Ubusazi na ukuba iGPS yenziwe ngeesathelayithi ezingama-24? Kweli nqaku siza kukubonisa imbali yeGPS, kunye nokuvela kwayo ukusuka ekudalweni kwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Imbali yeGPS
I-GPS, i-Global Positioning System, enegama lokuqala le-Navstar GPS: Yindlela efuna ukukhomba indawo eMhlabeni yakhe nawuphi na umntu okanye imoto ngokuchanekileyo.
Le nkqubo yenziwa liSebe lezoKhuselo laseMelika. Okwangoku lilungu le-United States Space Force. Ukufezekisa indawo oyifunayo, umqhubi wenqanawa usebenzisa i-satellites ezine okanye ngaphezulu, kunye ne-trilateration.
Ukusebenza kwayo, iGPS idinga ubuncinane iisathelayithi ezingama-24 malunga nokufumaneka kwi-orbit engaphezulu koMhlaba, kumphakamo omalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-20000. Isasaza imijikelo yayo ngendlela yokuba ibe neesathelayithi ezine ezichongiweyo emhlabeni wonke.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1960, inkqubo ye-OMEGA, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Terrestrial Navigation System, esekwe kwimiqondiso enikwe zizikhululo ezimbalwa zomhlaba, yakwazi ukuba kwindawo yokuqala kwinkqubo yokukhangela yerediyo yehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ezi nkqubo zibonakalisa izithintelo ezithile, babona imfuneko yokufuna impendulo enkulu kuhambo oluchanekileyo, ngaloo ndlela baqala imbali yeGPS.
Umkhosi oxhobileyo wase-United States uye wasebenzisa le nkqubela phambili yokukhangela kwimbali ye-gps isebenzisa iisathelayithi ezivumela ukuba zibonelele ngeendawo ezichanekileyo kunye nexesha.
Inkqubo esetyenzisiweyo kwafuneka ihlangabezane nemimiselo ethile ukuze iphunyezwe. Yiba nehlabathi jikelele; kulo mzekelo umhlaba kufuneka ujikelezwe ngokupheleleyo, uzingise kwaye umsebenzi wakhe kufuneka uqhubekile, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa okanye ukulinganiselwa kwimo ye-atmospheric. Kanye nokuba namandla ukuyivumela ukuba ichaneke.
Ngomnyaka we-1964 inkqubo entsha ebizwa ngokuba yiTransit yayisemsebenzini, kwaye ngo-1967 yayisetyenziswa ngumkhosi ukusetyenziselwa urhwebo.
Le nkqubo yakhiwe ngeesathelayithi ezintandathu ze-polar orbit ephantsi, kunye ne-1074 km yokuphakama. Bavumele ukuba ufikeleleko lwehlabathi lonke lufezekiswe, kodwa aluzingi. Ukuba nokwenzeka kwendawo yayo kwakungatshintshi, ukufikelela kwiisathelayithi kwakunikwa malunga neeyure ezimbini. Ukubala indawo ekuyo, kwakufuneka ibekwe esweni rhoqo ngemizuzu eli-15 ukuze ingaphulukani noluhlu lwayo.
Umkhosi wamanzi wase-US, ngo-1967, waqhubela phambili ngesathelayithi ebizwa ngokuba yi-Timation, wabonisa ukuqiniseka ukuba kunokwenzeka ukubeka iiwotshi ezichanekileyo emajukujukwini eziza kubonelela ngedatha engaguqukiyo, ukuqhubela phambili okuhamba kunye ne-GPS.
Ngomnyaka we-1973, iinkqubo apho uMkhosi waManzi wase-United States kunye noMkhosi woMoya wawusebenza kunye kwaye oko kubizwa ngokuba yiNkqubo yeTekhnoloji ye-Navigation yasungulwa, oku kuthetha iNkqubo yeTekhnoloji yokuNavigation.
Ukusukela ngo-1978 ukuya ku-1985 baye batyhila kwaye babeneesathelayithi zovavanyo ze-Navstar ezisibhozo. Emva kwazo, kwavela izizukulwana ezitsha, de zafikelela kwiqela leenkwenkwezi ngoku elaziwa ngokuba yindawo yokuqala yokusebenza, igama elanikwa ngoDisemba 1993, elinomthamo opheleleyo noluncedo ngowe-1995.
Kwi-2009, i-United States yavelisa inkonzo evumela ukuseka isikhundla kunye nokunceda i-ICAO, engazange inqabe ukwamkela isipho. Ngaloo ndlela kancinci kancinci imbali yegps yenziwa.
Iimpawu kunye neefom eziye zaphuhliswa kwimbali yegps
- Ineendidi zeenkwenkwezi ezingama-24 ezimele phakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-6 orbits.
- Inobude obungama-20200 km.
- Ixesha layo liphakathi kweeyure ezili-12 ezisecaleni.
- Inotyekelo olumalunga nama-55 °.
- Ibonelela ngobomi obulungileyo beminyaka eyi-8.
- Ukugubungela kwayo kwihlabathi jikelele.
- Isithuba somsebenzisi asinamida.
- Ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yayo yokulungelelanisa isebenza kunye ne-8000.
uphawu kwimbali yeGPS
Ngaphakathi kwimbali yeGPS sifumanisa ukuba isoloko ithumela umyalezo wokuhamba malunga namasuntswana angama-50 ngomzuzwana kwi-1600 MHz isakhiwo sokudlulisa i-microwave. Kwirediyo ye-FM ithunyelwa phakathi kwe-86 kunye ne-109 MHz kunye ne-wi-fi isebenza ngokuqikelelwa kwe-5000 MHz kunye ne-2500 MHz, ngokwayo iisathelayithi zizonke zithumela i-1600 MHz yesiginali ye-L1 kunye ne-1228 yesiginali ye-L2.
Lo mqondiso weGPS ubonelela ngexesha, ixesha elihambelana neveki nganye, usebenzisa ikloko yeathom engaphakathi kwisathelayithi, ikwabonisa inani leveki nganye, kwaye uyila isalathiso esikuvumela ukuba ufumanise ukuba i-satellite inesiphoso.
Usasazo lwayo luyimizuzwana engama-30 ubude kunye ne-1500 bits yedatha ekhoyo. Iinombolo zedatha zisekwe ngokulandelelwa kwe-high-speed pseudo-random ebonakalisa isathelayithi nganye.
Ukukhutshwa kwayo kuphelelwe lixesha, iqala kwaye iphele ngaxeshanye, njengoko kuboniswa yiwotshi engaphakathi kwisathelayithi. Ekuqaleni, umamkeli wolwazi ukwaziswa ngekhonkco ekhoyo phakathi kwewashi yesathelayithi kunye nexesha eliboniswe yi-GPS, kwaye ngomzuzwana wesibini, ithumela ulwazi kwi-transmitter ye-orbit ngqo ye-satellite.
indlela ye-GPS ye-evolution
- Umqondiso omtsha wokusetyenziswa koluntu wongezwa kwi-L1.
- Ngokunjalo, umqondiso omtsha woluntu wongezwa kwi-L5 malunga ne-1177 MHz.
- Ukongezelela, uhlobo lokunyamekela lusekwe kwiimpawu ezintsha zoKhuseleko lweenkonzo zoBomi.
- Inika ukuhanjiswa komqondiso okungcono.
- Ukuphucula amandla omqondiso.
- Ukunyuka kwenziwa kwiibhokisi zokubeka iliso, zinyuka ziye kwi-12.
- Fikelela kubudlelwane neGalileo's L1 continuum.
- Dibana nemigca yabathengi, nokuba ngaba basemkhosini okanye ngabemi ngokusetyenziswa kweegps.
- Imisela izicelo ze-gps III ngokweendlela zokusebenza.
- Iququzelela iimvume eziyimfuneko kwinguqu yexesha elizayo ukwenzela ukwanelisa izicelo abasebenzisi abazimisele ukuzenza kude kube yi-2030.
Le nkqubo iphumelele ukuqhubela phambili okukhulu okuye kwavumela ukuseka ngokusebenzayo indawo kwi-scope yedatha, evumela umxhasi ukuba anqume ngokuchanekileyo ukuhamba kwe-Mobile Mapping eyaziwayo.
Ngale ndlela, i-cartography ye-3D isetyenzisiweyo, nge-scanner ene-laser, imilinganiselo yeekhamera, izinzwa, iinkqubo ze-gnss zenziwe, zivumela ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo, ngesandla kunye nobuchwepheshe bayo bendawo ezintathu: IMU, GNSS kunye ne-Odometer, ngubani na. ukuphumeza uluhlu lwemiqondiso, nakwezo ndawo apho zingalunganga.
isebenza njani iGPS
Imbali yeGPS ibonise ukuqhubela phambili okukhulu, ngaphakathi kwabo imisebenzi yabo ihlaziywe, phakathi kwabo kufanelekile ukugqamisa:
- Ngaphakathi kwemisebenzi yayo, i-GPS iphawula ipateni ebizwa ngokuba yi-ephemeris, yiyo loo nto ngamnye ethumela eyakhe, apho ubomi besathelayithi bumiselwa khona. indlela esemajukujukwini, ixesha layo, umxholo wayo we-doppler, phakathi kwabanye.
- Iisathelayithi ezihlukeneyo zibonisa ukuba lowo uphetheyo ekufumaneni ulwazi ubekwe kwindawo ethile kumphezulu we-sphere, umntla wayo ukwisathelayithi efanayo kunye nonomathotholo wayo ngumgama ochanekileyo ukuya kumamkeli.
- Nje ukuba ulwazi olukhutshwe zimbini zeesathelayithi lufunyenwe, i-contour inokumiselwa ukuba ibe sisiphumo samacandelo amabini kwindawo ethile, apho umamkeli akhoyo.
- Xa ulwazi oluvela kwinombolo yesathelayithi yesithathu ifunyenwe, impazamo evimbela iiwotshi ukuba zihambelane kunye kunye nabaxhamli be-gps bayanyamalala, bafezekise indawo echanekileyo ye-3D.
Ukuba ufuna ukuzityebisa ngesinye isihloko setekhnoloji, ndiyakumema ukuba ulandele ikhonkco Technology Satellite
Ukuthembeka kolwazi olukhutshwe yi-gps
Ekubeni i-GPS inomgca wezempi, e-United States, iSebe lezoKhuselo ligcina ithuba lokuthatha into encinci ngokungaqhelekanga, enokuthi iguqulwe phakathi kwe-15 kunye ne-100 m. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku le mpazamo eqhutywayo ayisetyenziswanga, ulwazi oluchanekileyo noluchanekileyo oluthunyelwe yi-GPS lunxulumene nenani lesathelayithi ezinokubonwa ngexesha elithile.
Ukuba ulwazi olufunyenweyo luphakathi kweesathelayithi ezisixhenxe kunye nesithoba kwaye azihambelani, imilinganiselo yazo ingezantsi, ingaba phakathi kweemitha ezi-2 kwi-95% yexesha, ukuba ngokuchasene nenkqubo ye-GDPS isetyenziswa, ukuchaneka kokulinganisa kwayo kuninzi. ngcono, ekubeni imele 97% yeemeko.
Ukuthembeka kwedatha enikezelwa yi-gps kuxhomekeke kwindlela yayo yokuma, ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo nangokuchanekileyo indawo yabamkeli.
Njengoko sibona, zininzi iinkqubela phambili ezenzeka kwimbali yeGPS.
Imvelaphi yempazamo yegps kwimbali yakho
Ulwazi olufunwa yi-gps okwangoku, indawo yesathelayithi kunye nokulibaziseka komqondiso ofunyenweyo. Ukuchaneka kwayo kubangelwa ukuchaneka kwesikhundla kunye nokulibaziseka komqondiso.
Xa efumanisa ukulibaziseka, umntu ophetheyo ekufumaneni inkcazelo unxulumanisa inani leenxalenye ezithunyelwa yisathelayithi nenkcazelo yobuqu. Xa imigaqo yolu chungechunge ihambelana, amacandelo e-elektroniki aseka ukungalingani kwe-1% ngexesha elincinci; yiyo loo nto imiqondiso ekhutshwa yigps yandisa kwisantya sokukhanya, nto leyo eseka impazamo emalunga neemitha ezintathu, ithathwa njengempazamo encinci kakhulu xa kusetyenziswa umqondiso weGPS.
Ukuchaneka kunokuphuculwa ngokusebenzisa isignali ye-P (Y), ebonisa umphumo ofanayo, omele i-1% yexesha, uphawu lwe-P (Y), ekusebenzeni okuphezulu, lubonisa ukugqitywa okuchanekileyo malunga neesentimitha ezingama-30.
Ukuchaneka kwemilinganiselo yegps kuphenjelelwa ziziphene ezivela kwi-electronics. Ezi ndlela zokulinganisa zingaphuculwa ngokusetyenziswa kwesoftware kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswa ngexesha langempela.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi malunga nokuvela kweGPS, ndiyakumema ukuba ubukele lo mxholo ulandelayo wokuviwa nokubonwayo.
Ngaphakathi komda wempazamo kwimbali yeGPS, sinokuqwalasela:
- Ukulibaziseka ekuphumeni komqondiso kwi-ionosphere kunye ne-troposphere.
- Imiqondiso ekwabelwana ngayo ngexesha elifanayo kwizakhiwo nakwiintaba kwaye ibuyiselwe.
- Iimpazamo kwii-orbits, apho ulwazi olufanayo aluchanekanga.
- Inani leisathelayithi eziqaphelekayo.
- Ukungalingani kwindawo yeesathelayithi ezinokujongwa.
- Iimpazamo kwiiwotshi zegps zangaphakathi.
Izinto ezingenelela kwiimpazamo zedatha ekhutshiweyo.
Izinto ezibandakanyekayo kwiimpazamo ezenzeke kwimbali yeGPS zinxulumene:
Iimpazamo zesathelayithi ezizodwa kwimbali yeGPS
- Iimpazamo kwii-orbits: Izinto ezaneleyo ziyimfuneko ukuqhuba ii-orbits, ekubeni ii-satellites zingenalo umgca othe ngqo kwi-orbit ye-Kleperian, nto leyo ithathwa njengesiqhelo, oku kunesiphumo sokuba inkqubo iphazamisekile ngenxa yokungabikho kolwazi. amandla aphembelela isathelayithi nganye.
- Iimpazamo kwiwotshi yangaphakathi: Inxulumene nokuguqulwa kwexesha lewotshi yangaphakathi ebangelwa ukulahleka kwe-oscillators kunye nezo zibangelwa ukuhamba kwemiphumo ehambelanayo, ezisa njengesiphumo umahluko omkhulu phakathi ixesha elimiselweyo kunye nesathelayithi.
- Iimpazamo zesikhundla: Kukunqongophala kokhuseleko oluvela kwindawo njengengqikelelo yokunqongophala kokuchaneka kwesikhundla kunye neesathelayithi ezikhethiweyo.
Iimpazamo kwiifom zothumelo kwimbali yeGPS
- Iimpazamo kwi-ionospheric reinforcement: Ihambelana nokuphindaphinda kwe-GPS, impazamo ekuqinisweni kwayo ibonakala ukusuka kwiimitha ezingama-50 ukuya kwimitha eyi-1, amandla e-ionospheric axhomekeke kwisiqhelo kunye nefuthe elisondeleyo lomlinganiselo ngamnye owenziweyo.
- Iimpazamo kwi-tropospheric reinforcement: Ezi mpazamo ziphawula umda phakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-25 yeemitha, oku kwahlulwe kumlinganiselo oqhelekileyo wokulinganisa. Nangona kunjalo, le mpazamo inokulungiswa kusetyenziswa ezinye iimodeli zetropospheric.
- I-Multipath: Le ndlela ivumela umqondiso ukuba ufike usebenzisa imithombo emibini eyahlukeneyo, nangona oku kunokubangela ukuba umqondiso uphazamiseke. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Multipath kuqatshelwa xa kulinganisa umgangatho, ukujongela ubume bayo, i-antenna ingasetyenziselwa esebenza kunye nemiqondiso eyifumana kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Iimpazamo ezinxulumene ngqo nokwamkelwa kolwazi kwimbali yeGPS
- Ingxolo: Ingxolo inxulumene nesixa solwazi kunye nexesha elifunekayo ukuyifumana ngokuchanekileyo, oku kufuneka kulandelwe ukufumana imilinganiselo ngokuchanekileyo.
- Amaziko oLwazi lwe-Antenna: Ukuba i-antenna eyaziwayo ifunyenwe kwindima ye-antenna kumlinganiselo, amanqaku ayacinywa, xa imilinganiselo ichanekile, i-antenna ihambelana nolwalathiso olufanayo ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezifunwayo .
Ukufakwa kweegps kwiiselfowuni
Okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa kwegps kwiifowuni kuye kwafumana i-boom enkulu, iye yaziswa kwii-smartphones, iluncedo kakhulu xa ucela idilesi, ukusetyenziswa kweGPS kuye kwavelisa indlela yesofthiwe yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemodeli, kunye ne-software. iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamashishini afuna ukusetyenziswa kweeselfowuni.
Isinika ithuba lokwazi iindawo apho abahlobo kunye nosapho bahamba ngemephu, kuyimfuneko kuphela ukuba neqonga elifunekayo.
Ukufakwa kweGPS kwiiwotshi
Ukuqhubela phambili kwethekhnoloji namhlanje kuye kwenza ukuba kube lula ukunika indlela ye-smartwatches kunye ne-GPS ebandakanyiweyo, ingasetyenziselwa kunye nee-smartphones ukuba sibhekisela, umzekelo, kwiiwashi zezemidlalo okanye i-bracelets ezingenazo izikrini.
Njengee-smartphones, oku kusivumela ukuba sazi indawo yabantu esibafunayo, kuyimfuneko kuphela ukuba nesicelo esiyimfuneko kunye neqonga.
ITheory of Relativity kunye neGPS
Kwiisathelayithi ze-GPS, iiwotshi kufuneka zidityaniswe neendawo ezisemhlabeni, ngoko ke ithiyori gabalala kunye neyodwa yonxulumano kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo, iziphumo ezibonelela ngazo zezi: ixesha, utshintsho lwamaza kunye nokungacacanga.
Kwelinye icala, ngokwexesha isantya sesathelayithi oscillates phakathi kwenxalenye enye kwi-1, oku kwandiswa kubangela ukuba iwotshi yesathelayithi ibe malunga neenxalenye ezi-10 kwi-5 ngokukhawuleza.
Ngokumalunga nendawo kunye nerelativity ngokubanzi, ukuqala kwithiyori yokunxibelelana, kuba ihlala ishukuma kunye nobude obuyimeleyo, ichaphazela isantya seewotshi, irelativity jikelele ithi iwotshi ekufutshane kwinto efuna ukuyilinganisa iya kucotha kakhulu kunomnye. leyo ikude, ukuba siyinxulumanisa ngokuthe ngqo neegps, into ofuna ukuyifumana ingcaciso ikufuphi emhlabeni kunesathelayithi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwegps ngoku kube sisixhobo esikhulu, zombini ubudlelwane kunye nomsebenzi, yingakho kuyimfuneko ukwazi indlela esebenza ngayo ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo ukwazi ububanzi bayo kwaye ufumane okuninzi kuyo.