwangoku, ukwahlula kunokwenziwa kwiintlobo ezimbini zeenkqubo ze-photosynthetic, ezizezi: i-oxygen photosynthesis kunye ne-anoxygenic photosynthesis. Eyokuqala kuzo inokubonwa kwizityalo eziphezulu ezifana ne-algae kunye ne-cyanobacteria, apho, ngubani onika i-electron ngamanzi, ngoko ke, ukukhutshwa kwe-oksijini kuqhutyelwa kwaye ngoko kuqala umjikelo weoksijini.

Okwesibini, i-anoxygenic okanye i-photosynthesis yebhaktheriya, iqhutywa yibhaktheriya emfusa kunye ne-sulphur eluhlaza, apho, onika i-electron yi-hydrogen sulfide, ngenxa yoko, i-chemical element eya kukhutshwa endaweni yokuba ibe yioksijini. isulfure, enokuthi iqulethwe ngaphakathi kwebhaktheriya, okanye inokugxothwa kwakhona ngamanzi.

I-equation yeekhemikhali esetyenziselwa iphotosynthesis idla ngokulandelayo:

2nCO₂ + 2n HD₂ + iifotoni → 2(CH₂O)_n + 2nA

Ikhabhon dayoksayidi + i-electron donor + amandla okukhanya → ikhabhohayidrethi + i-electron donor eneoksijini.