Ngaba uyazi ukuba yintoni na imbali ye-x-reyi Kwenzeka njani ukuba oko kwenzeke? Yintoni isiseko sobukho bayo, okanye iindlela zeenjongo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, siyakumema ukuba ufunde ngembali enomdla ye-X-rays kunye nolunye ulwazi olufanelekileyo malunga nesi sifundo esikhangayo.
X-Ray Inkcazo
Okokuqala, ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi ii-X-reyi, kuyimfuneko ukujongana nolwahlulo phakathi kwento efunyenweyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i Imitha ye-electromagnetic Yenziwe ngothotho lwamaza ombane, amanye awo asingqongileyo.
La maza aqhele ukufunyanwa ngokwendalo kwi-electromagnetic spectrum, ngokusekwe kolu lwazi, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho intlaninge yamaza anokohlulwa abe ziindidi zamaza ombane. Phakathi kwamaza afundwe ngefiziksi ngononophelo olukhulu nangokucacileyo, sifumana oku kulandelayo:
- Imitha yeGamma
- I-X-ray
- I-infrared
- Isibane esibomvu
- Ukukhanya kweViolet
- Ukukhanya kwelanga
- I-oven ye-Microwave
- FM Radio- TV
- Irediyo ye-AM
Njengoko sibona, iiX-reyi zimela uhlobo olunye kuphela lwamaza olungaphakathi kuhlelo lwemitha yombane. Le mitha ayibonakali emehlweni abantu. Ke ngoko, iiX-reyi luhlobo lwemitha ye-electromagnetic enomsebenzi kukungena komnye umzimba okanye into ephilayo ukuze kuprintwe iifoto ezibonisa indawo ethile yomzimba.
Olu hlobo lwemitha ye-electromagnetic lwenza imisebenzi ethile eyenziwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo ngenxa yeempawu ezihamba nayo, phakathi kwazo esinokuzikhankanya njengebalulekile kwaye kwangaxeshanye ziphelele, zezi:
Ukukwazi ukungena kuwo nawuphi na umzimba
Oku kubonisa ukuguquguquka okubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kweempawu ezichaza ii-X-reyi, enkosi kwesi sikhundla sithe imitha ye-radiation inabo, kunokwenzeka ukwenza ngokugqibeleleyo kwinkqubo eqhuba isiganeko esixeliweyo. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuqhutywa kuphela ngeenjongo ezisebenzayo kwindawo yonyango, iyakwazi ukubonelela ngokubonwa kwenxalenye ethile yomzimba ngeX-reyi.
Ngombulelo kwi-digitization yangoku yenkqubo, namhlanje kunokwenzeka ukujonga ifoto, apho umzimba ongenisiweyo uboniswa, ukuvumela ukwazi nokutolika umfanekiso oxeliweyo nakwisixhobo sombane, njengekhompyutha okanye umnxeba.
La mandla, achazwa njengeeX-reyi, abekwe phakathi kweenkalo ezimbini esikhe sazikhankanya ngaphambili, ezi yimitha ye<em>ultraviolet yaye, ngokulandelayo, imitha ye<em>gamma, ekhula ngendlela engokwemvelo. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, iiX-reyi zenza inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yiionizing. Isiphumo esiguqulela ekuqondeni okunika indlela kwinani lamasuntswana avelisa iintlawulo ze-ion ngokusebenzisa amandla ombane
ukufunyanwa kwee-x-reyi
El imvelaphi kunye nembali ye-x-reyi Oku kungqinwa kumbulelo kuWilliam Crookes, umfundi wezenzululwazi owagxininisa waza wenza nzulu izifundo zakhe malunga neziphumo kunye nemiphumo yeegesi eziphantsi kokukhutshwa kwamandla, ngenjongo yokujonga umphumo owenziweyo. Indlela Zafunyanwa njani ii-x-reyi? ibuyiswa ngesiseko sovavanyo okanye umfuniselo owenziwe kusetyenziswa isixhobo setyhubhu engenanto. Oku kwahamba kunye nee-electrodes, ukwenzela ukubonelela ngee-voltages currents.
Isazinzulu sinike eli gama kuvavanyo, songeza nefani yakhe. Ke ngoko, yayichazwa njengeetyhubhu zeCrookes. Imifanekiso esasazekileyo ibonakaliswe ngale mibhobho, nangona kunjalo, uvavanyo lwaqhubeka kwaye uWilliam waphonononga kule mpembelelo inomdla eyenziwe ngamatyhubhu. Okulandelayo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isazinzulu sigxininise umda oyingozi onokuwuvelisa loo mitha.
Ngomnyaka we-1985, imbali igxininisa ezinye izifundo ezisekelwe kwi-Hittorff Crookes tubes, ngeli xesha nguWilhelm Roentgen, obizwa ngokuba yi-radiology yokuqala. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba umlinganiswa uthe wafumanisa eyona nto iphambili yombane, kwaye ngokulandelelana wakwazi ukuthatha ifoto yokuqala yesandla, nangona kunjalo. owafumanisa ii-x-reyi yayiyiNzululwazi uCrooker, phantsi koqwalaselo lwezinye iingcamango ezathi kamva zenziwa nzulu ziingcali ezahlukeneyo kulo msebenzi.
Eli binzana likrelekrele lenzululwazi lakwazi, ngokuqwalasela, ukufumana izinto ezahlukeneyo ezamvumela ukuba achaze ingcamango eya kuthi kamva ifumane iimpendulo ezibambekayo. Uphando lwempembelelo ye-fluorescent ephuma ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukukhanya kwe-violet, oku kuveliswa yimisebe eyahlukeneyo ye-cathode yahlelwa.
Ukulandela esi senzo simangalisayo, wafika ekufumaneni ukuba ezinye iibhubhu ezenziwe ngekhadibhodi emnyama ziphumelele ukupheliswa kokukhanya okubonakalayo. Ngaloo nto, ukukhutshwa kokukhanya okubuthathaka kwaveliswa ngendlela yokukhanya kunye nethoni ephuzi, kunye neetoni eziluhlaza, eziphuma kwi-platinum-coated blind, kwiitoni ze-cyanide, ekugqibeleni zaphela xa ityhubhu ichithekile.
Isigqibo sakhe sasisekelwe kwinto yokuba imitha yavelisa uhlobo lwemitha eyangena kakhulu, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba ikwazile ukudlula kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nephepha kwaye, ngokuphindaphindiweyo, izinto ezilula kakhulu zetsimbi. Wagxininisa ekusetyenzisweni kweepleyiti zokufota ukuze afike kumboniso wokuba izinto zaboniswa elubala ngokuchasene neX-reyi, oku ngaphantsi kobunzima obuguquguqukayo bento.
Impumelelo ibe mikhulu kwaye ngoko nangoko, i imbali ye-x-reyi ngoko yijonge. Usosayensi wakwazi ukwenza i-radiography yabantu bokuqala. Le x-reyi ibonakalisa isandla, inkosikazi yakhe ibinguye obeziboleka ngex-reyi. Ejongene nolu vavanyo oluyimpumelelo, wagqiba ekubeni abize lo mkhuba, phantsi kokuphela kwemisebe engaziwayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba akakawufumani unobangela wale nto wayeyibhaqile. Phantsi kwezi ngcinga, idatha kuphela efunyenwe ngelo xesha yayisithi imitha yaveliswa yimitha ye-cathode xa ibetha ezinye izinto.
Kamva ibali ligxininisa ukuba izifundo ezinzulu ezitsha zichazwe kwimvelaphi yale mitha. Noko ke, nangona ezinye izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithile ezifanelekileyo, inzululwazi yakhetha ukuligcina igama lokuqala elalinikiwe. Ukuza ngale ndlela ukwaziwa phantsi kwesiqinisekiso seRoentgen, owayila iix-reyi
UWilhelm Roetngen wafumana ukuwongwa okuninzi ngenxa yesityhilelo sokufunyaniswa kwenzululwazi ngeX-reyi, into ebhalwe kwimbali. Wafumana iBhaso leNobel kwiFiziksi ngowe-1901. Kwakhona wawongwa ngeMbasa yeSithsaba, enguMlawuli waseJamani uWilhelm II owavuyisana naye waza wamwonga ngewonga elibaluleke ngolo hlobo. Ekugqibeleni kunyaka ka-1986 iRoyal Society yaseLondon nayo yamwonga ngembasa yokuwonga iinzame zakhe.
Ukuveliswa kwe-X-ray
Kuyenzeka ukubonisa ubukho be-X-reyi kuba zinokujongwa ukusuka kumzuzu apho umqa we-electron onemirhumo emikhulu yamandla ikwazile ukucotha xa ibetha ithagethi yentsimbi. Esi senzo sivelisa i-radiation, ngoko ke, umphumo uveliswa ngokusekelwe kwimveliso ye-a Umbane we-Electromagnetic ethi yona ikhuphe imbonakalo eyahlukileyo ngokuqhubekayo ethi ekugqibeleni ichazwe njenge-X-reyi.
Le radiation ichazwa ngokuba "i-braking radiation" ephuhliswa ngendlela ye-wavelength emfutshane kakhulu exhomekeke kumandla athile akhutshwa yi-electron, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba ezinye iiathom eziphuma kwizinto ezikwimo yesinyithi zivelisa i-X-rays yazo. zichazwa njenge monochromatic. Omnye umthombo yi-synchrotron radiation ebonakaliswa yi-particle accelerators.
Ngale ndlela, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba kulo lonke imbali ye-x-reyi iziphumo zayo kunye nezenzo ziphuhliswa kwiindawo ezibhedlele, kunye nakwiilabhoratri, apho iityhubhu ze-X-ray zivame ukusetyenziswa.
ityhubhu yefilament
Olu hlobo lwetyhubhu ene-filament imelwe yimpahla ngendlela yeglasi engaxutywanga, oko kukuthi, engenanto, apho i-electrodes ye-2 inokufumaneka kwindawo esondeleyo ekupheleni kwayo. Inento echazwa njenge catado ehamba nefilament ebizwa ngokuba yi tusgten, ikwanazo nentsimbi enomsebenzi wokukhupha amandla.
Emva koko, inkqubo iveliswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-cathode egxininise ekujoliswe kuyo, evumela ukuba i-X-rays iphuhliswe ngenxa yokungqubana. Ekugqibeleni, le mitha igqityezelwa ngepesenti enye elingana namandla akhutshwa yinkqubo yeX-reyi.
Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba intsalela imelwe yi-electron ehamba kunye ne-thermal energy. Umsebenzi we-anode kukupholisa izinto zokuthintela izinto ezithethiweyo ukuba ziphume, oku kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba usebenzisa i-motor eyenza ukujikeleza rhoqo.
Xa ujika, iqondo lokushisa livame ukuhanjiswa kulo lonke ubude be-anode, kwaye ngaphambi kokubulawa okunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukwenza umsebenzi owanelisayo ngamandla amakhulu kunye nokuchasana. Umbhobho uthe unefestile ecace gca kwi-X-reyi, eyenziwe ngezinto ezicolekileyo neziethe-ethe, ezifana ne-aluminiyam kunye neberyllium.
I-X-ray tube schematic
Umbhobho unomxholo wegesi osondela kwi-001 mmHg obala njengoxinzelelo. Oku kuhlolwa luhlobo lwesivalo esikhatshwa yi-cathode yezinto ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo, oku kuvuma ukugxila kwee-electron kunye nokujika kwe-anode. La masuntswana e-ionized aqukethe initrogen kunye neoksijini efunyenwe ngaphakathi kwityhubhu yetyhubhu ehlala itsalwa kwi-cathode kunye ne-anode.
Izixhobo zeX-ray
Okwangoku, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba kukho iindidi ngeendidi ze-X-ray detectors. Esinye sezixhobo zokuqala ezinokubonakaliswa yifilimu yezithombe, umsebenzi wayo yi-emulsion enika impembelelo kubude bamaza akhutshwa yi. X-reyi.
Ezinye zeefilim ezisasazwa kobu buxhakaxhaka zimiselwa yinto okanye i-mass absorption factor ethi kwangaxeshanye ijongane nomda okhokelela kuluhlu lwemigca yespectral. Oku kuguquguquka kuthathelwa ingqalelo, nto leyo elinganiselweyo, into ebangela ukuba bafuduke ngoku.
Ubume bexesha lanamhlanje buqale ukwenza izinto ezintsha kwii-detectors ezintsha ezikwaziyo ukwenza imifanekiso efakwe kwidijithali ngokupheleleyo kunye nesisombululo esiphezulu. Njengomzekelo woku singakhankanya amacwecwe aziwayo asetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ezibhedlele.
Ezi cwecwe zinesitayile sezinto ze-phosphorescent, apho ii-electron zonyusa amandla afunxa ii-X-reyi, kwaye zizalisekisa umsebenzi wokubambisa imitha exeliweyo phantsi komgangatho wobushushu. Ezi electron zinoxanduva lokukhulula amandla emva kokukhanyisa iipleyiti ezibonelelwe ngokukhanya kwelaser kwaye kwangaxeshanye zivelisa ukukhanya ngamandla alingana nalawo e-X-rays abetha ipleyiti.
Kuthathelwe ingqalelo into yokuba ii-detectors zinolandelelwano lobukhulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nefilimu yefoto. Ekuqaleni kuka-2.000, inkqubela phambili yayiphawuleka njengoko kwasetyenziswa izixhobo ezitsha ezineekhamera ezinezisombululo ezilungileyo nezithe zayilwa phantsi kweepleyiti ezintsha ezaziwa ngokuba yiPAD zaphunyezwa.
Ezinye izinto ezikwimo yezixhobo ze-ionizing nazo zibalwa njengezixhobo ze-X-ray.
Iingozi zempilo ezinokwenzeka
Kukho iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezinokuveliswa ngee-X-reyi kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo, ezi ngozi zinokuba ngaphantsi okanye ngaphezulu, ngokuxhomekeke kwidosi eyenziwa ngokuba sesichengeni kwimitha exeliweyo. Kwimeko ye-exposures eyenziwa ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwe-X-ray, imiphumo ayiyingozi okanye iyingozi kwimpilo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuvezwa rhoqo kweedosi eziphezulu kuphumeza ukuveliswa komonakalo owomeleleyo obangelwa yimitha ye-ionizing eyahlukeneyo ekhoyo. Phakathi kwezona meko zibalaseleyo njengedosi eyomeleleyo yokuvezwa kweX-reyi sifumanisa:
- isifuba scan
- kunye ne-abs
- Izifundo zongenelelo ezifana ne-hemodynamics
Ezi zezinye zeX-reyi zokuvezwa ezidla ngokuzisa imiphumo eyingozi kwingqibelelo esempilweni yakhe nawuphi na umntu. Ngesi sizathu, iindlela ezintsha ezisebenzayo zokusasazeka kufuneka ziphunyezwe kwesi senzo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba kufuneka ilungiswe ngokupheleleyo ukuze isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo.
Ezinye iimpembelelo zemitha ye-ionizing
I-ionizing radiation izisa iziphumo ezinokuthi zibe yingozi kwimpilo ngokubanzi, ezi ziphumo zihlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Umhlaza obangelwa yimitha
Inento yokwenza nemiphumo eveliswa kwizixa ezithile zeX-reyi kangangexesha elithile, nto leyo eyandisa ixesha elide kwiiseshoni zonyango ezahlukeneyo, ngesi sihlandlo abasebenzi bezonyango bahlala bechanabeka rhoqo. Nangona kunjalo, amatyala ambalwa kakhulu athe anikezelwa phantsi kwale meko.
Iziphumo kubasetyhini abakhulelweyo
La imbali ye-x-reyi igxininisa ukuba ezi ziyingozi kakhulu kwimeko yabasetyhini abakhulelweyo. Inqanaba lomngcipheko liphezulu kakhulu kumaxesha athile okukhulelwa, kwimeko yeeveki ezintandathu ukuya phambili, ngeli xesha unyango lweX-reyi lunokuba yingozi kakhulu.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo ye-nervous
- Ukudodobala kwengqondo
- ukungahambi kakuhle kwemfuza
Ezi zezinye zeziphumo ezikhoyo ekukhulelweni xa kwenziwa i-X-reyi.Ngale ndlela, kucetyiswa ukuba ungenzi naluphi na uhlobo lonyango olufuna ukuphuhliswa kolu hlobo lwemitha.
Ezinye iziphumo ezenzeka ebantwini ngenxa yamandla eX-reyi zezi:
- Ukulahleka kweenwele
- ulusu luyatsha
- Urhatyazo okanye ukulahleka kombono
- Umhlaza
- Ukudodobala kwengqondo
- Ukugula
- Iziphene zemfuza okanye ukungahambi kakuhle
- Phakathi kwabanye
deterministic
Zibonakaliswa ngeengozi eziyingozi kakhulu, ezichaphazelekayo kangangokuba ukusetyenziswa kwee-X-rays akubalwa njengeyona ndlela ilungileyo ngokubhekiselele kwizenzo zonyango.
Izigqibo zasekhaya
Ibhekisa kwabo bantu bafuna uqheliselo oluqhubekayo lwe-X-reyi, kwaye imali eyenziwayo ngokubanzi inamandla amakhulu ngokwemigaqo yamandla anikezelweyo. Phakathi kolu nyango sinokuqaqambisa uqheliselo lweradiotherapy kunye nokungeniswa kwezifundo ezifuna ungenelelo kwimeko yezifo ezimandundu zolusu.
Isiphumo esothusayo kakhulu ngenxa yeX-reyi sisifo sorhatya esibangelwa kukudibana kweX-reyi ngqo emehlweni, nangona kunqabile kubantu, olu hlobo lomngcipheko ludla ngokwenzeka kwabo bazinikele kwidayari yomsebenzi yohlobo oluthile lwemitha. . Ngoko ke, umsebenzi kufuneka ubekwe esweni kwaye kufuneka ugcinwe phantsi kwamanqanaba athile okuthintela. Ekugqibeleni, ngaphandle imbali ye-x-reyi Imiphumo eyahlukeneyo eyingozi iye yabonwa echaphazela kakhulu impilo yabantu.