Iiglaciers: Yintoni na?, Iimpawu kunye nokunye

Los Umkhenkce ezithatha amawaka eminyaka ukudibanisa, kwaye ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu, ngoku ziphantsi kweenguqu ezinkulu. Apha uya kufumana lonke ulwazi ofuna ukuyazi malunga nomkhenkce, yintoni na?Ziziphi iimpawu zawo? nokunye okuninzi

Yintoni imikhenkce?

Imikhenkce yimizimba eyomeleleyo yomkhenkce kuqweqwe lomhlaba kwaye iyimveliso yokuqokelelana rhoqo, ikhephu elixubeneyo kunye nekristale yekhephu, eshiya umkhondo wokuhamba kwawo kwindawo ekuyo.

Zibakho ngenxa yesantya esikhawulezileyo sokuwa kwekhephu ngonyaka, elidlula isantya sokunyibilika kwixesha lasehlotyeni. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba imikhenkce ibekwe kwiipali zesi sijikelezi-langa. Noko ke, zisenokwakheka kwezinye iindawo ezisezintabeni.

Izinga lokukhula kunye neenkcukacha zendlela eziye zasekwa ngayo kwiminyaka edluleyo, yaziwa ngokuba yi-Glaciation. Ayifani yonke imikhenkce, ngamanye amaxesha iba neempawu zendawo ezizinze kuyo.

Kuwo wonke uMhlaba, kukho iindawo ezifanelekileyo zokuyilwa kunye nokuhlelwa kwazo. Ngokwemilo yabo, kuya kubakho amasimi e-ice, iintlambo, i-niches, phakathi kwabanye. Zikwayiyo nemodeli, ngokwemozulu ekhoyo kwindawo. Ke, ziya kuba polar, tropical, temperate, hot-based, poly-thermal okanye kubanda-based.

Kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo ikota yesijikelezi-langa yayigutyungelwe yimikhenkce. Okwangoku, ngenxa yezizathu zemozulu, elo nani lingaphantsi ngama-20%. Nangona uphando lwezenzululwazi lucebisa ukuba oku kuncipha kumphezulu wawo kungenxa yeenkqubo ezihambelana nendalo yomkhenkce.

Oovimba bamanzi amatsha ehlabathini jikelele baqokelelana kwimikhenkce. Olona xinzelelo lukhulu lomphezulu womkhenkce lusasazwe kwiindawo ezikumazantsi ehemisphere kunye neSiqithi saseGreenland kwisiqithi saseGreenland. Ilizwekazi laseMelika, enommandla odlula ngokulula ishumi leekhilomitha zesikweri seekhilomitha.

Izixhobo

• Benza isahlulo seshumi somhlaba.
• Zinokufumaneka kwiindawo ezikufuphi neentaba.
• Ziyinxalenye yeentsalela ze-Ice Age.
• Imvelaphi yomkhenkce wayo ivela kwi-hemisphere esemazantsi kunye nesiqithi saseGreenland.
• Zibaluleke kakhulu, kubomi beentlobo zabantu, iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana.
• Bangumthombo omkhulu wamanzi amatsha eMhlabeni.
• Ukunqunyulwa kwenxalenye yobunzima bayo, kubangela ii-icebergs.
• Zihlanganiswe ngokwendawo yazo kwaye zinokuba neqondo lokushisa, i-polar kunye ne-subpolar.

Ziziphi iindawo zomkhenkce?

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ukuba ngawaphi amalungu ayinxalenye yesakhiwo somkhenkce. Phambi kolu kwakheka kuhle kwendalo, kufanelekile ukuba babe nezixhobo eziyimfuneko zokuchongwa kwabo.

Ngezantsi kukho iindawo ezahlukeneyo zomkhenkce.

Iiskisi zeGlacier

Yaziwa njenge glacial cirque, indawo enamatye ekwimo ye basin kwaye inobume be semicircle. Oku kubangelwa kukudilika komhlaba okusisigxina kwindawo yokuqokelelana kunye nokukrazuka komkhenkce.

Le mimandla ihambelana neendawo apho ikhephu liqokelelana ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kwizinga elinyibilikayo, kwimeko yokuqokelela. Ngokuchasene noko, ummandla we-abrasion nguwo apho isantya apho ikhephu linyibilika khona sikhulu kunesantya esiqokelelana ngaso.

Ulwimi lweGlacial

Zizidumbu ezinkulu zomkhenkce ezehla ezintabeni ngenxa yefuthe lomxhuzulane. Le ntshukumo yokuhla ibangela ukuba izixa ezikhulu zamatye zitsalwe ukusuka kwiintaba kwindlela yawo.

Le ntshukumo yamatye ichaza izakhiwo ezisezantsi kwamathambeka, abizwa ngokuba zii-moraines. Ukuba akukho nto yimbi, ukuba imixokelelwane yezinto ezinomkhenkce ngaphandle kokudibanisa.

Indawo ye-Ablation

Indawo yokulahla yindawo apho elona khephu kunye nomkhenkce linxitywa khona. Ezi lahleko zibalulekileyo zibangelwa kukunyibilika komkhenkce okanye utshintsho ukusuka kwisiqina ukuya kwisimo esinerhasi, oko kukuthi, ngenxa yokumka komkhenkce.

Zonke ezi nkqubo zizisa igalelo lobuninzi bamanzi kwimilambo ekhoyo, amachibi kunye neelwandle.

moraine

Njengoko lo mkhenkce ushukuma, lo mkhenkce ubangela ukhukuliseko endleleni yawo. Iintsalela zezinto ezikhutshiweyo zidibana nomkhenkce kwaye zithuthwa ngumkhenkce.

Kukho iintlobo ezine ze-moraines kwaye nganye kuzo ikhankanywe ngezantsi.

• Mva kwexesha: banokufumaneka ekupheleni kweelwimi ze-glacial, ezibangelwa ukudibana komkhenkce kunye nemida yeendonga ekufudukeni kwayo.
• Ephakathi: Sisiphumo sokudityaniswa kwee-moraines ezimbini ezisecaleni, eziphuma kwiilwimi zomkhenkce ezahlukeneyo.
• Imvelaphi: imvelaphi yayo ibangelwa kukudityaniswa kwentlenga ukusuka ezantsi komkhenkce.
• Indawo yokukhwelela: Ziyinkunkuma eveliswa kukuhambela phambili komkhenkce. Ifumaneka kwindawo yokugqibela yomkhenkce, okwangoku umsonto uqalisa ukunyibilika kwaye ilahleko iyenzeka ngenxa yenkqubo yokuphuphuma komkhenkce.

Ukusekwa komkhenkce

I-glaciers yenziwa kuloo mimandla yoMhlaba, ekuqokelelwa kwayo kwekhephu phakathi kwexesha elithile lasebusika kunye nelinye, ingaphezulu kweenkqubo zokudibanisa, ukukhupha kunye ne-sublimation, okufana nokuthetha inguqu ukusuka kwisigxina ukuya kwimeko yegesi.

Le nkqubo inothotho lwamanqanaba amele azaliseke, ngaphambi kokuba kudityaniswe imisinga yomkhenkce. La manqanaba ngala:

• Ukugcinwa kwekhephu.
• ukuxinana
• ukwakheka komkhenkce

I-glaciers yinkqubo enzima yeziganeko kwaye njengayo nayiphi na inkqubo, idinga ukulingana. Ibhalansi yomkhenkce ngumahluko owenzekayo phakathi kweenzuzo kunye neelahleko zobunzima bomkhenkce.

Yonke inkqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwee-glaciers inokuthelekiswa nokubalwa kweengxelo zee-akhawunti, ibhalansi yezoqoqosho lomntu. Oko kukuthi, xa ibhalansi ingalunganga, indawo engaphezulu ilahlekile kwi-glacier kwaye xa umphezulu ukhula, ngoko kuthiwa kukho ukulinganisa okulungileyo.

Kwelinye icala, imikhenkce kufuneka ifumane indawo yokulinganisa ukuzinzisa ubunzima bayo. Xa, ngenxa yokuqokelela iqhwa, i-glacier izuza ubunzima, iyaziwa ngokuba yi-accumulation, ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba ilahlekile, ibizwa ngokuba yi-ablation.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo apho umkhenkce ufikelela ekuqokeleleni okungaphezulu, phakathi kwazo sinokukhankanya:

• Umkhenkce wamanzi.
• Isenzo somoya, xa uthutha ikhephu.
• Ukuwa kwekhephu, ngokuthe ngqo kwi-glacier.
• Iqabaka.
• Iingqaqa ezithwala ikhephu kunye nomkhenkce.

ukwakheka komkhenkce

Umkhenkce womkhenkce uyenzeka kwiindawo apho izinga lokuqokelelwa kwekhephu lidlula ukunyibilika kwekhephu. Ukuvelisa ukuba iileyile ezisezantsi zixutywe ngumphumo wobunzima owenziwe ngamanqwanqwa aphezulu.

Ukuba ukuqokelelana kwekhephu kumaleko angaphezulu komkhenkce kunokuvelisa umkhenkce ikakhulu ngenxa yeenkqubo ze-agglutination kunye nokuguqulwa. Ezi nkqubo zichatshazelwa ngumlinganiselo wobushushu kunye nomswakama ohambelana nommandla wokwakheka.

Kwimimandla ye-hemisphere esezantsi, apho ngenxa yezizathu zemozulu inkqubo yokudibanisa iyancipha kakhulu, inqanaba le-agglutination lenzeka kancinci. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukubunjwa komkhenkce womkhenkce kunokuthatha amakhulu eminyaka.

Iikristale zomkhenkce ziphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu, la mandla avelisa utshintsho olukhulu kangangokuba abangele utshintsho ekuhambeni kolu bunzima bukhulu bomkhenkce.

Ngokweemeko zemozulu zommandla, apho i-glaciers ikhona, iya kuchaphazela ukwandiswa kwayo nganye. Kwaye konke, ngenxa yokulinganisela okwenzekayo phakathi kwezinto eziqokelelwe kumphezulu we-glaciers kunye nesixa esinyibilikayo.

Ukubunjwa komkhenkce kwi-glacial kwimimandla ye-terra firma, ukongezwa kwezinto kwenzeka kumphezulu we-glacial mass. Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo enjalo yobuninzi ibulela ekudalweni kweqabaka.

Iiqabaka ziyimveliso yokuguqulwa komphunga wamanzi, de zibe zikhoyo kwindawo eqinileyo. Kwaye lo mcimbi kukuba ngubani owenza igalelo lezinto ezibonakalayo kwi-glaciers kungekhona ikhephu.

Ukuhlelwa komkhenkce

Ii-glaciers zinokuhlelwa ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa ezona zixhaphakileyo zezi: ngokuhambelana nobushushu bazo kunye nenkangeleko yazo okanye ubume bangaphandle. Okulandelayo, nganye kuzo ikhankanyiwe.

ngokweqondo lobushushu

Phakathi kweentlobo zomkhenkce ezikhoyo kwi-glacier, i- tempered iyahlukaniswa, ihluke kwezinye iintlobo zeqhwa, kuba ikwiqondo lokushisa, apho abanye baya kunyibilika. Kukwakho nodidi lomkhenkce, obushushu bawo bungaphantsi kweqondo lokudityaniswa.

Amacandelwana omkhenkce, ngokobushushu, achazwe ngezantsi:

Umkhenkce opholileyo

Umkhenkce opholileyo uyahlukaniswa kwezinye, kuba zikwindawo eziphakamileyo eziphakathi neziphantsi. Ukongeza, ubushushu bobunzima bayo bonke busondele kakhulu kubushushu obunyibilikayo.

umkhenkce osezantsi

Zizo ezo zikhenkce, ezithi ngaphakathi kobunzima bazo zigcine amaqondo obushushu asondele ekunyibilikeni, kodwa kwimimandla yangaphandle zihlala zinobushushu obuphantsi.

umkhenkce kwincam

Bangaphakathi kolu didi, ezo ntaphane zomkhenkce, ezinobushushu obungaphantsi kakhulu kwindawo yokunyibilika. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu oluphantsi kwayo, ukusuka ngaphantsi nangaphezulu. Ikhuthaza isiqulatho samanzi ukuba sihlale sinomkhenkce.

Yenza lo msebenzi wokucinga ulandelayo: vala amehlo akho kwaye ucinge ukuba ukwintaba ephakame kakhulu kwaye ingqele ayinyamezeleki. Bakunika ikomityi yekomityi enetshokholethi ebilayo, ungoyiki ukusela amanzi amakhulu, kuba kwindawo ephezulu ulwelo lufikelela kwindawo yokubila engaphantsi kwe-100 ° C.

Olu lwahlulo luchazwe ngaphambili lwenzelwe ireferensi. Kuba olu kwakheka kwendalo zenza iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo kwaye zinokwahluka kakhulu ukusuka komnye ummandla ukuya komnye. Zikwachatshazelwa bubushushu kunye nokuphakama.

Ngokwefomu yangaphandle

Ngasinye kwezi zakhiwo zomkhenkce sinezinto zayo. Ayifani nenye, hayi ngobukhulu, umbala kunye nokumila. Olona luhlu lusetyenziswa kakhulu lulandelayo:

umkhenkce wealpine

Kolu didi ziindawo zomkhenkce ezincinci, ezibekwe kwiintlambo ze Iintaba. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, zikwabizwa ngokuba yintlambo okanye i-alpine glaciers.

Zine-avareji yokuqokelelana kwekhephu, iphezulu kakhulu kwaye intshukumo yalo ingaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-70 ngenyanga.

umkhenkce

Zibonakaliswa kubukho be-stratifications enkulu yomkhenkce, ekwazi ukugubungela iintaba. Ubunzima bezi zigebenga zomkhenkce bungaphantsi kunobo bufumaneka kwimikhenkce yelizwekazi.

umkhenkce ophuphumayo

Olu hlobo lomkhenkce lutyiswa yimikhenkce neelwimi zomkhenkce. Zinokufumaneka kwindawo esezantsi yeentlambo, kude nentabalala enkulu yomkhenkce.

Batyala imilo yabo kwiintshukumo ezenziwa kwii-caps, ukusuka kwiintaba eziphakamileyo ukuya elwandle.

umnqwazi welizwekazi

Kuwo wonke umkhenkce, ezi zezona zikhulu. Bayakwazi ukuyiqonda ngokulula, kuba iyindawo ebanzi yomkhenkce, ethi iguqulelwe yimeko engqongileyo.

Eminye imimandla ekumazantsi eikhweyitha kunye nesiqithi saseGreenland kuphela kweendawo ezinemikhenkce yelizwekazi. Ukuba ngamadama amakhulu amanzi amatsha.

Ithafa

Umkhenkce osemathafeni, unomphezulu omncinci, ufana kakhulu nomphezulu. Zinokufumaneka kwezinye iintaba ezinkulu nakwiithafa. Ziyimpawu zemimandla yase-Iceland kunye ne-Arctic Ocean.

epiedmont

I-Piedemonte glaciers ibonakaliswe ngenxa yokuba ihlala kumhlaba ophantsi. Isiseko sazo sibanzi kakhulu, kwaye ziyimveliso yokudibana kwemikhenkce emibini yeentaba.

Owona mkhenkce mkhulu we-piedmont useAlaska kwaye umalunga nama-5.000 km².

umkhenkce ophumayo  

Luhlobo lomkhenkce onoxanduva lokulinganisa isiseko samatye, kwibhedi yomkhenkce. Ukuhamba kwezi zihlwele kufana kakhulu nemisinga yomlambo, bahamba imigama emide ngesantya esiphezulu. Ukuvelisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwiindawo abahamba ngazo.

izibonelelo zamanzi

Ngenxa yokuba imikhenkce yenziwe ngamanzi amaninzi angumkhenkce, iqukwa njengenxalenye yomjikelo we-hydrological cycle okanye umjikelo wamanzi. Yiyo loo nto zigqalwa njengemithombo yamanzi, evela kwiimvula.

Kule mizimba yomkhenkce, ngaphezu kwe-70% yemithombo yamanzi ahlambulukileyo kwiplanethi iqulethwe. Imvelaphi yamanzi asuka kwi-glaciers ivela kwimithombo emibini, eyile:

• Imveliso yokunyibilika kwekhephu kunye nomkhenkce.
• Ndiyabulela kwimvula.

Ubume bangaphakathi benkqubo entsonkothileyo yonxibelelwano lwamanzi kumkhenkce intsonkothile. Inemikhumbi yokucoca okanye i-percolation, imiqolomba, iifissures kunye neecorridors apho amanzi ajikeleza khona.

Ubutyebi bamanzi bunediphozithi phakathi kobunzima bomkhenkce. Ukuba nezi zakhiwo kwenza kube lula ukuba uhlale unoovimba bakho kwaye ungaxhomekeki kutshintsho lwemozulu ukuze uzibonelele.

Izixhobo zomkhenkce zivela:

• Ikhephu.
• I-Firn, into ephakathi phakathi kwekhephu kunye nomkhenkce, eshiywe kwamanye amaxesha onyaka.
• Iifassures okanye i-crevasse.
• Amachibi.

Umjikelo wangaphakathi we-hydrological hydrological glaciers ngokuqhelekileyo usebenza kwixesha lasehlotyeni, xa izehlo zemitha yelanga zibukhali kwaye ilahleko enkulu yamanzi iyenzeka.

Kwimeko yomkhenkce onemozulu epholileyo, ilahleko yamanzi ibangelwa kukunyibilika ize yona ihluze de ifike kwifirn. Olu tshintshiselwano lwamanzi phakathi kweeleya ezahlukeneyo zomkhenkce aluqhubeki nohambo lwayo kuba iileya zokugqibela azinamanzi.

ukhukuliseko lomkhenkce

Olu hlobo lokwakheka kwendalo lunokubangela ukhukuliseko kwindawo ezikuyo. Amatye kunye neentlenga zifakwe kwi-glaciers, zivela kwi-friction kunye nokutyibilika kwezinto ezinamatye kunye namanye amasuntswana anyityilisiweyo.

I-Boot

Njengoko umkhenkce uvela, kumatye aqhekekileyo, inxalenye yezinto ezifunyenwe kwindlela yawo zifakwa kumkhenkce.

Ukhukuliseko lomhlaba, lwenzeka xa imveliso yamanzi yokunyibilika, ichwechwa phakathi kweentanda zamatye kunye nokuhlaziywa kwakhona kwamanzi.

Njengoko amanzi esiba ngumkhenkce, amatye akufuphi nomkhenkce ayakhula aze aqhekeke. Ukwenza inxalenye yobunzima bubonke bomkhenkce.

Ukurhawuzelelwa

Ukhukuliseko ngokonakala lwenzeka ngenxa yokutyibilika kwezinto ezinamatye, athi xa edlula abumba amacala kwaye aqokelelane kumazantsi omkhenkce.

Iimpembelelo kwisiqabu emva kokuhlupheka kwenkqubo yokhukuliseko, ngamanye amanqaku kwindawo enamatye, ebizwa ngokuba yi-glacial striae. Olu luhlu lubangelwa ngamanqaku abukhali amatye athe tye ngexesha lokhukuliseko.

izinga lokhukuliseko

Isantya esenzeka ngaso umfuziselo womkhenkce, ngenxa yokhukuliseko, kuxhomekeke kwezinye izinto ezikhankanywe ngezantsi:

• Isantya sokufuduswa komkhenkce.
• Ukuxinana komkhenkce.
• Iqondo lobulukhuni belitye, elishenxiswa ngumkhenkce.
• I-Erosivity yee-arhente ezibambeleyo zomkhenkce.

Ukulungiswa koncedo

Kukho izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela ukuguqulwa koncedo kunye neendawo. Ezi arhente zokuguqula zisuka emanzini, kwimimoya kwaye kwezinye iimeko umkhenkce womkhenkce unokusebenza.

iintlambo zomkhenkce

Iintlambo zomkhenkce ngaphandle kwesenzo somzekelo we-glaciations, ziya kuba nemo enxantathu eguqulweyo, impawu enokuthi isuka kukhukuliseko lwamanzi.

Kodwa ngenxa yokuba ngexesha lomkhenkce, iintlambo zeentaba zaye zakhula kwaye inxalenye yokuma kwazo yayinelahleko enkulu yezinto ezinamatye, zathatha ukumila kwehashe, eyaziwayo ngayo namhlanje.

Kuyo yonke le nkqubo yenguqu kuvela iintlambo ezimisiweyo, ezizizakhiwo ezivelayo, xa i-glaciers iqala ukurhoxisa okanye iprotocol yokuhlehla.

Ukuqhekeka okuveliswe yimpembelelo ye-detachment kunye ne-abrasion ibuyekezwe ngezinto ezivela kumachibi asePaternoster, azalwa kwi-terminal moraines.

Kumantla eendawo zomkhenkce, kukho izakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuba zii<em>glacial cirques. Iisekisi zimile okwesitya esinombhobho, esinamadonga angalinganiyo ngandlel’ ithile.

I-glacial cirques yindawo efanelekileyo kuwo wonke umkhenkce oveliswayo ukuba ugqibe ukuqokelela. Ekuqaleni zinokubonwa njengezitenxo emacaleni entaba. Kodwa kamva, ukuxinana kwayo kwandiswa ngokulungiswa komkhenkce.

Nje ukuba umkhenkce uqale inkqubo yawo yokunyibilika, iicirques zihlalwa ngamachibi abizwa ngokuba yiTarn. La machibi anokuba ngenxa yeendonga ezenza i-moraines, zombini i-terminal kunye necala.

 iinduli

Iinduli zezinye izilungiso zokukhululeka, imveliso yesenzo se-glaciers. Ipase izalwa ngenxa yokwahlula phakathi kwemikhenkce emibini, ephakathi kweesangqa zayo kwaye yakhukuliseka ukuze kudalwe indlela yokudlula okanye umwonyo.

iifjords

Ezi zakhiwo zibunjwe njengama-cove anzulu kakhulu kwaye zenziwe ngumphumo wokukhukula kweentlambo eziye zaqulunqwa yisenzo se-glacier. Zimile okwesicathulo sehashe kwaye indawo esezantsi ayibonakali, kuba iphantsi kwamanzi.

Ukongeza kwiinguqu ezibangelwa ngumkhenkce kwiinkqubo zeentaba, olu tshintsho lwenzeka kwintaba enye. Utshintsho olunjalo kwezi ntlobo zeemeko zibizwa ngokuba yimiphetho kunye neempondo kwaye zikhankanywe ngezantsi.

imiphetho

Umphetho uyimveliso yokwandiswa kwee-cirques, ngenxa ye-detachment yezinto ezinamatye kunye nomphumo weqhwa. Isekisi kolu hlobo lokwakheka ayikho ngaphakathi kwesangqa. Ibekwe kwelinye icala lomgca owahlulayo.

uphondo lomkhenkce

Ezi zimile okwempondo, njengeencam, zikwasisiphumo sokutsalwa kwamatye kunye namanye amasuntswana xa kudlula umkhenkce nekhephu.

Iisangqa ezenza kwincam yentaba, yiyo ebangela olu tshintsho ekukhululekeni, ngenxa yokudlula komkhenkce.

amatye mackerel

Olu hlobo lohlengahlengiso loncedo lubangelwa kukuhamba komkhenkce ngamatye. Ukubangela ukuba bathathe imilo enamaqhuma agudileyo.

Anjalo ke amandla okukrazuka komkhenkce xa edlula ezindulini, kangangokuba ekuvukeni kwawo ashiya amathambeka anencam ezithambileyo, ezigcina umphezulu wazo kwicala elathathwa ngumsinga womkhenkce.

amagubu

I-drumlins ziinduli ezincinci, ezinamathambeka agudileyo kwaye imilo yazo ifana kakhulu ne-cetacean eleleyo. Zivela kumaxesha okukhenkceza.

Kunye nezi zakhiwo, iintsalela ze-moraines nazo zinokubonwa. Ngesi sizathu, zikwajongwa njengokwandiswa kwezi, ezantsi komkhenkce.

iidiphozithi zamatye eqhwa

Kwindawo yokukhupha okanye indawo yokulahleka kweqhwa kunye nekhephu, ubuninzi bamanzi ziveliswa. La manzi, njengoko esimka kumkhenkce, arhuqa intlenga eninzi kwindlela yawo.

Ngethuba nje isantya samanzi sangoku siphezulu, iincinci zentlenga ezicolekileyo zishiywe ngasemva. Kodwa njengoko isantya sangoku siqala ukucotha, intlenga erhabaxa iqala ukuzinza phantsi kunye namasebe aloo manzi akhoyo.

Le nkqubo ye-erosive yoncedo, isuka kwizakhiwo ezibini ezitsha, ngokwendawo apho ivela khona. Ukuba le yenzeka kumkhenkce, ibizwa ngokuba yi-alluvial plain. Ngoxa, ukuba ikhula kwintlambo yeentaba, ibizwa ngokuba nguloliwe osentlanjeni.

Iidiphozithi ekudibaneni nomkhenkce

Njengoko umkhenkce ulahlekelwa ubunzima ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukuqukuqela komkhenkce kuyayeka. Imisinga yamanzi eveliswa ngokunyibilika, idlula kwimijelo eyahlukeneyo eyenziweyo kule minyaka idlulileyo, ishiya umkhondo wenkunkuma.

Le nkqubo yokunyibilika ityhila iidiphozithi ezinkulu ezihluthiweyo, ezithatha ezona ntlobo zininzi, kuquka:

• iinduli.
• amafu e-cumulus
• Iindawo zokuhlala.

Zezi zakhiwo, ezinikwe igama leediphozithi ezidibene nomkhenkce.

Iinduli ezithatha imo yeenduli ezibalaseleyo, zikwabizwa ngokuba yi-kames kwaye azikho nto ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezisuka ngokunyibilika komkhenkce, ukubeka intlenga kuhlala kwindawo engaphakathi kwibhloko ye-glacial.

Kukwaxhaphake kakhulu ukufumana iiterraces ze-kame eziphelweni zentlambo, okoko nje umkhenkce womkhenkce uhleli kuloo ntlambo.

Olunye ukwakheka ngeediphozithi ezinxibelelana nomkhenkce, zii-eskers. Ezi ziidiphozithi ezikwimo yeenduli ezinqambileyo, ezihambelana negrabile, isanti kunye nezinye izinto.

Imikhenkce kunye nemithombo yendalo

Nangona kubonakala kungenakwenzeka, kwezi ndawo zinzima kukwakho ubomi. Into nganye ephilayo kunye ne-microorganisms kuye kwafuneka ilungelelanise ngokwemfuza ukuze iphile kwaye iphindaphindeke.

Flora

Iintlobo zezityalo ezihlala kule mimandla ziye zaphuhlisa ukulungelelaniswa okungapheliyo, uninzi lwazo oluthathe amawaka eminyaka. Olu hlenga-hlengiso lwemfuzo lulo olusivumelayo ukuba siphile kwiimeko ezimandundu kakhulu.

Ngokwendalo, iintyatyambo zezi ndawo zikude zihlelwe ngokwamaqela amabini amakhulu: ezo zinokuqhelana nobomi emhlabeni kunye nezo zathi zavela ukuze zihlale emanzini.

 izityalo zomhlaba

Ziyimikhwa yomhlaba, ziphuhlisa ematyeni, umhlaba kunye namatye, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, azigutyungelwa yikhephu kunye neqhwa.

iintlobo zeentyatyambo

Kule mimandla yomkhenkce, zimbini kuphela iindidi zezityalo ezidubulayo ezinokuphila. Oko kukuthi, zineengcambu ezichazwe kakuhle, iziqu kunye namagqabi. Ezi yi-Antarctic carnation kunye nengca ye-Antarctic.

I-Antarctic Carnation, xa iimeko zemozulu zivuma, zivelisa iintyatyambo ezincinci ezimhlophe.

Ukwandisa amandla abo okuphila, baye banxulunyaniswa neendawo ezikhuselwe luluntu lobulembu.

iileyile

Kuzo zonke iintlobo zezityalo ezihlala kwiindawo ezinomkhenkce, i-lichens yiyona nto ilungelelaniswe kakuhle nemozulu embi.

Umthamo wayo wokuziqhelanisa kunye nokuchasana nawo ngenxa yokuba yimveliso yobudlelwane be-symbiotic phakathi kwe-algae kunye ne-fungus.

Bahlala kwiindawo ezinamatye okanye amatye angazange agqunywe ngumkhenkce okanye ikhephu.

Amakhowa

Zincinci ezincinci kunye neentlobo ze-macroscopic, phakathi kwazo kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-60. Olona didi lukhulu lukhula phakathi kobulembu, ngelixa elinye iqela lihlala ngaphantsi komhlaba.

Ubunzima

Ngokuqhelekileyo zizilwanyana ezincinci, ubude bazo abudluli kwiisentimitha ezimbini kwaye zinemikhwa erhubuluzayo. Abayonto ifana nezinye izityalo, kuba abanazo izihlunu ezikhethekileyo zokuthwala yonke incindi ukuze zizigcine zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye kwisityalo.

izilwanyana

Izilwanyana zale ndawo zibandayo zanyanzeleka ukuba zilungelelanise indlela yazo yokutya, amafutha omzimba kunye noboya ukuze zihlale kwezi ndawo.

Ibhere eliyiphola

Kuzo zonke iindidi zeebhere eziseMhlabeni, yiyo yodwa enoboya obumhlophe njengobume bendawo efumaneka kuyo. Ukutya kwabo kubandakanya ukutya kwenyama, ngakumbi oko kwetywina.

Uye waphuhlisa iinguqu kumalungu akhe angasemva nangaphambili, ukuze akwazi ukuhamba nokuqubha imigama emide. Iindlebe nomsila wayo awukho mkhulu, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukugcinwa kobushushu bomzimba.

Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintlobo zebhere, ibhere emhlophe ayizingcwabi. Noko ke, xa iimazi ziye zakhuliswa, ziye zifune indawo yokuhlala ngexesha lasebusika.

impungutye arctic

Olu didi lwezilwanyana lukwabizwa ngokuba yipolar fox. Ineendlebe ezincinci kwaye inwele zayo zimhlophe, ukuze ikwazi ukuzifihla kwimekobume.

Ukuze ihlale isebenza ngexesha lasebusika, ifudukela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ukuze ifumane amaxhoba ayo, aquka iintaka ezincinci kunye nezilwanyana ezincancisayo.

Umvundla we-arctic

I-hare yezibonda, ziphakathi kwezilwanyana eziye zakwazi ukulungelelanisa kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo zeendawo ze-polar. Indawo yayo yendalo ikwiindawo ezibandayo zaseGreenland.

Uboya bezi zilwanyana bumhlophe ebudeni bobusika obubandayo, kodwa ukuba zifudukela kwezinye iindawo ezifudumeleyo okanye xa kufika ihlobo, iinwele zazo ziba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Ukutya kwabo ngokusisiseko kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemifuno, amagqabi athambileyo kunye namaqunube athile.

Tywina

Kuzo zonke iindidi zamatywina akhoyo kwesi sijikelezi-langa, ayizizo zonke ezikwaziyo ukunyamezela ingqele eqhaqhazelisa amazinyo. Enye ekwazile ukuguqula umzimba wayo ukuze ulungelelanise itywina laseGreenland okanye iHarp seal.

Imizekelo yabantu abadala inomaleko wesikhumba ombala wesilivere, ubuso bunemibala emnyama kunye nebala elimnyama kwindawo yomqolo. Ngoxa beselula, uboya bujika bube tyheli bumhlophe.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, banokufunyanwa baqokelelwe kwiikholoni, apho banokukhuselana khona.

Iminenga

Nangona zininzi iindidi zeminenga kulwandlekazi lwesi sijikelezi-langa, iminenga echitha elona xesha lide kula manzi abandayo nguMnenga waseGreenland.

Umzimba wezi cetaceans mkhulu kakhulu, i-dorsal fin yazo xa ithelekiswa nezinye iintlobo inkulu kakhulu. Ziyakwazi ukufikelela kubude ukusuka entloko ukuya emsileni malunga neemitha ezingama-20 kwaye zinobunzima obumalunga ne-100 lamawaka eekhilogram.

Ukutya kwabo kusekelwe kwikrill kwaye banokutya izixa ezikhulu zezi zilwanyana zincinci, ngokuvula imilomo yabo ngelixa bequbha. Imikhwa yabo yokufuduka mifutshane kakhulu.

oonombombiya

Yintaka yolwandle, kodwa ayinayo imikhwa yokubhabha. Zizilwanyana eziziqhelanise kakuhle kakhulu ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nobushushu obuphantsi. Ukungakwazi ukubhabha kuhlawulelwa ngobuchule bokuqubha.

Ndiyabulela kwinto yokuba banamaphiko abonelelwe ngamathambo kwaye umzimba wabo uyi-fusiform, banokufikelela kwisantya esiphezulu phantsi kwamanzi kwaye bahambe imigama emide ngokulula.

Ukukwazi ukuxhathisa ukubanda okungathandekiyo kufezekiswa, ngenxa yobuninzi beentsiba zabo kunye namafutha abawagcinayo emzimbeni wabo.

Walrus

Sisilwanyana esanyisayo saselwandle, esizalelwa kwimimandla ye-arctic. Ubukhulu bolusu lwazo kunye nokuqokelelana kwamafutha kubenza bakwazi ukuxhathisa ingqele yomkhenkce. Ukutya kwabo ngokusisiseko kubandakanya ukutya i-molluscs, intlanzi kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci.

ingwe yolwandle

Esi silwanyana saselwandle asidli ngokuba yikoloni, sihlala sodwa ubomi baso bonke. Ngaphandle kwakwixesha lokuzala, enento yokwenza neemazi.

Zilinganisa umyinge weemitha ezi-3 kwaye zinobunzima obungaphezulu kwe-300 yeekhilogram. Zitya iintaka, ezinye iintlobo zenja yaselwandle, ikrill kunye nokuzingela iiphengwini. Zizilwanyana ezinobundlobongela.

Elephant seal

Zizilwanyana ezanyisayo ezinkulu, zinokufikelela kwiimitha ezi-5 kwaye zinobunzima beetoni ezi-4. Ulusu lwezi zilwanyana lungqindilili kwaye ukuqokelelwa kwamafutha kwi-epidermis kwenza kube lula ukuba boyise ingqele eqhaqhazelisa amazinyo yeendawo zomkhenkce.

Zinokuqondwa lula, kuba abantu abadala, phambi kweentloko zabo, banohlobo oluthile lomboko ofana nowendlovu. Ukutya kwabo kubandakanya ukubamba iintaka kunye nezinye iintini.

Umkhenkce ongakholelekiyo, izinto ezinomdla kunye nokunye

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba utshintsho lwemozulu lubetha ezi zinto zibuthathaka, zisenako ukuyonwabela imihlaba yazo emihle kunye nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezenza ubomi kuzo.

IPerito Moreno Glacier

Lo mkhenkce mhle uphakathi kweArgentina neChile, kwiCordillera de los Andes ekwadumileyo. Ngaphakathi kwenkalo enomdla yolu kwakheka kwendalo, ukuqhubela phambili okuthe gqolo komkhenkce kuyavela, nto leyo ebangela ukufumba, ukuqhekeka kunye nokudityaniswa kwezitena ezinkulu zomkhenkce, ukusuka kwifaçade yayo enobubanzi obungaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-5000.

Ngomnyaka we-1947, ngenxa yenkqubela phambili eqhubekayo, yawela umjelo we-Los Témpanos kwaye yakwazi ukuchukumisa inxalenye ye-peninsula yaseMagallanes. Emva kwesi siganeko, ukuphuma kwamanzi kwiLake Brazo Rico kwaphazamiseka.

Le nto eyenzekayo ngenxa yokuhambela phambili kwePerito Moreno, ibangela ukuba izinga leLake Brazo Rico linyuke ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-20. Oku kubangela uxinzelelo olukhulu kwidike eyibumbayo, inikezela emva kwexesha elithile kwaye ibangele ukugcwala okukhulu komkhenkce.

Le nto imangalisayo nengaqhelekanga kwiplanethi yenzeka rhoqo kwiminyaka emine. Inika umdla kakhulu into yokuba amawaka abakhenkethi beza kule ndawo ukuza kubukela lo mboniso.

Kodwa usenokuba uyazibuza ukuba ungafika njani apho? EPerito Moreno Glacier Park, kufuneka uqeshe inkonzo yesikhokelo sabakhenkethi ukuze ukonwabele le nto intle ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Kodwa ukuba ungomnye wabo bathanda ukucwangcisa uhambo lwakho, kuya kufuneka uthathe indlela ye-11 ukusuka e-El Calafate kwaye uhambe iikhilomitha ezimbalwa kwiPeninsula yaseMagallanes.

Njengengcebiso yokugcina le mihlaba mihle kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kukuhlonipha iingcebiso ezinikwe ngabagcini beepaki.

Taku Glacier

Ikomkhulu laseAlaska nguJuneau, ekunokuthiwa sisiqithi, esijikelezwe ziintaba. Emva kwazo zonke ezo ntaba kukho iJuneau Ice Plains, yaye inxalenye enkulu yeli thafa linomkhenkce likummandla waseKhanada.

Inxalenye yalo mphezulu womkhenkce ivelisa iqela elibalulekileyo lemikhenkce, phakathi kwayo iTaku glacier igqamile, kumazantsi esixeko. Ithathwa njengeyona ndawo inkulu kuyo yonke iAlaska. Kwaye kude kube mva nje, ibithathwa njengowona mkhenkce uphambili.

ITaku Glacier yeyona ingqindilili kwaye inzulu kuzo zonke ezinye ii-glacier eziseMhlabeni. Imalunga ne-1,5 yeekhilomitha ubukhulu kunye ne-55 yamawaka eemitha ubude.

Uphando lwakutsha nje lwezenzululwazi lubonisa ukuba lo mkhenkce ungene kwinqanaba lokuhlehla, njengoko kwenzekile kwi-Alaskan glaciers. Ngenxa yeempawu ezikhethekileyo zobunzima bayo, yayixhathise ukonakala kwemozulu.

Ngexesha elingekude kakhulu, inkqubo yokuvalwa kwezitena ezinkulu zomkhenkce iya kuqala. Ukubangela ukuwa kwiindlela zokuhamba zeenqanawa zabarhwebi, iinqanawa zokuhamba ngeenqanawa kunye nezikhephe zokuthutha abantu.

UMer de Glace

Kumathambeka eMont Blanc kukho idolophu entle yaseFransi ebizwa ngokuba yiChamonix. Yeyona ndawo ifanelekileyo ukonwabela imidlalo yekhephu, ngenxa yendawo yayo enobuchule kuyo Los Unobumba.

Kodwa ikwayindawo yokuqala ukutyelela umkhenkce ulwandle lomkhenkce okanye uMer de Glace. Ngoyena mkhenkce omde kulo lonke elaseFransi, malunga ne-7000 yeemitha ubude kunye ne-0,4 yeekhilomitha ubukhulu.

Ukuba ufuna ukutyelela lo mmangaliso wendalo, kufuneka ufike kwisikhululo sikaloliwe esibomvu esincinci kwidolophu yaseChamonix. Le ndlela ibathatha inyuke ikhilomitha, phakathi kweFrench Alps kwaye uhambo luthatha malunga nemizuzu engama-30.

Ngaphambi kokufika kwisikhululo esilandelayo kwaye uthabatheke yimihlaba emihle. Ngexesha lokunyuka banokukhetha ukukwazi ukunandipha imihlaba emihle engenayo inkunkuma.

Ukongeza ekonwabeni umkhenkce weMer de Glace, unokuba nobuganga bokutyelela umqolomba womkhenkce. Sisakhiwo esakhiwe ngokwemvelo, kodwa oko akubuphazamisi ubuhle baso.

Ungafika njani kumqolomba womkhenkce?

Kufuneka bathathe uloliwe kwisikhululo saseMontenvers kwaye bayonwabele indlela kunye neendawo ezibonelela ngendalo. Xa befika ekupheleni kwendlela, kufuneka bakhwele kwinqwelo yentambo ehamba nabo ngqo emqolombeni. Iya kuba ngamava angenakulibaleka!

Athabasca Glacier

Umphezulu walo mkhenkce ungange 12 km2. Ibekwe phakathi kweentaba ezinkulu, apho iNtaba iAthabasca kunye neSnow Dome zigqame. Ikwakhatshwa yiNtaba yeAndromeda kunye neWilcox Summit.

I-Athabasca Glacier ibandakanya imimandla yentlambo, yonke indlela eya kwi-Columbia Icefield. Le ndawo, yintsalela yeminyaka yegolide ye-Ice Age. Umkhenkce uhamba rhoqo, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2 centimeters yonke imihla.

Ukuba undwendwela i-Athabasca Glacier, awukwazi ukuzibamba kodwa uyabuncoma ubuhle bebala lomkhenkce. Ukongeza, abaninzi abakhenkethi bakwisiza ukubonelela ngeehambo ezikhokelwayo kuwo wonke umkhenkce.

Olu qulunqo lwendalo luyinxalenye yeJasper National Park, evula iingcango zayo phakathi kukaMeyi no-Oktobha, ukuzonwabisa kwazo zonke iindwendwe zayo. Abasebenzi abaphethe le paki, banikezela ngalo lonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuze wonwabe ngakumbi umkhenkce.

Banokuziqhelanisa nokunyuka intaba, ekubeni iipaki zemixholo zalungiselelwa ecaleni kwendlela yonke ukuze banandiphe kunye nolwazi lwabakhenkethi. Basenokuyonwabela imbonakalo entle yechibi kunye neengxangxasi.

Kuwo wonke uMntla Melika, iAthabasca yeyona ndawo ixhaphakileyo yomkhenkce, ngenxa yokufikelela lula. Ungafika apho usuka eJasper kwaye usuka eBanff nangendlela enguhola 93, ukusuka kumasimi omkhenkce.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ukutyelela epakini akufanele kwenziwe ngaphandle kobukho besikhokelo esiqinisekisiweyo. Oku ukukhusela ubomi babo, ngenxa yomngcipheko weengozi.

IJökulsárlón Glacier

Eli chibi lomkhenkce, nokuba zingaphi iiyure ezidlulayo, aliyi kuyeka ukukushiya ukhubazekile phambi kobuhle obuninzi, obuqulunqwe ziibhloko zomkhenkce. Baya kumangaliswa ngamanye amatywina adlalayo kunye nomdaniso wee-Icebergs.

IPaki yeNdalo yeSizwe yadalwa ngo-2008, ngombono wokukhuthaza inkitha yomkhenkce edibanisa ezinye ii-glaciers: iVatnajökull, iSkaftafell kunye neJökulsárgljúfur.

Eyona nto inomtsalane kule paki ziintaba zomkhenkce. Ezi ziphuma kwiibhloko ezinkulu, zinokuchitha ukudada emanzini, ukuya kwiinyanga ezingama-60 ngaphambi kokufikelela kumlambo i-Jökulsá.

Umkhenkce waseJökulsárlón unommandla ongamawaka angama-25 m², ubunzulu obuziimitha ezingama-300. Ungumfana phakathi kwazo zonke iintaba zomkhenkce, ekubeni engekafiki kwiminyaka engama-80 ubudala.

Kule mihlaba intle, iindawo zakhuthazwa iifilimu:

• I-Tomb Raider, ngo-2001.
• James Bond, ngo-1985 nango-2002.
• Batman, isiqalo.
• Umkhenkce.
• Uthotho lweMidlalo yeetrone.

Kukho iingcebiso ezininzi ukuze ukwazi ukwenza uninzi lotyelelo lwakho kule ndawo intle. Phakathi kwezo zinokukhankanywa ziqwalasele ixesha lonyaka abaza kuhamba ngalo, ixesha lokuhlala, phakathi kwabanye.

1. Ukutyelela kufuneka kucwangciswe kanye ngosuku, ukwenzela ukuba banandiphe imihlaba, ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwexesha.
2. Ukuba uhamba uye e-Iceland ngexesha lasehlotyeni, uya kufumana ibhonasi eyongezelelweyo kwiiyure zokukhanya kwelanga. Ekubeni ilixesha apho ilanga lihlala iiyure eziqaqambileyo.
3. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuba bathatha isigqibo sokuhamba ngexesha lasebusika, abayi kukwazi ukunandipha ubuhle bechibi. Ngeli xesha iinqanawa azikwazi kuhamba.

umkhenkce ongwevu

Imi phakathi kweTorres del Paine National Park. Inyani elula yokuba bandwendwela iGrey Lake iya kuba ngumbono. Ihlala izele zii-icebergs ezidada kuyo yonke indawo.

Ukuba le nto uyifunayo kukunyusa iadrenaline yakho, kuya kufuneka ukhwele isikhephe kwaye ube novuyo lokuba kufutshane kangangoko kwiindonga zezi bloko zintle zomkhenkce.

Akukho ndawo ukhe wayindwendwela ngaphambili xa ithelekiswa noko amehlo akho aya kukwazi ukuyibona xa ufika kulo mkhenkce umhle kangaka. Iintanda ezenzeka kwibhloko zichaza imigca exabisekileyo nengenakuphinda iphindeke.

Zinombala ozuba ogqamileyo otsala abo bawubonayo. Ziyimilingo, zikuhambisa kwiindawo ezikude, zikwenza ulibale ngayo yonke into ekungqongileyo. Bakuzalisa kwaye bakudibanise, kunye namandla avela embindini woMhlaba.

Ukuze baye kufika eGrey, kufuneka bahambe ngephenyane ukusuka kwi-Puerto Natales pier. Zinokufikelelwa nasemhlabeni, kodwa akukho nto ithelekiswa nokuhamba ngephenyane.

Nje ukuba isikhephe simise kwidokhi yaseGrey Lake, kufuneka bawele ibhulorho enqunyanyiswayo phezu koMlambo iPingo. Ngokuhamba okuveliswa yimimoya, abaninzi abakhenkethi bafumana i-vertigo eyoyikisayo.

Kwelinye icala lale bhulorho, baya kufumana indawo entle enemithi kunye nonxweme olunomtsalane lwengqalutye. Kwimizuzu embalwa ekuhambeni ungabona iGrey Lake, kunye nomdaniso wayo weebhloko ezincinci zomkhenkce.

UJorge Montt Glacier

Lo mkhenkce unomtsalane unommandla oyi-460 km2 kwaye ukwinkqubo yokuhlehla ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-20 ngosuku. Ngenxa yokuba iqukuqela ngokuthe ngqo elwandle, igqalwa njengomkhenkce waselwandle.

Abo batyelela lo mhlaba umangalisayo banokuyonwabela imincili ebangel’ imincili, benxulumana nendalo. Ukufikelela kwi-glacier, iindwendwe kufuneka zihambe nge-kayak, kwaye emva koko zinyuke iinduli ukuya kwindawo yokubona.

Ukuze ufikelele kuyo, kufuneka uthathe indlela eya kwi-Tortel cove, ephela iCarretera Austral, eChile. Uhambo ngendlela lumalunga neekhilomitha ezili-100. Kodwa kufanelekile ukwenza olu khenketho.

Uppsala Glacier

Lo mkhenkce ubalwa phakathi komkhenkce omkhulu wommandla waseArgentina. Umphezulu wayo ugubungela intlambo, etyiswa liqela leentaba zomkhenkce kwaye ingaphakathi kweLos Glaciares National Park, eArgentina.

Ngubani ophethe ukufunyanwa kwayo, yayiyingcali yokwakheka komhlaba eyazalelwa eSweden uKlaus August Jacobson, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Xa wayekunye nesazi sebhayoloji saseArgentina uFrancisco Pascasio Moreno, owaziwa kakhulu ngokuba nguPerito Moreno.

Umkhenkce uziikhilomitha ezingama-54 ubude, nto leyo ewubeka kwindawo yesithathu kwelona lide eMzantsi Merika.

Ukuze baye kufika kumkhenkce, kufuneka bathabathe uhambo ngephenyane ukusuka eLake Argentino. Ukusuka apho unokonwabela imbonakalo-mhlaba entle egqunywe zii-icebergs.

Ukuba undwendwela lo mmandla we-Upsala, ungalibali ukuza neekhamera zakho kunye nezixhobo zefilimu. Iminqwazi okanye iivisor, i-sunscreen, iimpahla ezifanelekileyo ngokwexesha lonyaka abandwendwela ngalo.

ICrown Glacier

Iinkqubo zomkhenkce ziyinxalenye ye-cryosphere kwaye iVenezuela ayinayo enye yale mihlaba mihle. I-La Corona okanye i-Humboldt Glacier ifumaneka kwi-Sierra Nevada yaseMérida kwi-altitude ye-4940 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.

Lo mkhenkce uyanyibilika ngesantya esikhawulezayo, ukuba lo mkhwa uyaqhubeka obu buhle bendalo bungaphela ngokukhawuleza. Ukwenza elo lizwe libe lelokuqala kuMzantsi Merika ukuphelelwa ngumkhenkce.

Incopho yeHumboldt ibalwa njengeyesibini ephezulu eVenezuela. Iincopho zayo ezimagophe zikhusela iqela labahlanu abasaphila ezintabeni. Le yimikhenkce yeCorona kunye neSievers.

Eminye imikhenkce incinci kwaye ibekwe ePico Bolívar. Olu qulunqo, ngenxa yokuba lubekwe kwiintaba zetropiki, kunokwenzeka ukuba zinyamalale, ngenxa yempembelelo ye-greenhouse.

Ukufika kwiCorona Glacier kulula kakhulu. Inokufumaneka ngenkqubo yemoto yentambo yeMucumbary, kwilizwe laseMérida, okanye ngomhlaba, ukuwela iMerida moor.

Kwabo bathanda ukhenketho lokukhenketha okugqithisileyo, banokunyukela phezulu kunye neqela labakhenkethi abasuka eParque la Mucuy, kwidolophu yaseTabay. Olu khenketho luthatha iintsuku ezintathu.

Ukhenketho ludlula kwihlathi lelifu, lidlula eLaguna Coromoto, eLaguna Verde, de lifike encotsheni yencopho. Konke oku phantsi kwesikhokelo seengcali eziya kukwenza ukonwabele olu khenketho lomlingo ngokupheleleyo.

Ukubaluleka kwemikhenkce

Umkhenkce ofumaneka kumphezulu womkhenkce usebenza njengomaleko okhuselayo. Inoxanduva lokukhusela umhlaba, iilwandle kunye neelwandle.

Ezi zigqubuthelo zomkhenkce zinoxanduva lokusebenza njengezibonisi ezinkulu, ezigxotha amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwistratosphere, zigcine iplanethi kwindawo yemozulu entle.

Ukusekwa kwemikhenkce zizigidi zeminyaka. Ingxelo eyenziwe zizazinzulu, malunga neentshukumo kunye nokuhlehla kwezi bhokisi zinkulu zomkhenkce. Bavumela ukuqikelela ukuba zeziphi iinguqu ezenzeke kwimozulu.

Ziyinxalenye yogcino olukhulu lwamanzi acocekileyo, kwisijikelezi-langa siphela.Isahlulo seshumi sesi sijikelezi-langa sigutyungelwe zezi ntaba zinkulu zomkhenkce kwaye uninzi lwazo zikummandla osemazantsi we-hemisphere.

Xa imikhenkce ingena kwixesha lokunyibilika, igalela isixa esikhulu samanzi kwimisinga yolwandle. Ezi zitshintshwa kubushushu, isantya semisinga yazo nakumanqanaba amanzi azo.

Ukunyibilika komkhenkce kukuchaphazela njani ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle?

Iinkqubo zokunyibilika komkhenkce zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuphakama kwamanqanaba ULwandle lweCaribbean kunye nezinye iilwandle. Oku kukwakhokelela kwimpembelelo enkulu kumanxweme, ngenxa yokhukuliseko lwamanzi.

Umphezulu womkhenkce wase-Antarctica naseGreenland ngawona anegalelo lamanzi amaninzi kwiilwandle neelwandle, ngenxa yokunyibilika kwazo. Okwangoku isantya sokunyibilika siphezulu kunesantya sokugcina.

Ukuba lo mkhwa uyaqhubeka kwiminyaka embalwa kakhulu, kulindeleke ukuba ukunyuka kwamaqondo amanzi kuya kudlula umthamo wokugcinwa kwamanye amanxweme. Yintoni eya kubangela eyona ntlekele Iintlekele zendalo, kuwo wonke umhlaba.

Ngaba ukunyibilika komkhenkce kunokubachaphazela abantu nendalo?

Yonke into inesizathu nesiphumo. Xa ibhalansi ilahlekile komnye wabadlali benkqubo, ichaphazela bonke abo bahlala kunye kuloo nkqubo.

Kangangoko umkhenkce wolwandle kunye nomkhenkce unyibilika, iilwandle neelwandle ziya kuphazamiseka ubushushu bamanzi azo. Ngenxa yefuthe lemisinga yolwandle, la maqondo obushushu aphezulu aya kujikeleza yonke imizimba yamanzi kwiplanethi.

Xa kukho ukungalingani kwimozulu emanzini, yonke imixokomelwano yokuphilisana kwezidalwa iya kuchaphazeleka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuncipheni kokunikezelwa kweemveliso zokuloba.

Ukuveliswa kwezilwanyana zaselwandle kuya kuphazamiseka kwaye, ngenxa yoko, kunye nomjikelo wabo wobomi. Ukwazi ukunyamalala ezinye iintlobo ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu.

Iindawo ezininzi zebhayoloji ziya kulahleka, kwaye ke ikhonkco lokutya loluhlobo, iindawo zazo zokuhlala kunye nophuhliso oluqhelekileyo lobomi luya kulahleka.