I-Fullerene liqela leemolekyuli zekhabhoni ezidla ngokwenza uhlobo lwetyhubhu yekhabhoni, ezi zisetyenziswa ngokukodwa kwi-nanotechnology. Kwinqaku elilandelayo siza kwazi yonke into malunga noku nokunye okuninzi.
Yintoni i-Fullerene kwaye iyintoni ukusetyenziswa kwayo?
Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-Fullerene, eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-Buckminsterfullerene", iqulethe uluhlu lweeamolekyu zekhabhoni ezingenanto ezenza uhlobo lwe-cage evaliweyo ebizwa ngokuba yi "buckyballs" okanye uhlobo lwe-cylinder ene-carbon nanotubes.
I-Fullernes idla ngokuba yiklasi ye-carbon molekyuli kunye nohlobo oluthile lolwakhiwo olusebenzisa iindlela ezibonakalayo ezifana nohlobo lwe-sphere okanye ityhubhu. Iimolekyuli ezitsho ngendlela efanayo zinokuba neemilo ezinjengehexagonal kunye nepentagonal. Nangona kunjalo, yintoni i-fulerene kwaye iyenzela ntoni? I-Fullernes yiklasi yezinto ezincedo kwiintlobo ezithile zezicelo zekhompyutha, ngokukodwa kwisayensi yokwakha ebizwa ngokuba yi-nanotechnologies.
Imbali yeFulerene
I-Fullerene yafunyanwa ngo-1985 liqela labantu abagama linguRichard Smalley, uJames Heath, uRobert Curl, uSean O'Brien kwaye ekugqibeleni uHarold Kroto ngelixa wayekwiYunivesithi yaseRice. Wathi kuqala fullerene ikwazile ukufunyanwa egameni buckminsterfullerene ngokwenzululwazi ebizwa "C60", kunye negama layo wahlawula imbeko Buckminster Fuller. URobert Curl wayengumntu ophumelele iBhaso leNobel ngokufunyanwa kwe-fullerenes ngo-1996.
Nangona kunjalo, ukufunyanwa kwento ebizwa ngokuba yi "Bucky-ball" iye yakhokelwa ngophando kuhlobo lweklasi entsha yezinto eziye zabhalwa njenge-fullerenes, okanye njenge "buckminsterfullerene" eyona nto ibhekisela kwi-fullerene encinci. . Njengoko sele sisazi kwiiallotropes ezithile zekhabhoni, ezilinganiselwe kwizinto ezimbiwa ezifana nezi:
- Iidayimani
- Grafayithi
- Iinanotubes
- Amalahle
- Ikhabhoni yeAmorphous
Ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi "bucky-balls" yeyona nto yandise kakhulu i-carbon allotropes kwaye ibe ngumxholo wohlobo lophando olunomdla ngaphakathi kwenkqubo ye-microelectromechanical eyaziwa ngokuba yi-acronym "MEMS", equka:
- IiSayensi zeMathiriyeli
- I-elektroniki
- i-nanotechnology
Izifundo ezahlukeneyo zizo eziye zatyhila ukuba uhlobo lomsebenzi we-fullerene lusekwe kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zethiyori kunye nezokulinga.
Ulwakhiwo lweFulerene
I-Fuleerenes ifana nesakhiwo sayo kwi-graphite, ehlanganiswe luhlobo lwephepha le-hexagonally link rings, nangona kunjalo, liqukethe amakhonkco e-pentagonal okanye kwiimeko ezininzi njenge-heptagonal evimbela amaphepha ukuba abe flat.
I-Fullernes ine-sp2 kunye ne-sp3 i-athom ye-carbon hybrid. Ezi molekyuli zineklasi yobudlelwane obuphezulu kakhulu bee-electron kwaye zezo ezinokuguqulwa zithotywe ukuze zifunxe ii-electron.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba imolekyuli ithe yenziwa ngamakhonkco ekhabhoni adityanisiwe, ii-electron kwesi sihlandlo azikho delocalized, apho ezi molekyuli zifanayo ezingenayo ipropati ye-superomaticity. Kwa ezi molekyuli zinye zinodidi lwamandla okuzibamba aphezulu kakhulu kwaye zezo ziphinda ziphinde zimilo yazo yantlandlolo emva kokuba ziphantsi koxinzelelo lomoya ongaphezulu kwama-3.
Oku ngenxa yeepropati ezizodwa ze-allotrope yekhabhoni exeliweyo, ngoko banodidi lwezicelo. Ngenxa yokunxulumana nokulula kwe-synthesis, okubizwa ngokuba Fullerene C60 Iyaqhubeka ithandwa kakhulu kwaye uphando oluninzi luye lwenziwa kwizicelo zalo kwinqanaba eliphezulu.
I-fullerene C60 yenziwe malunga neekhabhoni ezingama-60 malunga neengqimba ezingama-60 ezizezo zenza uhlobo lwesakhiwo esingqukuva. Oku kwenziwa malunga nezangqa ezili-12 ezine-hexagonal ezidla ngokudibana enye kwenye. Amakhonkco athethiweyo adityaniswa ngeebhondi ezimbini.
Ubude be-CC junction yeeringi ezine-hexagonal ngokuqhelekileyo malunga ne-1,40 A ° kwaye malunga ne-1,46 A ° yezangqa ezipentagonal, kunye neklasi yobude bokudibanisa ilingana ne-1,44 A °.
Iintlobo zeFullerene
IiFulleerenes zineentlobo ezininzi zokwahluka kolwakhiwo, kwaye ziye zenza inkqubela encomekayo ngowe-1985. Ezi siza kuzichaza zeminye yemizekelo yeendidi zeeFullerenes ezisebenza kakuhle:
IiNanotubes okanye iCylindrical Fullerenes
Ezi zinemilo eholoholo, yemilinganiselo ecuthwe kakhulu. Iinanotubes ezifunyenwe zenziwe ngekhabhoni zibanzi ngokubanzi kwaye zinokwahlulwa ukusuka kwiinanometers ezimbalwa ukuya kwiimm ezininzi (imilimitha) ubude. Zinesiphelo esinye esivaliweyo kunye nesinye esivulekileyo.
Ishishini le-electronics lilo elisebenzisa kakhulu ii-carbon nanotubes, enye indawo bubuchwepheshe basemajukujukwini ukuze ikwazi ukuvelisa iintambo zekhabhoni ezixhathisayo eziyimfuneko kwizinyusi zasesithubeni nakwiimeko zesiphekepheke.ibhetri zephepha.
Iibhola zeBuckyballs
Le yeyona fullerene encinci efumaneka kwindalo. Ilungu elincinci lale yi-dodecahedron kwaye ixhaphake kakhulu iquka i-C60 eyi-icosahedron efana nebhola yebhola ekhatywayo, ehlanganiswe malunga ne-20 hexagons kunye ne-12 pentagons. I-fullerene encinci ibaluleke kakhulu ngokwezehlo zendalo, kwaye inokufumaneka kwi-soot okanye namalahle.
IiMegatubes
Njengoko igama layo libonisa, le yiMega, oku kuthetha ukuba iNkulu, zineetyhubhu ezinkulu kakhulu ngobubanzi kunemeko ye-nanotubes. Iindonga ze-megatubes zilungiswa ngobunzima obuhlukeneyo. Iintlobo zetyhubhu ezixeliweyo zisetyenziswa ngokusisiseko kuthutho lweeamolekyuli ezahlukeneyo zobukhulu obahlukeneyo.
iipholima
Ezi zibizwa ngokuba zii-macromolecules ezidityaniswe ngamabhondi ekhemikhali adibeneyo. Izinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziipolymers zenziwe ngokuyimfuneko ngamatyathanga ekhabhoni. Phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu bakholisa ukwenza iipholima ezine-dimensional ezimbini kunye nezine-dimensional ezintathu.
I-Nano - itswele
Oku kuquka imilo eyomeleleyo yebhola yebhakhili, enamasuntswana amile okwengqukuva asekelwe kumaleko amaninzi ekhabhoni.
"Ibhola kunye neChayini" iDimers United
Ezi ziibhola ezimbini zeebhola zebhaki ezibanjwa kunye ngetsheyini lekhabhoni enye.
Izangqa zeFullerene
Uhlobo lokugqibela lwe-Fullerene oluhlala luchazwa luyi-Fullerene Rings, nangona kunjalo, akukho lwazi luninzi malunga nalezi, kuphela ukuba lwenziwa ngendandatho okanye i-ring of fullerenes buckyballs.
Ukusetyenziswa kweFullerene-Izicelo
Ngokuqala kwento ebizwa ngokuba yi "Nanotechnology" izinto ezahlukeneyo ziye zaziswa kwihlabathi liphela. Izinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Fullerenes zizinto eziye zafumana ingqwalasela ephambili kwinkalo ye-nanotechnology. Umbutho omkhulu wendawo obizwa ngokuba yi-NASA, ngokubambisana ne-geochemist eyaziwayo uLynn Becker, ukwazile ukufumanisa i-fulerenenes edalwe ngokwemvelo.
Ngenxa yekhemistri ekhethekileyo kwisayensi yezinto eziphathekayo, abaphandi abakhulu baye bakwazi ukufumana izicelo ezahlukeneyo ze-fullerenes, ezibandakanya usetyenziso lwezonyango, iifiber zamehlo, kunye nokukhanya. ii-superconductors.
Antioxidants
I-Fullerenes ngabavelisi abagqwesileyo be-antioxidants, olu hlobo lwepropathi lunokuthi lubalelwe kwinani leebhondi ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo abanazo kunye nohlobo lobudlelwane obuphezulu kakhulu be-elektroniki kwiimolekyuli ezikhankanyiweyo, oku kungenxa yamandla omjikelezo wemolekyuli. iphantsi kwaye ayinamntu. I-Fullernes inokusabela ngeeradicals zamatsheyini ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba zidliwe.
Ii-Antiviral Agents
I-Fullernes ibisoloko itsala umdla ngenxa yamandla abo njengee-antiviral ezigqwesileyo. Mhlawumbi inkangeleko yayo inika umdla ngakumbi, kulo mba, enokuthi ibangelwe kukukwazi ukuphelisa ukuphindaphindwa kweNtsholongwane kaGawulayo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "HIV", kwaye ngenxa yoko, inceda ukulibazisa ubukho obufunyenwe yi-Immunodeficiency Syndrome eyaziwayo. ngesishunqulelo sayo esithi "AIDS".
Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba i-dendrofellerene 1 kunye ne-2 derivative yayo, eyi-trans isomer, yiyo evimbela udidi lwe-protease yentsholongwane ye-HIV kwaye, ngoko ke, ukuthintela ukuphindaphinda kwe-HIV 1 ngokwayo.
Ukuhanjiswa kweziyobisi kunye noNikezo lweGene
Ulawulo lwamachiza luba luthutho lodidi lwekhompawundi yoxubo ukuya kwindawo yesenzo, ngelixa ulawulo lwemfuza lubandakanya ukuqaliswa kwe-DNA yangaphandle ngaphakathi kweeseli ukuze ukwazi ukuvelisa ichiza.
Ke ngoko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhambisa ezi molekyuli ngokhuseleko oluphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. I-Fuleerenes ludidi lwabathwali bezinto ezingaphiliyo, ezi ndidi zeemolekyuli zihlala zithandwa ngenxa yokuba zibonise ukuhambelana okugqwesileyo, kubandakanya ukukhethwa okuphezulu, zigcina oko kuyinkqubo yebhayoloji, kwaye zincinci kangangoko ukuba zandiswe.
Iifotosensitizers kwi-Photodynamic Therapy
Unyango lwe-Photodynamic olubizwa ngokuba yi-acronym yalo "PDT" lubandakanya uhlobo lonyango olusebenzisa uhlobo lwekhompawundi olunovakalelo ekukhanyeni kwaye alunatyhefu, oku xa lubekwe ekukhanyeni, ngoko ukuba luba yingozi. Isetyenziselwa ukunyanga iiseli ezinobungozi okanye ezitshintshileyo. IiFuleerenes zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezi ntlobo zeekhompawundi.
Kwiiglasi zoKhuseleko
I-Fullernes ineepropati ezibonakalayo ezinqamlekileyo. Oku kubhekiselele ekukwazini kwabo ukunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya okuwela kuyo. Iimolekyuli ezithethiweyo, ke ngoko, zinokusetyenziswa njengohlobo lwesithinteli sokukhanya esisetyenziswa kwiiglasi okanye iilensi zokhuselo kunye nezinzwa.
Iipropati zeFullerene
Siza kubonisa ukuba zeziphi iimpawu eziphambili zeFullenero kwinqanaba lomzimba.
IiPropati zoBume be Fullerene C60
- Ubuninzi: Yi-1,65 g cm-3
- Ubushushu obuMgangatho boBume: Kuyi-9,08 kcal mol-1
- Isalathiso sokuqhambuka: Yi-2,2 (600nm)
- Indawo yokubilisa: Ikwinqanaba eliphezulu kwi-800 K
- Ukuxhathisa: Malunga ne-1014 ohms m-1
- Ubuninzi boMphunga: N / A
- Imilo yeCrystal: N / A
- IHexagonal Cubic Vapor Pressure: 5 x 10-6 torr kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi : 8 x 10-4 torrential kwi 800 K
- Iinkcazelo ngeempawu ze-Organoleptic: Inenkangeleko yesoot yebhaluni: umgubo omnyama owahlulwe kakuhle kakhulu
- IiFullerrites: Umgubo omdaka/omnyama
- I-C60: umnyama oqinileyo
- Ivumba: Kwindlu yangasese
Fullerenes kwisithuba
Njengoko besesitshilo, i-fullerenes idla ngokubunjwa "Ihlanganiswe" kwiphepha legraphite kwaye yongeza amasuntswana eepentagons ukufezekisa i-curvature yayo. Ukuba ishidi lihlanganiswe kuphela njengoluhlobo lwesilinda, ngoko kufuneka bagubungele iikona ngee-hemispheres ezigobileyo kunye neepentagons. Yintoni eya kufunyanwa i-carbon nanotube.
Elinye inqaku ekucetyiswa ukuba lifundwe ngala Igalelo likaBlaise Pascal ezidla ngokuba luncedo kwiinkqubo zale elementi. Ezi ntlobo zezixhobo ngokuqhelekileyo zihluke kakhulu kwizinto zeklasi ze-fulerene - uhlobo, ngokufutshane, ukuya kwi-Round Cages kwaye ngoko ke zineempawu ezihluke kakhulu.