Funda kwinqaku elilandelayo yonke into enxulumene ne Imbali yeOtomi, inkcubeko, isithethe kunye nezenzo zonqulo. I-Otomi ithathwa njengenye yezona zizwe zibalulekileyo kunye nezandayo zaseMexico ngamaxesha onke.
imbali ye Otomi
I-Otomi idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali yangaphambili kunye nembali yamandulo yaseMexico, nangona abaninzi bazama ukuyibeka phantsi. Eli qela libe negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko nezithethe. Kwinqaku elilandelayo siza kufunda okungakumbi malunga neMbali yeOtomi.
Ukutyhubela imbali yayo, iMexico ibinabantu abaninzi nezizwe ezininzi eziye zashiya uphawu kwimicimbi yenkcubeko nethandwayo. Elinye lamaqela ezizwe zaseMexico anolwando olukhulu kunye nenkcubeko ukuza kuthi ga kwixesha lethu yiLos Otomíes kanye. Ukuba ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi ngenkcubeko, izithethe namasiko abo, siyakumema ukuba uhlale ubukele inqaku elilandelayo.
Ziziphi iiOtomis?
Ngaphambi kokuba ufunde ngembali yabo, kubalulekile ukuchaza ukuba ngoobani ii-Otomies. Liqela lemveli okanye abemi abahlala kwindawo ephazamisekileyo kugxininiso lwaseMexico. Inxulumene ngokolwimi nabo bonke abantu abathetha i-Ottoman, abanzala yabo ithathe inkxaso ye-neovolcanic ukusuka kumawaka aliqela exesha lobuKristu bokuqala.
Okwangoku eli qela laseMexico lihlala kwindawo eyahluleleneyo esuka emantla eGuanajuato ukuya empuma yeMichoacán nakumazantsi-mpuma eTlaxcala, nangona inani elikhulu leOtomi namhlanje lihlala kumazwe aseHidalgo, eMexico naseQuerétaro. Banenani elikhulu labemi ngokobalo olwenziwa ngamaziko kweli lizwe.
IKomishoni Yesizwe Yophuhliso Lwabemi Bomthonyama eMexico yabonisa ukuba amaOtomí abunjwa ngabemi abamalunga nama-646.875 2000 amawaka kwiRiphabliki yaseMexico ngonyaka wama-XNUMX.
Kwabo bamalunga nama-646 abantu ababeyinxalenye yabantu baseOtomi, ngaphezulu kancinci kwesiqingatha bathetha uOtomi. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ulwimi lwesi-Otomí lubonisa iqondo eliphezulu lokuhlukahluka kwangaphakathi, ukwenzela ukuba abemi beentlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokuqhelekileyo baneengxaki zokufanisa abo bathetha olunye ulwimi.
Ngesi sizathu, amagama abizwa ngawo i-Otomi ahlala ahluke kakhulu. Phakathi kwamagama aphambili sifumana:
- ñätho (iNtlambo yaseToluca)
- ihñähñu (iNtlambo yeMezquital)
- ñäñho (Santiago Mexquititlán kuMazantsi eQuerétaro)
- ñ yürü (kuMntla weSierra wasePuebla, ePahuatlán)
La magama mane ngamanye amagama asetyenziswa ngabemi bohlanga lwamaOtomí xa bezibiza ngeelwimi zabo, nangona iqhelekile into yokuba, xa bethetha ngeSpanish, basebenzise igama elithi Otomí, lemvelaphi yesiNahuatl.
Ngamagama ambalwa, sinokuthi ii-Otomies zichazwa njengabantu bomthonyama okwangoku abafakwe kwindawo engapheliyo kumbindi weMexico. Bayinxalenye yeentsapho zeelwimi zeOtomanguean neOtomí-Pame, amagama asetyenziswa ngabantu ngabanye ngokwengingqi abahlala kuyo.
Imizi
Enye yezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu abantu baseLos Otomíes ngamakhaya abo anomtsalane kunye namakhaya athile ahlala kuwo. Uninzi lwaba bantu bahlala kuxande, izakhiwo ezimxinwa ezihlala zithobeke kakhulu nezikumgangatho ophantsi. Inxalenye elungileyo yeendawo zokuhlala ze-Otomi ziphantsi kwaye zincinci ngobukhulu.
Izindlu zaseLos Otomíes nazo zinamaphahla enziwe ngamagqabi e<em>maguey, angaxhathisi kangako. Kanye njengoko kwenzeka nakwezinye iindawo zokuhlala zangaphambi kwe-Hispanic, izindlu zaseLos Otomíes zazingenabude obuninzi. Zizakhiwo ezikumgangatho ophantsi, ezinomnyango omnye kwaye azinafestile.
Abemi bolu hlanga basebenzisa izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuze benze izindlu zabo. Phakathi kwezinto eziphambili abazisebenzisayo ngamagqabi e-maguey, i-tejamanil, i-adobe kunye nelitye, uphahla lwezi zindlu lwaluhlala lwenziwa ngeetayile, amagqabi, ingca okanye amakhadibhodi.
Ezi zindlu zinamagumbi, awayesetyenziswa kakhulu njengamagumbi okulala, amagumbi angaphantsi komhlaba, amagumbi okuphekela kwanokugcina izilwanyana zasefama ukuze zikhuseleke kwingqele, imvula nezinye izilwanyana zasendle. Amanyathelo ococeko agcinwayo ngaphakathi kwezi zindlu ambalwa, ukuba awanqabile.
Impahla
Kodwa kungekhona kuphela izindlu eziyinxalenye yesithethe se-Otomi, izambatho nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwenkcubeko yeli qela okanye uhlanga. Masiqale sithethe ngempahla enxitywa ngabafazi bale dolophu. Abasetyhini basebenzisa i-chincuete yoboya, ephantse ibe nemibala emnyama.
Kwakhona banxiba iblawuzi eyenziwe ngeentyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana ezihonjiswe entanyeni nasezingalweni. Abafazi baseOtomíes basebenzisa umbhinqo olukiweyo ukubamba iimpahla zabo. Impahla yabasetyhini iyamangalisa kakhulu xa ithelekiswa nendoda, edla ngokuba yinto elula.
Amadoda ayinxalenye yedolophu yaseLos Otomíes aye aziqhelanisa neendlela ezintsha zokunxiba, ade azilungise neempahla zawo zesintu ukuze azithengise kwiidolophu zawo. Amadoda amadala adla ngokunxiba ihempe eyenziwe ngengubo ehonjisiweyo, athatha inxaxheba ngayo kumatheko nakwimidaniso. I-embroidery idla ngokusetyenziswa emacaleni esifuba nakwimikhono ye-sleeve cuffs.
Kunokuthiwa indlela amadoda anxiba ngayo ifana nqwa naleyo yabalimi baloo mmandla. Amadoda e-Otomi awakhathaleli kakhulu malunga neengubo zabo, ngaphaya kweyiphi isithethe okanye inkcubeko ebavumelayo. Ngoku, kwimeko yabasetyhini, iimpahla zibetha ngakumbi kwaye bazama ukunyamekela zonke iinkcukacha.
Kwimeko yabasetyhini, ngabantu abasele bekhulile abanesiko lokusebenzisa iblawuzi yengubo yesintu ehonjiswe ngemibala emqaleni nakwimikhono. Ngaphezulu kwe-blouse ngokuqhelekileyo banxiba i-quexquémitl okanye ukungaphumeleli oko, i-rebozo. Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba indlela yokugqoka inokubonisa utshintsho oluthile kuxhomekeke kummandla apho uluntu ngalunye lwe-Otomi luhlala khona.
Ukutya
IiOtomi nazo zazibonakala ngendlela yazo yokutya. Abazange batye yonke into eyayilapho, kodwa izinto ezithile ezikhethekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukutya kwabo kwakusekelwe ikakhulu kumbona. Le nto yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza izitya ezininzi, njengeetortilla, iitamales, iiatoles, kunye nombona ophekiweyo okanye ogcadiweyo.
Ngaphandle kombona, ii-Otomíes zikwatya ezinye iimveliso zemifuno ezifana ne-nopales, prickly pear, iimbotyi ezibanzi, amathanga, ii-ertyisi, iimbotyi kunye neeertyisi. Kwizitya zayo eziqhelekileyo, ubukho beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zetshilisi abukwazi ukulahleka, zithathwa njengenye yezithako ezisetyenziswa kakhulu yiOtomi ekutyeni kwabo.
Inxalenye elungileyo yeOtomies nayo yayinomkhwa wokutya ubisi, iimbotyi kunye namafutha ezilwanyana. Kwimeko yenyama, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba badla kuphela xa kuqhutywe imisebenzi ekhethekileyo njengamaqela okanye imidaniso, kwaye bayidla ngamancinci amancinci.
Ngaphakathi kokutya kwe-Otomíes, ukusetyenziswa kwemifuno efana ne-mote tea, i-mint okanye i-chamomile nayo ixhaphakile. Nangona bengatyi kakhulu, abantu bale dolophu badla ngokutya iziqhamo zasendle ezisebenza njengezo ezincedisa kwigastronomy yabo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-pulque kuqhelekileyo.
Njengoko siye sakwazi ukuqaphela, ukutya kwe-Otomi kunempilo kwaye kwahlukile kulo lonke uluntu okanye imibutho. Ubuninzi bokutya kwabo okusisiseko buquka iitortilla zombona, enye yezinto eziveliswa rhoqo kwezi ndawo.
Kodwa izitya zabo ze-gastronomic azigxininisi kuphela kwingqolowa, nangona ziyimveliso ephambili yokutya kwabo. Kukutya kwe-Otomi, ezinye izinto zikwagqamile, ezinje ngeembotyi, amaqanda, ii-quelites, i-quintaniles, i-malva, itshizi kunye nezihlandlo ezithile ezikhethekileyo, zihlala zidla iprotheni yezilwanyana njengenkukhu okanye inyama yenkomo.
Bafuna kakhulu xa kuziwa ekutyeni, kodwa xa kufikwa kwiziselo abazisebenzisayo, i-Otomi nayo ineemveliso zabo eziqhelekileyo. Phakathi kwabantu base-Otomi kukho isithethe okanye isiko lokusela ikhofi eninzi, kunye ne-atole kunye netiyi, abayilungiselelayo ngokusekelwe kwimifuno eyahlukeneyo kunye ne-pulque.
Imvelaphi kunye neMbali
Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi malunga nemvelaphi kunye nembali yeeOtomies. Inkoliso yababhali-mbali abaye banikela ingqalelo ekufundisiseni ngendaleko yolu hlanga bathi la maIndiya ngabantu bokuqala ukuhlala kwiNtlambo yaseMexico, apho sikhoyo isiXeko saseMexico namhlanje, kodwa agxothwa ngamaIndiya.
I-Otomi nayo yayiyinxalenye yamaqela akhoyo eTeotihuacán, ethathwa njengenye yezona zixeko zinempembelelo kunye nezikhulu zamandulo eMexico, eyayiziko lezizwe ezininzi ngelo xesha, kunye neTula, apho banikwa umhlaba ukuba benze ubukumkani. kaXaltocan.kuKumkani Xolotl (kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX).
Ekugqibeleni, ubukumkani be-Otomi bafikelela esiphelweni ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX xa i-Mexica kunye nobudlelwane babo boyisa ubukumkani. Ngelo xesha, abantu ababeyinxalenye yabantu baseOtomi babenyanzelekile ukuba bahlawule abantu baseMexica njengoko ubukhosi babo bukhula.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abantu baseOtomi banyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele kwiindawo ezinganqweneleki kangako empuma nasemazantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphaya kwale nyaniso, ezinye ii-Otomi zazisezinze kufuphi neSixeko saseMexico, nangona elona nani likhulu lamaNdiya lahlala kwiindawo ezikufutshane neMezquital Valley eHidalgo, iindawo eziphakamileyo zasePuebla, phakathi kweTetzcoco neTulancingo. , kunye neColima neJalisco.
Ababhali-mbali baye bavuma ukuba i-Otomi idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwimpucuko yaseMexico. I-Mexica, eyayingumbutho owawulawula ininzi yemimandla yaseMesoamerican ngexesha lokunqotshwa kweSpeyin, yathatha izithethe kunye nezithethe ezininzi kwi-Otomi.
Nangona kunjalo, i-Mexica irhanelwa ngokutshisa kunye nokuzama ukuphelisa imiba ethile yempucuko yabo ukuze ikwazi ukulawula imbali yabo eninzi. Kwabakho netyala kwiOtomí ekukholelwa ukuba licinyiwe kwimbali yaseMexico.
Kuzo zonke ezo zizathu, i-Otomi yakhethwa yi-Mexica njengempucuko yobomi obuphantsi kunye neempembelelo ezininzi ezimbi. I-Otomi yaqala ukubonwa njengempembelelo embi, kungekhona nje ngeMexica kodwa nangabanqobi baseSpain abafika kwintsimi yaseMexico.
Imiphumo yale ngcamango iphosakeleyo malunga ne-Otomi ayizange ifike ixesha elide, kangangokuba kwiminyaka yakutshanje inzala yolu hlanga luye lwanyanzeleka ukuba lutshintshe ulwimi lwazo lwenkobe ngenxa yodumo olwenziwe yiMexica. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-Otomi yayihlala kwiindawo ezinqabileyo zeentaba.
Ngenxa yoko, abemi abaninzi balapho baye baphila ubomi obabubonakala bubhetele kubo, ngokungafaniyo nabemi bomthonyama abakufutshane nesiXeko saseMexico ababethwaxwa luhlaselo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ezininzi izithethe zonqulo kunye neenkolelo ze-Otomi zagcinwa ukususela kwixesha langaphambili lokunqoba.
Oku kwakuxhaphake ngakumbi phakathi kweSierra Ñähñu, apho abefundisi baseAugustinian ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX babhala ukuba inxalenye enkulu yamaOtomi yayigcina iinkolelo zabo zonqulo yaye kwakunzima ukuyikhupha kubo. Ezi nkolelo zazininzi kangangokuba namhlanje uninzi lwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yonqulo lwamaOtomi lusekho apho.
Imbali yeeOtomies ikwasifundisa ukuba inxalenye elungileyo yolu hlanga yayihlala kwilizwe laseTlaxcala. Kuloo dolophu apho bathe bathelela imikhosi yomoyisi wemvelaphi yaseSpain uHernán Cortés, ukuze balwe idabi namaMexico, abathi ekugqibeleni bakwazi ukuyoyisa.
Ukoyiswa kweMexicas kwanika iiOtomies ithuba lokwandisa kwakhona kwiindawo ezininzi zelizwe. Baqhubela phambili bafumana isixeko saseQuerétaro, ukongeza ekuzinzeni kwizixeko ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiGuanajuato.
IiOtomíe zasebenza kunye nabemi baseSpeyin ixesha elide yaye oko kwabangela ukuba inani eliphawulekayo lala maIndiya liguqukele kubuRoma Katolika, nangona kunjalo, kwangaxeshanye azigcina izithethe zawo zamandulo. Ngexesha lobukoloniyali, ulwimi lwaseOtomí lwasasazeka kwamanye amazwe anje ngeGuanajuato, Querétaro kunye nengingqi yeMezquital Valley.
Ummandla weNtlambo yaseMezquital wawuquka iphondo lasePuebla, iVeracruz, iHidalgo, neNtlambo yaseToluca kunye neMichoacán neTlaxcala, apho inkoliso yayingamafama. Kwintlambo yaseMezquital, abantu abachumileyo babengenazo zonke izixhobo zokusebenza kwezolimo, kuba umhlaba wawusomile. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, amaOtomí amaninzi ayezikisa ukucinga njengabasebenzi bemini yaye ubukhulu becala baxhomekeke kwisiselo esisekelwe kumaguey, ipulque.
Ekuqaleni, abantu baseSpeyin bagqiba ekubeni banqande ukusetyenziswa kwesiselo, kodwa bazama ngokukhawuleza ukulawula ishishini ngokuvelisa kwayo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba i-Otomi isebenzise isiselo kuphela ngokusetyenziswa kwayo. I-Otomi nayo yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiMfazwe yaseMexico yokuzimela.
Ebudeni belo dabi, amaOtomí ayeyixhasa loo mvukelo, ngokuyintloko ngenxa yokuba ayecinga ngenjongo yokubuyisela imihlaba yawo eyayithatyathwe kuwo phantsi kwenkqubo yeencomienda. Nangona kunjalo, umhlaba wanikezelwa kwinzala yabantu baseSpeyin bokuqala ababebanga umhlaba kunye nabantu baseOtomi ababeqeshwe njengezandla ezincedisayo.
Ebudeni bexesha lika-1940-50, abasemagunyeni ababekhokela urhulumente benza izithembiso ezininzi kubantu bomthonyama, ababethembisa ukuba baza kunceda kwimimandla efana nezemfundo noqoqosho, nangona kunjalo baqhubeka bethembisa nje, kuba abazange bavume. bakuzalisekisa oko kwakuthenjisiwe.
Ngenxa yokusilela ukubona izithembiso zigcinwa, abantu bomthonyama baye banyanzeleka ukuba baqhubeke ngokulima nokusebenza njengabasebenzi kuqoqosho lwabo oluncinci lokuziphilisa kuqoqosho olukhulu longxowankulu apho abantu bomthonyama babenokuthi baxhatshazwe ngabo balawulayo.
Akusiyo imfihlo nakubani na ukuba ukususela ekufumaneni inkululeko yaseMexico, abasemagunyeni belo lizwe baye bagcina isigxina sokunqula kwimbali yangaphambi kwe-Hispanic kunye nemisebenzi yama-Aztec kunye namaMayans, nangona kunjalo baye bashiya abantu bomthonyama abaphilayo. njengabakwaOtomi, abangathathelwa ngqalelo ngokubaluleka okufanayo.
Kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, i-Otomis ayizange ihambe ngokufanelekileyo ngabasemagunyeni. Oku kwaba njalo de isazi ngemvelaphi yabantu samva nje saqalisa ukuphanda indlela ababephila ngayo mandulo. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente waseMexico uzibhengeze njengorhulumente weenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo onceda abantu abaninzi bemveli, njenge-Otomi.
Ngokuqinisekileyo inxalenye efanelekileyo yenzala yangoku ye-Otomi sele iqalile ukufudukela kwezinye iindawo, kusekho isibonakaliso senkcubeko yabo yamandulo ekhoyo namhlanje. Kwezinye iindawo zaseMexico, njengaseGuanajuato naseHidalgo, kuviwa iingoma zomthandazo zikaOtomi yaye abadala babalisa amabali abantu abaselula abaluqondayo ulwimi lwabo lweenkobe.
Ngaphandle kwempembelelo engenakuphikiswa yabantu base-Otomi kwinkcubeko yaseMexico kunye nembali, inyaniso kukuba ingqalelo encinci ihlawulwe kwinkcubeko ye-Otomi, ngokukodwa kwiindawo zemfundo, apho kuncinci kakhulu okuthethwayo ngoku malunga nembali kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abaninzi inzala ka-Otomi abaqondi iinkalo ezinxulumene nembali yabo yenkcubeko.
Emva kokuba amaSpanish afika kwintsimi yaseMexico, i-Otomi yafumana ithuba elihle lokuzikhulula kwi-Aztec empire. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba inxalenye enhle yoluntu lwase-Otomi yanikela ngenkxaso yabo epheleleyo kubanqobi baseSpain, nangona kwakukho icandelo elingafuni ukuxhasa abanqobi.
Abo bangooOtomí, ababemadolw’ anzima ukuxhasa iinjongo zaboyisi baseSpeyin, barhoxa ezintabeni, indawo yokufuduka eyaye yabonakala ngakumbi xa kwaqhambuka ubhubhani wengqakaqha. Sele ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ukuhlaliswa kwemihlaba yabo, ngaphandle kokusekwa kobuthunywa, kwabangela iimeko zokungazinzi.
Emva kobukoloniyali beentaba ezihlala kwiiChichimecas, kwakuhloswe ukunyanzela ama-nomads ukuba amkele iindlela ezintsha kunye neendlela zokuphila, ukusuka ekuzingeleni ukuya kwezolimo. Abavangeli basemazweni benza umgudu omkhulu wokuzama ukweyisela oonothwal’ impahlana, ngendlela enoxolo, ngoxa bebazisa kubuKatolika.
Sele ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, ubunyani beOtomies baqalisa ukuba nzima. Inxalenye enkulu yabo yagxothwa kwiindawo ezomileyo nezingacacanga. Umbutho wokuzimela, ngaphandle kokubanceda, wabangela ukungazinzi ngakumbi phakathi kwabantu baseOtomi, ngakumbi ngokwembono yezoqoqosho.
I-latifundios yahlulahlulwe yaba ziipropati ezincinci ze-criollos kunye ne-mestizos, kwaye amaNdiya aqhubeka njengama-peon. Ukuveliswa kwemigodi kwilizwe laseHidalgo kwachaphazeleka ngokuphawulekayo, ukuya kwinqanaba lokungena kwintlekele enzulu, imeko eyanyanzela abasebenzi abaninzi ukuba bafudukele kwezinye iindawo, ngakumbi i-Huasteca kunye neMineral del Monte.
Le meko ibangele ukuhla kokubhaliswa kwabantu abangamadoda phakathi kwabantu baseOtomi. Ebudeni beyona minyaka intsonkothileyo yemfazwe, iiOtomi ezininzi zazizinze ngenkani eTulancingo. Ngaphandle kwayo yonke inkathazo kunye nokuxhatshazwa ababephantsi kwayo, i-Otomi ayizange ilahlekelwe ulwimi lwabo, ngokuchaseneyo, badala iingoma zabo, imidaniso, ubugcisa kunye nembono yabo yehlabathi.
Iimpawu zeOtomi
Ngaphakathi kweLos Otomíes sifumana amaqela aliqela, kodwa kukho amabini athathwa njengawona adumileyo. Zezi:
- IAltiplano (okanye iSierra) Otomí. Eli liqela elihlala kwiintaba zaseLa Huasteca, eSierra Otomí idla ngokuchonga njenge Ñuhu okanye isi Ñuhu, kuxhomekeke kwisiyelelane abasithethayo.
- I-Otomi Mosque. Eli qela lihlala kwiNtlambo yaseMezquital kwimpuma yelizwe laseHidalgo, nakwilizwe laseQuerétaro. I-Mezquital Otomí iyazichaza njengoHñähñu.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kukho abantu abancinci be-Otomi abahlala kwezinye iindawo zaseMexico, ngakumbi kwiindawo zasePuebla, eMexico, eTlaxcala, eMichoacán naseGuanajuato. Ulwimi lwesiOtomí olukwisebe leOtopame kusapho lweelwimi zesiOto-Mangue luthethwa kwiindidi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ezinye zazo aziqondakali.
Enye yeenkcubeko zokuqala ezintsonkothileyo zaseMesoamerica, i-Otomi kukholelwa ukuba yayingabemi bokuqala beendawo eziphakamileyo zaseMexico ngaphambi kokufika kwabemi baseNahuatl malunga c. 1000 CE, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe yathatyathelwa indawo yaza yacandelwa ngabantu abangamaNahua.
Ngexesha lobukoloniyali baseNew Spain, abantu baseOtomi babonakaliswa ikakhulu ngokusebenzisana nabanqobi baseSpain njengamajoni kunye namahlakani, nto leyo eyabanika ithuba lokwandisa kwiindawo ezininzi apho babekhe bahlala khona yiChichimecas engama-semi-nomadic, umzekelo Querétaro. kunye neGuanajuato.
Phakathi kweempawu eziphambili zeeOtomies yayiyisithethe nezithethe zabo zonqulo. Ngokuqhelekileyo babenesithethe sokunqula inyanga njengoyena thixo wabo mkhulu, kwaye nakumaxesha anamhlanje inani elikhulu labantu baseOtomi baye babandakanyeka kwi-shamanism kwaye banenkolelo yangaphambi kweSpanishi efana neNagualism.
I-Otomi nayo ibonakaliswe ngokulima kunye nokutya umbona, iimbotyi kunye ne-squash, njengoko kwakunjalo kubantu abaninzi abahlala eMesoamerica. I-Maguey yayiyi-cultigen ebalulekileyo esetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kotywala kunye nefayibha.
Akuyomfihlo nakubani na ukuba aba bantu bomthonyama abafane batye ukutya okuqhelekileyo okubonwa njengento ebalulekileyo ukugcina ipateni esempilweni.
Nangona kunjalo, banokutya okufanelekileyo kokutya i-tortillas, ukusela i-pulque kunye nokutya iziqhamo ezininzi ezikhoyo ezikufutshane nabo. I-Otomi ibonakaliswe njengabantu abasebenza nzima, nangona iimeko ezinzima zokusebenza apho benza khona imisebenzi yabo.
Oku kwaboniswa luhlolisiso lwesondlo olwenziwa kubantu baseOtomi abahlala kwiNtlambo yaseMezquital yaseMexico phakathi kweminyaka ye-1963 no-1944. Kuloo ngxelo kwathiwa nangona imozulu eyomileyo kunye nomhlaba awufanelekanga ukulima ngaphandle komngcipheko, i-Otomi. ixhomekeke ikakhulu kwimveliso ye maguey.
Ngemaguey baqhuba imisebenzi emininzi, phakathi kwabo ukuvelisa i-fiber fibers kunye ne "pulque", ijusi evutshiweyo yendabuko eyayibaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho lwe-Otomi kunye nesondlo sabo. Nangona kunjalo, olu qheliselo lwehlise umgangatho walo ngenxa yemveliso entsha enkulu.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaOyCN86Ess
“Isityalo se<em>maguey sasixhomekeke kakhulu kwizindlu ezakhiwa ngamagqabi ezityalo. Ngeli xesha, uninzi lommandla wawungaphuhliswanga kakhulu kwaye uninzi lwezityalo zinexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu lembuyekezo. Iindawo ezihlala abantu ngamanye amaxesha zithathwa njengeendawo ezikude nendawo yokuhlala.”
Ngokuphathelele uqoqosho lwabo, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba i-Otomi yayibonakaliswe ngokusisiseko ngokuba ngabakhandi beentsimbi kunye nokurhweba izinto zentsimbi ezixabisekileyo kunye nezinye iimbumba zemveli, kuquka i-Aztec Triple Alliance. Phakathi kweminye yemisebenzi yabo yobugcisa kwakukho izihombiso nezixhobo.
Ngokuphathelele umbutho wentlalontle ngaphakathi kwe-Otomíes, kubalulekile ukugqamisa iinkalo ezininzi. Into yokuqala esiyithethayo kukuba intlangano yentlalontle phakathi kwabo inokutshintsha kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kummandla wokuhlaliswa. Ngale ndlela sinokubona ukuba kukho imimandla apho iyunithi esisiseko yoluntu iyintsapho yenyukliya, ngelixa kweminye imimandla iyintsapho eyandisiweyo.
Kodwa kukho inkalo enye bonke abahlali ababelana ngayo, kuxhomekeke kummandla wokuhlaliswa kuwo, kwaye oko kuyinyaniso yegunya eliphambili, kwiimeko ezininzi ezimelwe nguyise. Ngutata, ekhatshwa ngumama, onoxanduva lokufundisa, ukufundisa nokudlulisela amasiko nezithethe kubantwana babo nakwamanye amalungu oluntu.
Ilungu ngalinye lentsapho ye-Otomi lidlala indima ekhethekileyo kwaye wonke umntu uyazi umsebenzi ekufuneka awenze. Kwimeko yamadoda, ubukhulu becala anoxanduva lokulima umhlaba, ukwakha nokulungisa izindlu, ukunyamekela imfuyo, kunye nokuba nenxaxheba kwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni.
Abafazi bezizwe ze-Otomi banyamekela izinto ezahlukeneyo kakhulu kodwa zibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo bajongene nokulungisa ukutya, ukugcina izindlu zikwimeko egqibeleleyo, ukuhlamba iimpahla nokukhulisa izilwanyana zasekhaya ezikhoyo kuluntu ngalunye.
Enye yeempawu zeOtomies kukuba xa kufika ixesha lokuhlwayela nokuvuna, kungekhona nje amadoda abandakanyekayo, kodwa onke amalungu entsapho adla ngokuthatha inxaxheba kulo msebenzi. Into ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabantu baseOtomi inento yokwenza nomfanekiso womtshato.
Kubo, umtshato unendima ebaluleke gqitha nebalulekileyo, kodwa ukongezelela emtshatweni, kusekwa ulwalamano oluhlonelwa gqitha ne<em>compadrazgo ebakho xa ubhaptizwa yaye igqalwa njengelona qhina lokomfuziselo libalulekileyo phakathi kwabemi baseOtomi.
Umsebenzi uthathwa njengowona msebenzi ubalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-Otomi, ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa. Ngenxa yokufuduka, indoda engaphandle ihlawula omnye umntu ukuba enze lo msebenzi. Ukuba le ndoda iyala ukuhlawula omnye umntu, ngoko isengozini yokuphulukana nawo onke amalungelo ayo njengelungu loluntu.
I-Otomi nayo ibonakaliswe ngokuba neenkolelo zabo malunga nezifo. Bahlula imvelaphi yezifo kumanqanaba amabini ahlukeneyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukho izifo zemvelaphi yendalo, kodwa nazo zinenkolelo yokuba kukho ii-pathologies ezithile ezinemvelaphi engaphezu kwendalo.
Izifo zendalo, ngokutsho kwe-Otomi, zixhaphake kakhulu kwaye ukulwa nazo zenza njalo ngeyeza le-allopathic. Kwenzeka into eyahlukileyo kakhulu ngezifo ezibizwa ngokuba zizifo ezingaphezu kwemvelo, ezithi, ngokweenkolelo zabo, ziyinxalenye yembono yehlabathi yeqela.
Ngokwesithethe se-Otomi, imvelaphi yezifo inesiseko somlingo-inkolo. Ukuze kufunyanwe iyeza lokunyanga ezi zifo, kufuneka baye koogqirha besintu, abafana nababelekisi nabaxhili amathambo, amaxhwele namaxhwele, anokubanyanga kwizigulo zabo.
Iintsapho ezininzi ze-Otomi nazo ziphendukela kwizityalo zendalo ukunyanga izifo zabo. Phantse basoloko besebenzisa izityalo zamayeza ukunyanga nganye yee-pathologies zabo ezibonisiweyo. Amayeza asekhaya nawo adlale indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ibhalansi yebhayoloji nentlalontle yoluntu. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-herbalism kuxhaphake kakhulu.
Ubume bangoku kunye nabemi
Ngoku, iilwimi zezizwana zesiOtomi zithethwa ngabantu abamalunga nama-239,000, apho isi-5 ukuya kwisi-6 ekhulwini sithetha ulwimi olunye, kwizithili ezisasazwe ngokubanzi. Okwangoku kukholelwa ukuba inxalenye enkulu yabemi beli qela lobuhlanga lifakwe kwingingqi yeValle de Mezquital yaseHidalgo nakwinxalenye esemazantsi yeQuerétaro. Oomasipala abaliqela kukho izithethi zeOtomi ezifikelela kuma-60-70 ekhulwini.
Ndiyabulela kwinto yokuba abaninzi abathethi be-Otomi baye bafuduka kumaxesha akutshanje, namhlanje kunokwenzeka ukuba bafumane ubukho babo kwiindawo ezininzi zentsimi yaseMexico, nakwi-United States. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-XNUMX, abantu abathethayo baqala ukwanda kwakhona, nangona ngesantya esiphantsi kunoluntu ngokubanzi.
Ngelixa inani elipheleleyo lezithethi ze-Otomi liqhubeka nokukhula, inani labo xa lithelekiswa nabanye abemi baseMexico liyehla. Ulwimi lwesiOtomi ngoku lunokugqalwa njengolusemngciphekweni wokuphela, nangona bengabantu abanamandla nokuba abantwana bafunda ulwimi ngokudluliselwa kwemvelo kwiindawo ezininzi, njengaseMezquital Valley nakwiiHighlands.
Ngokwezifundo ezahlukeneyo zabemi ezenziwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kukholelwa ukuba elona nani likhulu labemi baseOtomi likwilizwe laseHidalgo, ngakumbi kwiValle del Mezquital eyaziwayo. Kukho oomasipala abathile kummandla osentshona onabemi abaninzi baseOtomi kunabanye.
Phakathi koomasipala abakhulu kunye nenani elikhulu labemi beli qela lobuhlanga yiTlanchinol, iCardonal, iTepehuacán de Guerrero, iSan Salvador, iSantiago de Anaya kunye neHuazalingo. Kweyabo icala, oomasipala bommandla osentshona weHidalgo onabantu abaninzi baseOtomí yiHuehuetla, iSan Bartolo kunye neTenango de Doria.
Kukwatshiwo ukuba ilizwe laseMexico ngoku likwindawo yesibini ngokwabemi baseOtomi. Uninzi lwaba bemi lugxile koomasipala baseToluca, Temoaya, Acambay, Morelos naseChapa de Mota. Kwilizwe laseVeracruz kukho kwakhona ubukho be-Otomi, ngakumbi kwingingqi ye-Huasteca.
Kwamanye amazwe aseMexico kukho kwakhona ubukho be-Otomí, nangona ipesenti ephantsi, injalo imeko yaseMichoacán. Kuye kwathiwa imizobo kunye nokuyila kwezilwanyana, iintaka kunye neminye imizobo yayiphefumlelwe yimizobo yomqolomba. Lo mhombiso waziwa ngokuba yiTenango embroidery.
Isithethe sibonisa ukuba ngamadoda ahlala ejongene nokwenza imizobo yoyilo kwilaphu elimhlophe okanye elimhlophe ukwenzela ukuba kamva abafazi baphethe inkqubo yokugqoka. Amanani ngamabali okanye imiboniso eqhelekileyo okanye ubomi obufundiswe ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwesinye.
Ukuthetha nge-Otomi yabemi ibhekisa kumagunya abo. Kwezi dolophu, umbutho wezopolitiko uzinze kufutshane neholo yedolophu yomgaqo-siseko, nomqolo oliziko lezopolitiko, umongameli kamasipala eyintloko. Kwinqanaba elinabantu abaninzi, izikhundla zinokwahluka kwaye ngokunyuka komyalelo wolawulo lwemigangatho zezi:
- Umthunywa
- Unothimba
- Amapolisa
- Unobhala
- umncedisi wejaji
Kwakhona kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba i-Otomi igcina ininzi yezikhundla zonqulo zendabuko, ezifana ne-mayordomos kunye nabatshutshisi, nangona kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukuba unyulo okwangoku luvolontiya. Umsebenzi woluntu, owaziwa ngcono njenge "faena", useyinto eqhelekileyo phakathi koluntu oluninzi lwaseOtomi.
Iintsomi zeOtomi
Akukho mfihlo kuye nabani na ukuba inkcubeko yama-Aztec ithathwa ngabaninzi njengenye yezona zinto zidumileyo kwaye zibuhlungu ngokumangalisayo kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yexesha elifutshane elikhoyo kwiimbali zembali kunye nokutshatyalaliswa koluntu ngo Abanqobi baseSpain.
Ngokutsho koxabiso lweengcali ezininzi, uluntu lwama-Aztec lwaluyinkqubo entsonkothileyo nedibanisayo yoluhlu lwemigangatho neyantlukwano ekuhlaleni. Ngaloo minyaka, inkoliso yabantu yayilawulwa luloyiko loothixo abanogonyamelo nabanempindezelo, ngoxa impucuko yayixhomekeke kwiimfazwe nakwezolimo.
Ngokutsho kwembali, ama-Aztec ayebonwa njengamabarbari anobundlobongela, ababehlala kungquzulwano olusisigxina kunye noluntu lonke okanye izizwe ezazisondele kubo. Ngapha koko, babekholelwa ngamandla kwidini lomntu njengendlela yokuthomalalisa indalo iphela kwaye isebenze njengesixhobo sokoyikisa kunye nokongamela.
Njengoko abanqobi baseSpeyin bahamba besiya eMexico kwaye befuna ukulawula, bafuna ukuthatha ixesha lokubhala ubomi babo babeyinxalenye yenkcubeko yama-Aztec. Bakwenza ngolo hlobo kuba yayiyeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokudlulisela ibali labo ngelo xesha.
Into engenakuthandabuza kukuba aba banqobi baseSpain kwafuneka benze iinzame ezininzi zokuzama ukwazi amabali kunye nenkcubeko yama-Aztec baze badlulisele kwisizukulwana ukuya kwesinye isithethe ngasinye kunye nezithethe eziqhelekileyo zalo mbutho. Kukwakholelwa ukuba la mabali ayenokuthi asebenze umva njengamafutha okutshatyalaliswa kwama-Aztec ezandleni zeSpanish.
Enye yeentsomi ezininzi ezaziwayo ze-Otomi imalunga neNtsomi yeTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi, eyabhalwa nguFray Alonso de Grijalva, owayengomnye wabalinganiswa abahamba noHernán Cortés ngexesha lohambo oluyimbali lwaseSpain oluya eMexico ngeminyaka yoo-1519s.
Eli bali lalibaliswa nguGerónimo de Aguilar, owayengumfundisi waseSpeyin nowavalelwa entolongweni sisizwe samaMaya sasekuhlaleni emva kokuba ephume ephila kwinqanawa eyaphukileyo kwiminyaka eliqela eyadlulayo. Inyaniso kukuba le ntsomi ithathwa ngabaninzi njengeyona indala kwinkcubeko yama-Aztec, kunye neyona nto idumileyo.
Ibali leTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi libalisa ibali lesifundo esingaqondakaliyo esasisaziwa ngokuba yiCuetlachtli, ekuguqulelweni kwayo okudumileyo kubhekiselele kwigama elithi "ingcuka". Imbali ithi lo mbandela wakha wavela kwisixeko esikumntla-mpuma i-El Tajín.
Wathi akufika esixekweni, wazibhengeza njengokumkani omtsha. Abo babengahambisani nesikhundla sakhe babesemandleni okuqhubela phambili nokucela umngeni kule ndoda ngokuthabatha igunya lokukhokela abantu. UKumkani waseMylonitic wase-El Tajín, unyana wesithathu ka-Mixcóatl kunye nenkokeli yehlelo le-Quetzalcóatl, weza ekukhanyeni.
Intsomi ithi le Kumkani yaseMylonitic yabiza "inyoka enentsiba" ukuze ihlasele loo nto ingaqondakaliyo, nangona kunjalo uCuetlachtli watshintsha ukubonakala kwakhe komzimba waza waba yingcuka kunye nomntu ngexesha elifanayo. Kweso sikhundla sitsha waqhubeka wabulala uKumkani uMinitica waza wathatha itrone.
Kwakungale ndlela urhulumente waseCuetlachtli, iTlatoani Mocuitlachnehnequi, waqala. Kwakukholelwa ukuba lo mlinganiswa ungaqondakaliyo wayevela kumantla eAztlán, ikhaya lezinyanya zamaNahuas. Yayineenkulungwane ezininzi ubudala, yaye kwakusithiwa yazalelwa kwinduli enkulu.
Izinyanya zikaCuetlachtli ubukhulu becala yayingabazingeli, ababenamandla okujika babe ziingcuka xa ilanga litshonile. Ezi zifundo zingaqondakaliyo zazinamandla akhethekileyo kwaye zahluke kakhulu kuzo zonke ezibonwe ngaphambili. Abalandeli bakhe balamkela igazi lakhe ukuze libenze bahambe njengeengcuka. Yayiliwonga elinikwe abo babenokubonakalisa ubukroti babo.
Ibali ibalisa ukuba urhulumente waseTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi wandisa iminyaka emininzi. Ngalo lonke elo xesha, kwavela iintshaba ezininzi, ingakumbi kwiidolophu ezikufutshane. Ukuba kukho into ebonakalisa umkhosi weTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi, kwakuncinci kangakanani ukwesaba ukuba balwe.
Esi sizwe saqhubeka singena ngendlela enobundlobongela nekhohlakeleyo kwizixeko ezikhulu eziselumelwaneni. Benza oko njengeengcuka kwaye ngoko nangoko bahlasela abantu ngelixa belele de babulawa. Amalungu esi sizwe ayengayokufuna igunya, eyona nto ayeyifuna ligazi lokuzondla. Balitya igazi lamaxhoba abo de bahlutha ngokupheleleyo.
Kwadlula iminyaka emininzi, xa iTlatoani Mocuitlachnehnequi yayisele isebenzisa amandla apheleleyo emantla, xa ngokumangalisayo amalungu amaninzi e-Otomi yakhe (iklasi yamaqhawe) amvukela ngenjongo yokumsusa kumandla. Ngenkxaso ye-shaman, i-Otomi yaguqulwa yaba yiJaguars kunye neCoyotes.
Ngecala lakhe, iCuetlachtli kunye nemikhosi yakhe ehlangeneyo yaguqulwa yaba yiingcuka kwaye ukujongana okunzima phakathi kwemikhosi yomibini kwakhululwa ngale ndlela. Ngobusuku obuthile, amaqela alwayo awela ngamakhulu de akwabikho namnye. Phakathi kwamaxhoba aloo ngxabano, uCuetlachtli akazange abone, ekubeni wayenyamalele, ebuyela ngasentla, ngaphaya komhlaba omhlophe, ongasayi kuphinda abonakale.
Nangona kuyinyaniso ukuba sele kudlule iminyaka emininzi ukususela oko kwaqalisa olo ngquzulwano, abemi base-El Tajín, kwanezinye iidolophu ezikufuphi, basalindele ukubuya kwakhe. Uninzi lweziprofeto ziye zabhengezwa malunga nokubuya kweCuetlachtli.
Esinye sezo ziprofeto sithi xa iintaba zijika zibebomvu ligazi, ngoko iya kuba lixesha lokubuya kweCuetlachtli. Abo basengozini baya kuva isikhalo sengcuka njengoko eyona nyanga iqaqambileyo igubha kubukhulu besibhakabhaka.
Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali abaninzi, le ntsomi inamandla kakhulu kwaye imele inokuba nenjongo ecacileyo kwaye yayikukoyikisa kunye nokoyikisa abahambi ababetha unyawo kumhlaba waseMbindi Merika, kuquka nabanqobi baseSpain ngokwabo njengoko babezama ukuqhubela phambili kulo lonke elaseMexico.
"Inyaniso elula yokuba inguqulelo yesiNahuatl yamagama e-Tlatoani Mocuitlachnequ ngokoqobo ithetha ukuthi "Umlawuli wethu ufana nengcuka," mhlawumbi wanika amaqhawe ahlonela uThixo isizathu esingakumbi sokubulala abantu ababebabona njengabahedeni abanqula izilwanyana kuwo onke anamandla.
Ngeminyaka yee-1521, uCortés wayesele ewoyisile ama-Aztec kwaye impucuko eyayikade inamandla yayiza kutshatyalaliswa ngokufa nezifo. Kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya ukuba inguqulelo yeSpanish yeTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku yodwa inguqulelo ebhaliweyo yebali.
Ngesi sizathu, ababhali-mbali baye bavuma ukuba yintsomi yenkolo yoluntu olula, nangona kunjalo njengoko eli bali liphononongwa ngokusondeleyo, izinto ezininzi ezingaqondakaliyo zivela ezinokuphakamisa ubunyani bentsomi.
Kukho abo bathi i-legend ye-Tlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi yayinokuba yimbali elula eyoyikisayo eyenzelwe ukoyikisa abanqobi baseSpain, nangona kunjalo kukho imikhondo emininzi kunye nemibhalo kwibali elihamba ngaphaya kwebali elivuthayo lomlilo we-1519.
Kwakhona kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba kolu hlobo lwenkcubeko, ngakumbi phakathi kwama-Aztec namaMayans, kwakukho isithethe kwiintsomi zabo zokumela amadoda afayo aguqulwa abe zizilwanyana ezahlukeneyo. Ngoku, ingcuka ayizange ibe ngumqondiso onamandla kuyo nayiphi na inkcubeko yaseMesoamerican, ngoko kutheni ibonakala kweli bali yenza kube nzima ukuyiqonda.
Eyona nto yenza umdla ongakumbi kukuba intsomi ye-waswolf inxulunyaniswe ngakumbi nenkcubeko yaseYurophu kunenkcubeko yaseMesoamerican, ekhokelele ababhali-mbali abaninzi ukuba bacinge ukuba ibali lokuqala liguqulwe emva koguqulo ukuze lilingane ngakumbi kwisithethe saseMpuma.
“Olunye uqwalaselo olunika umdla ngeli bali lunxulumano phakathi kweCuetlachtli, imvelaphi yayo kunye nokurhoxa okulandelayo kumhlaba “woMntla”. Kwakudala abembi bezinto zakudala bekholelwa ukuba iAztlán, ekhankanywe kwimbali ngegama, isenokuba yayikwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba ngamaMerika.”
Indawo yokuzalwa ecingelwa ukuba inxulunyaniswa "nendunduma" izisa engqondweni iindawo ezininzi zezinto zakudala eMelika, umzekelo, iBynum Mound eMississippi, i-Etowah Mounds eGeorgia, kunye neCahokia Mounds e-Illinois, zonke ezandulela ukuphela kobukumkani bama-Aztec.
Kuyinyani ukuba umzobo wengcuka wawungaqhelekanga kangako kwiintsomi zama-Aztec, nangona kunjalo, kwisithethe samaMerika Omthonyama kwakumela kakhulu. Umfanekiso "wengcuka" phantse usoloko unxulumene neenkcubeko zobugqwirha kunye nentsomi yokudala.
Enye into ebangela umdla, ngoxa iCuetlachtli ikwimo yegama elithi “ingcuka” kulwimi lwesiNahuatl, akukho nkcazelo ichazwayo ivela kwiilwimi ezingaphezu kwama-300 zaseMerika ezazikho kuMntla Merika. Okumangalisayo kukuba, kwimbalelwano yowe-1879, noColonel Robert Quick woMkhosi wamahashe we-13 woMkhosi waseUnited States.”
UColonel Quick wanikwa umsebenzi wokubamba okanye abulale umkreqi wamaNavajo owayebizwa ngokuba nguCuetlachtli. Ibali lihamba ukuba onke amalungu e-13 ye-Cavalry anyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo emva kokuba ewele iiNtaba ze-Medicine Bow ngelixa efuna umkreqi.
Ngaphandle kwentsomi edumileyo neyemveli yeTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi, amanye amabali ebeyinxalenye yenkcubeko yeOtomi ayaziwa. Singakhankanya iintsomi ezifana ne "Leg Cleaner", enemvelaphi yayo emazantsi eQuerétaro, apho ihlalutya ingcamango yoluntu lwemveli, olwabelana ngeengcamango zaseMexico.
Inyaniso kukuba abantu baseQuetzal base-Otomí baye babonakaliswa ngokuguqula amabali abo okanye iintsomi zibe ngamabali anomdla, baqinisekise ubunyani bamabali abo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kukho ubungqina bokuba ezi ziganeko zenzeke ngokwenene.
Kufanelekile ukukhankanya imeko ye-Mexquititla Foundation. Olu qulunqo lubandakanya amabali athile okanye iintsomi ezinxulumene nehlabathi, ukudalwa kwelanga nenyanga, iintsomi zabantu bamandulo, ukusondela kwamadoda anombona, abafazi kunye neenyoka. Ezinye iintsomi zezombono wehlabathi wamaKatolika abalisa indlela uKristu awalwa ngayo needemon.
ulwimi nokubhala
Kweli qela lobuhlanga kukho indlela yaso yokunxibelelana, nokuba kungomlomo okanye ngokubhala. Lulwimi lwesiOtomí, iqela leelwimi zomthonyama zaseMexico ezisondeleleneyo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba olu lwimi luthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwamawaka angama-240 abahlala kumbindi wethafa laseMexico.
Ulwimi lwesiOtomi luthathwa njengelona lwimi ludumileyo lweelwimi zaseMexico kwimbali. Namhlanje olu lwimi luthethwa ngabantu abaninzi bomthonyama abaziwa ngokuba ngamaOtomí. Lulwimi lwaseMesoamerican kwaye lubonakalisa iimpawu ezininzi zengingqi yolwimi lwaseMesoamerican.
NgokoMthetho wamaLungelo eeLwimi eMexico, ulwimi lwesiOtomi lwamkelwa njengolwimi lwesizwe, njengoko kunjalo nakwezinye iilwimi zesintu ezingamashumi amathandathu anesibini kunye neSpanish. Ithathwa njengenye yeelwimi zemveli ezithethwa kakhulu kwilizwe lama-Aztec, kangangokuba ithatha indawo yesixhenxe kuluhlu lwezona lwimi zithethwa kakhulu eMexico.
Ulwimi lwe-Otomi kufuneka luthathwe njenge "intsapho yolwimi lwe-Otomi", kuba kukho iindidi ezininzi. Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuba inani labathethi beelwimi ze-Otomi liye lehla kumaxesha akutshanje, ngokukodwa ngenxa yesiganeko sokufuduka apho olu luntu lwemveli luye lwathotyelwa.
Njengenyaniso enomdla, kunokukhankanywa ukuba okwangoku akukho rekhodi yeendaba ezibhaliweyo e-Otomí, oko kukuthi, akukho maphephandaba okanye iimagazini ngolu lwimi, ngaphandle konxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo kunye neencwadi eziphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, uMphathiswa weMfundo yoLuntu waseMexico, ngeKomishoni kaZwelonke yeeNcwadi zaMahala, upapasha iincwadi ezininzi zeOtomi kwimfundo yaseprayimari.
Njengazo zonke ezinye iilwimi zesiOto-Mangue, isiOtomí sikwagqalwa njengolwimi lwethoni kwaye uninzi lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo lwahlula phakathi kweethoni ezintathu. Amagama aphawulelwe umnini kuphela. Inombolo yesininzi iphawulwe nge-definite article kunye nesimamva selizwi.
Emva kokufika kwamaYurophu athimbayo, u-Otomi waba lulwimi olubhaliweyo xa iifriars zachitha ixesha elininzi zifundisa i-Otomi ngegrama yesiLatini; ulwimi olubhaliweyo lwexesha lobukoloniyali ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-Classic Otomí.
Ixesha leProto-otomí kunye nexesha langaphambi kobukoloniyali
Iilwimi ze-Oto-Pamean kucingelwa ukuba zahlulwe kwezinye iilwimi ze-Otomanguean malunga ne-3500 BC ngaphakathi kwesebe lase-Ostomia. I-Proto-Otomí ibonakala ihlulwe kwi-Proto-Mazahua ca. 500 AD. Malunga nonyaka ka 1000 AD, iProto-Otomí yaqala ukwahluka kwiindidi zeOtomí zangoku.
Akuyomfihlo nakubani na ukuba inxalenye enkulu yombindi weMexico yayimi iminyaka eliqela ngabantu abasebenzisa iilwimi zesiOto-Pamean, ubuncinane kwakunjalo ngaphambi kokufika kwabantetho isiNahuatl.
"Ngaphaya koku, ukusasazwa kweendawo zamanqanaba ookhokho uninzi lweelwimi zanamhlanje zaseMexico, kunye nobudlelwane babo kunye nempucuko eyahlukahlukeneyo, zihlala zingapheli"
Kuye kwathiwa i-proto-otomí-mazahua yenye yeelwimi ezisetyenziswa eTeotihuacán, iziko elikhulu le-Mesoamerican lexesha le-Classic, elanyamalalayo lenzeka malunga ne-ca.600 AD Kwakhona kufanelekile ukucacisa ukuba i-pre- Abantu baseColumbian Otomí Ngelo xesha, yayingenayo inkqubo yokubhala eyaphuhliswa ngokubanzi.
Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwemibhalo yama-Aztec yayiyi-ideographic kwaye inokuqondwa kwi-Otomi kunye nesiNahuatl. Abantu baseOtomi babenesithethe sokuguqulela rhoqo amagama eendawo okanye abalawuli kwiOtomi endaweni yokusebenzisa amagama esiNahuatl.
Ixesha lobukoloniyali kunye ne-Otomí yakudala
Phakathi koloyiso lwaseSpeyin olwaqhubeka kumbindi weMexico, iOtomi yayinokusasazwa ngokubanzi kunanamhlanje. Babeneendawo ezibalulekileyo ezithetha isiOtomi kwamanye amazwe afana neJalisco neMichoacán. Emva kokuphela koloyiso lwaseSpeyin, abemi beli qela lohlanga baqalisa ukufumana ithuba lokwanda ngokwelizwe.
Ukwandiswa kwendawo yeOtomi kwakubangelwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kukuba aboyisi baseSpeyin basebenzisa amajoni amaninzi akwesi sizwe somthonyama ukuze aqhubele phambili amaphulo awo oyisa, ingakumbi kumantla eMexico. Emva kwelo xesha, i-Otomi yaqala ukuhlala kwiindawo ezintsha, ngakumbi eQuerétaro, apho baseka khona isixeko saseQuerétaro.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsU5GsQsnJc
Bahlala eGuanajuato, ummandla owawuhlala iminyaka emininzi eChichimeca. Ngeli xesha abanye ababhali-mbali bamakoloniyali, abanjengoBernardino de Sahagún, babesebenzisa ikakhulu izithethi zesiNahua njengemithombo yeembali zabo zobukoloniyali.
Izithethi zesiNahua zazinembono embi kakhulu ngabantu baseOtomi, eyahlala phantse lonke ixesha lobukoloniyali. Lo mkhwa wokwala kunye nokunciphisa ubuni benkcubeko ye-Otomi xa kuthelekiswa nabanye abantu bomthonyama wanika indlela yokuphulukana nolwimi kunye nokungahambi kakuhle, ngenxa yokuba inxalenye enkulu ye-Otomi ikhetha ukwamkela ulwimi lweSpanishi kunye nezithethe.
I-Classic Otomí ligama elisetyenziselwa ukubhekisela kwi-Otomí eyayithethwa ngeenkulungwane zokuqala zolawulo lwamakholoni. Yayilinqanaba elinomdla kakhulu, apho ulwimi lwafumana i-othografia yesiLatini kwaye yabhalwa ngabafundisi baseSpain abaqala ukufunda ngakumbi ngolu lwimi, ukuze balusebenzise njengokuguqula abantu phakathi kwamaOtomi.
Inyani yeyokuba umbhalo we-Otomi wakudala unzima kakhulu ukuqondwa, ngakumbi ngenxa yokuba amaFreyi kunye neemonki zemiyalelo ye-mendicant yaseSpain, njengamaFranciscans, babhala iigramma ze-Otomi, eyona indala kakhulu buBugcisa bolwimi lwaseOtomi lukaFray Pedro de. Cárceres, mhlawumbi yabhalwa kwangowe-1580, kodwa ayizange ipapashwe de kwangowe-1907.
Ngomnyaka we-1605, omnye umlingiswa kwimbali, njengo-Alonso de Urbano, waba nobuganga bokwenza isichazi-magama seelwimi ezintathu zesiSpanish-Nahuatl-Otomi, apho isethi encinci yamanqaku egrama malunga ne-Otomi inokubonwa. Kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba isazi segrama yesiNahuatl, uHoracio Carochi, wabhala igrama yesiOtomi, nangona kungekho ngxelo yoku ukuxhasa lo mbhalo.
Ebudeni besiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-XNUMX, umfundisi ongumJesuit owaziwayo, ogama lakhe lingekatyhilwa, wabhala igrama yeLuces del Otomí (engeyiyo, ngokungqongqo, ingeyomgaqo-ntetho kodwa ingxelo yophando ngeOtomí). Kwelakhe icala, uNeve y Molina uvelise isichazi-magama kunye negrama.
Imbali isixelela ukuba ngexesha lobukoloniyali, inani elikhulu lama-Otomi laqalisa ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwalo ngolwimi lwalo, yaye kwakungelo xesha apho bafundiswa khona ukufunda nokubhala ulwimi lwabo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kukho inani elibalulekileyo lamaxwebhu enziwe e-Otomi, zombini kunye nenkolo, eyona nto idume kakhulu yiCodices ye-Huichapan kunye neJilotepec.
Ngexesha lasemva kwexesha lobukoloniyali nasemva kwenkululeko, amaqela emveli ayengasenayo imo eyahlukileyo. Ukususela ngoko ukuba i-Otomi yalahlekelwa yimeko njengolwimi lwemfundo, iphelisa ixesha le-Otomi yeklasi njengolwimi lokubhala.
Yonke le nyani ikhokelela kwinqanaba lokuhla kwenani labathetha iilwimi zesintu njengoko amaqela omthonyama kulo lonke elaseMexico amkela ulwimi lweSpanish njengeyona ndlela yokunxibelelana. Umgaqo-nkqubo we-herpaniicization waqalisa ukuphunyezwa phakathi kwawo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuncipha ngokukhawuleza kwabathetha zonke iilwimi zomthonyama, kuquka isiOtomi, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Kukwafanelekile ukukhumbula ukuba ngeminyaka yee-1990, abasemagunyeni kurhulumente waseMexico bagqiba ekubeni bayijike imigaqo-nkqubo eyayijoliswe kumalungelo abantu bomthonyama, kuquka iilwimi zabo.
Ngale ndlela, kwavela amaziko karhulumente abalulekileyo awayenenjongo ephambili yokukhuthaza nokukhusela uluntu neelwimi zomthonyama. Phakathi kwazo singabalula iKomishoni yeSizwe yoPhuhliso lwabantu beMveli kunye neZiko leSizwe leeLwimi zesiNtu.
Inkcubeko namasiko
Ukuba kukho into ekufanele igxininiswe malunga nolu luntu lwemveli olunje ngeOtomíes, yinkcubeko yabo kunye nesithethe ngasinye abasenzayo. Masiqale sithethe ngomculo wakho kunye nomdaniso. Imidaniso yimibutho apho izibopho ezininzi zentlalo zingenelela kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabantu baseOtomi.
Sithetha nje sinemidaniso enemvelaphi yobukoloniyali. Phakathi kwabo sinokubiza ama-Apache, i-arches, i-cowboys, i-muleteers, abamnyama kunye nabelusi. Ngokubanzi, le midaniso ihlelwe njengenxalenye yeminikelo eyenziwa ngabemi beedolophana zaseOtomi kubangcwele babo ngosuku lomthendeleko.
Kuyafaneleka ukutsho ukuba le midaniso ayenzelwanga kuphela ngexesha lomnyhadala ongcwele, kodwa uninzi lwale midaniso yemveli iyenzeka ngexesha lomnyhadala weSanta Cruz, kuxa kusenziwa amasiko ezikhalazo zemvula. Badla ngokudanisa kweminye iminyhadala efana nobhaptizo okanye imitshato.
Ngaphakathi kwenkcubeko kunye nezithethe zabantu baseOtomi, kufanelekile ukukhankanya umsebenzi wobugcisa oqhelekileyo waba bantu bomthonyama. Abantu base-Otomí babonakaliswa ngokukodwa ngokwenza imisebenzi yezandla eyahlukeneyo, phakathi kwayo sinokubiza ukuveliswa kweengubo zoboya, i-molcajetes kunye neemetates zamatye.
Bakwanalo nesiko lokwenza iminqwazi yesundu, izitulo ezilula, iimaguey fiber ayates, amalaphu enziwe ngamalaphu esinqeni, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Basoloko besebenzisa ingcongolo ukwenza iimbiza, iingobozi, iirhashalala ezimilise okwehobe kunye neengqayi zepulque.
Njengenxalenye yamasiko abo ngokubhekiselele kuqoqosho, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba i-Otomi eyona nto ibalulekileyo umsebenzi wendabuko kubo yezolimo. Ngokuqhelekileyo basebenza ngokukhethekileyo ekuveliseni umbona ukuze bazityele ngokwabo, kodwa bavelisa nezinye izinto ezifana neembotyi, itshili, ingqolowa, ioats, irhasi, iitapile, isikwashi kunye nee-ertyisi.
Iiholide zemveli
Kwiidolophu ze-Otomi kukho imikhosi yemveli ebaluleke kakhulu, nangona kunjalo enye yezona zinto zidumileyo kwaye ziyaziwa kakhulu kukubhiyozelwa koSuku lwabafileyo, okwenzeka minyaka yonke ngoNovemba 1. Ngethuba le qela lisiko ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.
Kunokwenzeka ukuba uninzi lunomdla wokubhiyozela usuku lwabafileyo, nangona kunjalo kwindawo elungileyo yabantu baseMexico, ngakumbi kuluntu lwemveli, ezi ntlobo zemibhiyozo zinentsingiselo ekhethekileyo. Kubo ukufa kunye nemibhiyozo zihlobene ngokusondeleyo.
Le nkolelo ivela kubantu bomthonyama bamandulo ababehlala eMexico, kuquka amaOtomi, awayekholelwa ukuba imiphefumlo yabafi yayibuya minyaka le ukuze ityelele ukuze ifumane imali yokuziphilisa: ukutya, ukusela nokuzonwabisa, kanye njengokuba yayisenza xa bebephila.
Umthendeleko watshintsha emva kokufika kweSpeyin ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu. Ngoku baqhubeka bebhiyozela usuku lwabafileyo, kodwa kwimeko yemiphefumlo yabantwana abangasekhoyo, bakhunjulwa ngosuku olungaphambi kwalowo, oko kukuthi, ngoMhla Weengcwele Zonke. Ukukhumbula iinkumbulo zabo bakwenza ngezinto zokudlala kunye neebhaluni ezinemibala ehombisa amangcwaba abo.
Ngomhla wabafileyo, abantu abadala abafileyo bayahlonishwa, kodwa ngokuboniswa kokutya okuthandayo kunye neziselo zomfi, kunye nezinto zokuhombisa kunye nezomntu. Emangcwabeni kuqhelekile ukubeka iintyatyambo, ngakumbi i-cempasúchil kunye namakhandlela, ezikhanyisa indlela yemimoya ukuya kwizindlu zezalamane zabo.
Inkolo
IiOtomi zineenkolelo zazo zonqulo, ezixubeneyo yamaKatolika nezangaphambi kweSpanishi. Phakathi kweenkolelo zabo zonqulo lunqulo lwabafi, ukukholelwa kwizifo ezithile, amaphupha nemibhalo-ngqangi egqubayo kubomi bukaOtomi. Uninzi lwamaOtomi luchonga inkolo yamaKatolika kwaye lunesiko lokuhlawula imbeko kwimifanekiso emininzi yamaKristu.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubukho bamaqela onqulo lwamaProtestanti kwiidolophu zaseOtomi nabo buye banda ngokumangalisayo. Banesithethe sokunqula abangcwele abangabaxhasi kwiitempile zengingqi. Iinkolelo zonqulo zamaOtomi zahlulwe zaba ngamaqela amakhulu okanye iintanda-bulumko.
- Mesoamerican Indian
- UmKatolika
- umvangeli wamaProtestanti
Otomi oothixo
Esinye sezithethe zonqulo ezazibalaselisa iOtomi kanye yayikukunqulwa kwezithixo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ubukhulu becala ezinxibelelene neenkalo ezibalulekileyo zendalo, ezinjengeLanga, iNyanga, uMhlaba, umoya, uMlilo, Amanzi, nezinye. Phakathi kwezithixo zabo, abalinganiswa ababini abaphambili nabo bagqama: "Umama Omdala" kunye "noBawo Omdala".
Kwinkolo ye-metzca, kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya ngokukhethekileyo inkolo eyenziwa ngu-Otomi enyangeni, nangona kunjalo enye yezona zithixo zinempembelelo kwaye zibalulekileyo ze-Otomi yayingu-Otontecutli, othathwa njengenkokeli yokuqala ye-Otomi, owafumana unqulo oluvela eMexico.
Omnye wezithixo eziphambili ze-Otomi zaseJilotepec yayinguthixo womoya ababembiza ngokuba nguEdahi, olingana neMexica Ehécatl. Kwelakhe icala, uFray Esteban García wayeqinisekile ukuba iOtomi yaseTutotepec inesithethe sokunqula umoya, umntwiso wothixo womoya uEdahi.
Ngaphandle koko, babe nesiko lokunqula uMuye, ochazwe njengenkosi yemvula, elingana neMexica Tlaloc. Phakathi kwe-Otomi, kwakukho oothixo abancinci u-Ahuaque kunye ne-Tlaloque ababiza imvula. Uthixo wamadabi u-Otomi wayebizwa ngokuba ngu-Ayonat Zyhtama-yo, ngoxa u-Otomi waseTutotepec wayenqula uthixo weentaba obizwa ngokuba yiOchadapo.
Uninzi lwabemi beelali zaseOtomi banesithethe sokukholelwa ngokuqinileyo kubugqwirha. Bathi ubugqwirha bunokwenzeka, yaye bakholelwa ukuba umoya ongendawo unamandla okugula. ISierra Otomí isebenzisa igama elithi nagual xa ibhekisela kwiivampire ezinamandla angaphezu kwawomntu kunye nemimoya yezilwanyana zasekhaya zabakhafuli.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAZxpetmvTg
I-Otomi igcina inkolelo yokuba iinkosi zobubi, ezifana ne-Rainbow, i-Santa Catarina kunye ne-Queen of the Earth, zinamandla okwenzakalisa abantu. Kwakhona kufanelekile ukukhankanya ukuba abantu baseSierra Otomí, abahlala kufutshane nezixeko ezinabefundisi, ubukhulu becala baxhasa imfundiso yamaKatolika.
Inxalenye enhle yabantu baseOtomi iye yaphenjelelwa ngokuphawulekayo yimisinga yonqulo, umzekelo ivangeli yamaProtestanti, imfundiso ebonakaliswe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokugatya ezinye iinkolelo kunye nokubonelela ngengcamango yokugatya inkonzo yempahla.
abefundisi
Ngaphakathi kwezizwe ze-Otomi unokufumana ezininzi izibonakaliso zendalo yenkolo, umzekelo ama-shamans. Aba bantu bachazwa njengeengcali zonqulo ezijamelene neengxaki zobuqu nezentsapho nezinye izidalwa, enoba zinamandla angaphezu kwawomntu, abantu, izityalo nezilwanyana.
I-Otomi shamans igxile ekunikezeni iingcebiso zomntu kunye nokunyanga, ngaphezu kokungenelela kwimibhiyozo eyahlukeneyo yoluntu kwizithixo zobuhedeni. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ama-shamans nawo anemisebenzi yobubingeleli, nangona kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba abacwangciswanga kwi-hierarchy ye-bureaucratic.
Usenokuba nomdla kula manqaku alandelayo: