Ngaba ukhe wafuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga neziyobisi? Incwadi ye Imbali yeziyobisi ngokubanzi nguAntonio Escohotado ilungele wena! Kwinqaku elilandelayo, siza kukunika isishwankathelo kunye nophononongo.
Imbali jikelele yamachiza
Le yincwadi enenjongo yokufundisa, ukuhlalutya ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwaye ngaloo ndlela kugwetyelwe ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, yabhalwa yifilosofi u-Antonio Escohotado, ithathwa njengenye yemisebenzi yakhe ebalulekileyo, apho iziyobisi eziphambili kwihlabathi zihlolwe ngokubanzi, esixelela ngembali yabo, ngaloo ndlela ebhentsisa isiqalo sento ayibiza ngokuba ziziyobisi.
Le ncwadi ibandakanya imifanekiso engaphezulu kwamakhulu amathathu eyenza le ncwadi ifaniswe kwibhayiloji yehlabathi ngokuchaneka nobunzulu bayo. Yapapashwa eSpeyin, yahlelwa yaza yapapashwa okokuqala ngowe-1983.
Inamaphepha ali-1542, iintlelo ezilishumi elinesihlanu (eyokugqibela yapapashwa ngo-2006) yaza ngokuyinxenye yaguqulelwa, ezinye ziguqulelwa ngokupheleleyo kwisiFrentshi, isiNgesi, isiTaliyane, isiPhuthukezi, isiBulgaria nesiCzech. Ulwimi olucacileyo nolungqongqo olufundeka lula.
Yincwadi equlunqwe ngamacandelo amabini: "Imbali yeziyobisi" kunye "nesincoko somntu malunga neziyobisi ezahlukeneyo"; eyenza kube ngumsebenzi ofikelelekayo kwabo bafuna ukwanelisa ingqondo yabo ngale nkcazo ebhaliweyo ye-erudite.
Isishwankathelo
Umsebenzi ubalisa ngendlela ethile kunye eqinisekileyo ngembali jikelele yeziyobisi ezapapashwa ngaphambili kwimiqulu emithathu eyahlukileyo, apho nayo inesihlomelo sencwadi ethi "Ukufunda malunga neziyobisi", eyincwadana malunga nezivuseleli kunye nezinto ezivelisa ukuphumla. , ngalinye licandelo lalo elihambelanayo elahlulwe phakathi kwezityalo / izinto: Ibali elifutshane lembali, iidosi kunye nokusetyenziswa kunye nenkcazo yamava.
Ngenxa yenani lamaphepha enawo le ncwadi, sinokuliqonda ngokukhahlela nje uphando lwayo olubanzi ngombandela olungelelaniswa ngolu hlobo: Izityalo, izinto, izinto ezisetyenziswayo, isikhundla samagunya, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Le ncwadi iphinda ichaze ngembali yeziyobisi kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, iinkolo zamazwe ahlukeneyo (isiGrike, i-shamanic yamaHindu), kwakhona ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga izikumkani ezinkulu, ezinjengobuKristu.
Kule ncwadi, zinokubonwa zidweliswe kunye nenani elikhulu lemizekelo, apho ukuchaswa kwangaphambili kweziyobisi kubonisiwe, njengale: Iwayini yoyikisa impucuko yamaGrike namaRoma, ngoko ke amanyathelo athatyathwa ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo.
Omnye umzekelo awukhankanyayo ngowokuba bacwina amaRashiya namaJiphutha ngenxa yokusela ikofu. Ngendlela efanayo, kwenzeka ngecuba ePersi laza iqabane laseParaguay lakhatywa yiVatican, lifaneleka njengesithuthi sobuSathana.
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, inkolo ngumba obuthathaka kulo mxholo, kodwa le yeyona nto ibalaseleyo emehlweni oluntu, kuba amathandabuzo amaninzi kunye nokufuna ukwazi kuyenziwa. Umbhali wenza izigqibo phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zeziyobisi ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwizithethe zokwandisa ubutyala okanye uloyiko kunye nendlela ezinokuthi zingaqondwa ngayo.
Ukuchaza eyokuqala njengesidlo esingaqondakaliyo esinokubonisa umoya wabathembekileyo kwaye sifakwe ngaphakathi njengothixo. Kwaye enye njengokudluliselwa kobubi ngokwasemzimbeni okunyanzela abantu ukuba bazinikele ngenxa yesi sithixo okanye bamkhonze.
Uphando olubiziweyo lukhokelela kwixesha lokuthintela elaqala ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, elathi ngenxa yoko lavela intshukumo "yomvukeli" phakathi kwenkulungwane kwaye ngokucacileyo ingcinezelo yehlabathi ngabalawuli.
Yacaciswa kuphando olunzima lwemithombo engenakubalwa yamabali kunye nezixhobo ezenza uncwadi olupheleleyo, i-Escohotado ibhentsisa ngobuchule ukuguqula incwadi abantu abaninzi abanokuthi bayithathele ingqalelo ibe yinto ekruqulayo yokufunda ngenxa yobukrelekrele bayo.
Kwakunye nokuba mnandi kakhulu, inokubhala okugqwesileyo kunye nesigama esidityaniswe nesimbo soqobo nesinxilisayo esenza amava omfundi olungileyo axhokonxe iingcinga.
Ekukhetheni komthengi, lo msebenzi unokufundwa ngokupheleleyo okanye ugqitywe kwizahluko ezinomdla kakhulu, kuba unikezela ngesalathisi esibanzi apho zonke izihloko ezigubungelayo zibonakala ngokucacileyo.
Iqulethe iimbekiselo ezintsha ezikumazantsi ephepha athi umbhali asishiyele zona yaye ngokunokwenzeka ukuze umfundi abe mnandi kakhulu, ekubeni iya kuvumela ukwahluka kunye nokufumanisa ufundo olutsha kweli nqaku elinokwanelisa umdla wokufuna ukwazi ngalo mbandela.
Isihlomelo esiqulethe incwadi ethi Learning from drug , ifanele ukuba luhlobo lwencwadana echanekileyo inceda ukusondela ngokucokisekileyo ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zengqondo, zombini imifuno kunye nezithako ezisebenzayo. Inxalenye yembali ayibanzi kakhulu kwaye ibhekisa kwintshayelelo emfutshane kwii-hallucinogens ezahlukeneyo kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, ibamema ukuba bazisebenzise ngokufanelekileyo.
Inembali enkulu yendalo yonke kumaphepha ayo acwangciswe ngokufanelekileyo aphakamisa ulwazi, avale iintsomi kwaye avule amehlo abo bayifundayo, kunye nokuququzelela uthethwano ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokugwetywa.
Ekupheleni kwencwadi, imele uhlalutyo lwamachiza ahlukeneyo akhoyo ukuze umfundi athathele ingqalelo le ngcaciso, ukuba unqwenela njalo. Le ncwadi ichaza ngokucacileyo ezi ngongoma zilandelayo:
- idosi esebenzayo.
- Idosi ebulalayo yeMedi.
- Into ethile yokunyamezela.
- Umthamo kunye nexesha elincinci elifunekayo.
- iziphumo eziphilayo.
- iziphumo zengqondo.
- Iidosi ezincinci.
- Idosi ephakathi.
- Iidosi eziphezulu.
- ukuphikisana okuthe ngqo.
- Iindlela zokunyanga ngokukhawuleza ukuxiliswa ngokukhawuleza okanye i-paranoid trances.
- Ubuthi bezona zibambela zixhaphakileyo ngexesha kunye nendawo.
Uphononongo
Ehlabathini eligcwele izityholo eziphosakeleyo kunye nokungaqondi kakuhle, umsebenzi ka-Antonio Escohotado, iMbali Jikelele yeDrugs, ufika phambili, ekubeni unenjongo eyongezelelweyo yokukhupha intsingiselo embi esiyinika igama elithi "iziyobisi".
Yintoni eyinika isuntswana lokuthandana kunye nokuchaphazeleka kukuba umbhali wabhala lo msebenzi umangalisayo emva kwezitshixo entolongweni ngenxa yokutyholwa ngokungekho sikweni ngokurhweba ngeziyobisi.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuqondwa ngempazamo ngabaxhasi bokwenziwa ngokusemthethweni kweziyobisi, ukuba bangabantu abangenankathalo, abangenakamva lithembisayo, iihippie, okanye abonakele ngokuziphatha. Imbali Jikelele yeZiyobisi, iyoyisa loo mbono idlalwa ngabantu abaninzi ngokwasengqondweni.
Ukunika umzekelo wombhali we-jurist, ifilosofi, i-sociologist kunye nonjingalwazi wendlela yesayensi kwi-UNED, emva koko iMbali ecacileyo yeziyobisi kwimbali yonke iyaphula i-manifesto yesifundo esingaphendulwanga kakuhle ngabantu.
Ngokucacileyo le ncwadi ayifuni kucekiswa ngabantu abavaleleke kulo mbandela, ukuze bafundise kwaye bazise uluvo oluvulekileyo kwihlabathi eloyiswe kukuziphatha kunye neempembelelo zonqulo nezopolitiko. Lo msebenzi wabelana nawo ngomtya wokuqiqa kwezesayensi, apho unendalo efihliweyo kunye neempembelelo zezozakuzo kunye nezamayeza.
Umsebenzi awuvumeli ukudideka kumacala omabini, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa koku kunye nezinye iindlela zayo. Namhlanje urhulumente ujongene nokusikhusela kwiziyobisi ezikhobokisayo neziyityhefu, kodwa ukwazama ukukhusela abathengi kunye nabo babhencwa kubo.
Bakwazama ukunqanda ukuphulukana nesigwebo sabantu abangazinzanga ngokweemvakalelo, kuba banovelwano lokuwela kwiindawo ezinetyhefu, ezinokuthi kwixesha elizayo zibangele umonakalo ongenakulungiseka.
Oorhulumente baxhalabile ngezi ziganeko, kuba nayiphi na iprotheni yobuchopho ejikelezayo ebangela ukusabela okuncinci okunetyhefu kumzimba kunye nokuzinza komntu, i-alarm engapheliyo. Nangona kunjalo, zininzi izinto ezithathwa njengamayeza kwaye zikhuselekile ukuba zisetyenziswe ngabantu, kodwa nangona kunjalo, kukho ukungafani phakathi kwezazinzulu kulo mbandela.
Mhlawumbi, le yincwadi echitha uninzi lwezi khethe okanye inokusimema ukuba senze uhlalutyo lwethu malunga neengenelo kunye nokungalunganga kweziyobisi, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuqonda indlela asebenza ngayo.
Njengoko sifunda lo msebenzi siya kufumana iimbono zokwenyani, ezidla ngokungaveli ekukhanyeni, mhlawumbi indalo iphela yeengcibi zenzululwazi kunye neengcali ziya kufunyanwa eziya kuchaza yonke into njengoko injalo ngokwenene.
Umzekelo ophawuleka kakhulu yi-aspirin, enokubulala umntu omdala ukusuka kwiigram ezintathu. Njengale nto siyinika ukusetyenziswa izihlandlo ezininzi kwaye sibambelela kuyo nangenxa yentloko ebuhlungu sikholelwa ukuba ayinabungozi, kodwa inyaniso kukuba lichiza elijikelezayo nelisemthethweni, alikwenzi ukuba libe yingozi kakhulu.
Oku akuthethi ukuba akusincedi, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuba sithathele ingqalelo ezi zicaciso ukuba le ncwadi inikeza ngokuchanekileyo nangokupheleleyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo ilawula ukunika isifundo esicwangciswe kakuhle ukugqibelela ingcamango malunga neziyobisi ngaphandle kwezenzo ze-alarmist okanye ubandlululo kwisayensi okanye kwi-stereotypes.
Ngaba uyafuna ukufunda olunye uphononongo lwencwadi? Siyakumema ukuba ufake inqaku elilandelayo: Ingxowa Yamathambo nguStephen King Uphononongo olufutshane!
umbhali
U-Antonio Escohotado Espinoza yifilosofi yaseSpain, i-jurist, i-essayist kunye noprofesa waseyunivesithi, owadala imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo esekelwe kwimbono yakhe kunye nophando malunga nomthetho, ifilosofi, kunye nentlalo yoluntu, apho uye wajamelana nemiba eyahlukahlukeneyo ephikisanayo.
Umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu kunye nenyaniso eyaziwayo kwihlabathi jikelele yayiluhlalutyo lwakhe lweziyobisi apho abonisa khona isikhundla sakhe njengomntu ochasene ne-prohibitionist, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni aqatshelwe ukuqinisekiswa kwakhe kwe-libertarian, njengokujongana noloyiko okanye iimeko apho izidalwa ziphantsi kwayo. abantu.
Siyakumema ukuba ubukele le vidiyo ilandelayo ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nezimvo zalo mbhali: