Amahlathi okanye amahlathi ziibhayom, ezenziwe ziiyunithi ze-ikholoji ezineempawu ezithile, ngokuxhomekeke kwimozulu kunye neemeko zejoloji, kunye nezityalo nezilwanyana ezithile. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zehlathi okanye amahlathi, anezityalo ezahlukeneyo, iintlobo ezityebileyo kwaye uninzi lwazo luhlala lukhona. Esi sithuba sibonisa isampuli ye-Jungle Flora, iimpawu zayo kunye neentlobo.
Ihlathi leentyatyambo
Amagama athi ihlathi kunye nehlathi ayafana, nangona kunjalo ngokwenkcazo igama elithi jungle lisetyenziselwa ukucutha umhlaba obanzi ozaliswe yimithi kunye nezinye izityalo ezibekwe kwindawo yemozulu yetropikhi, kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nemvula. Ngokwale nto, amahlathi ahlala kumazwekazi ase-Asia, e-Afrika, eMelika kunye neziqithi zase-Oceania, phakathi kweTropiki yeCancer kunye neCapricorn kwaye igubungela indawo emalunga ne-6% yomhlaba.
Ifumana amagama amahlathi, amahlathi okanye amahlathi ashinyeneyo, ibonakala ngokuba neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, iimpawu ezibonakala kwezi zityalo yimithi enamagqabi abanzi, eyenza icanopy evaliweyo, enemigangatho eyahlukeneyo okanye izihluma zezityalo namatyholo angaphantsi. kunye neBiological Diversity eninzi. Emahlathini ahlala kwimithi emide kakhulu enemitha engaphezulu kwama-30 ukuphakama, apho izityalo ze-epiphytic kunye ne-liana zihlala khona, eziyinxalenye yemigangatho ephezulu kunye ne-undergrowth ungabona i-mosses kunye ne-ferns egubha phezu komhlaba, oku. ukuba yindawo apho ukukhanya kwelanga kuncinci kufikelela khona.
Ezi mpawu zithetha ukuba amahlathi ziindawo apho ngaphezu kwesibini esithathwini seentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezisemhlabeni ziqala zize zikhule kuzo. Nangona uphando lusaqhutywa ukwazi uluhlu lwezigidi zezilwanyana, izityalo, izinambuzane kunye ne-microorganisms. Amahlathi eeTropiki atyebile kakhulu kwiintyatyambo kwaye kungenxa yoko nanamhlanje, nangona kukho ulwazi olucacileyo malunga neentlobo zezityalo zale biomes, ulwazi lwezityalo zabo aluphelelanga.
Umahluko phakathi kwehlathi, ihlathi kunye nehlathi
Umahluko wokuqala yimvelaphi yamagama, ihlathi, ihlathi kunye nehlathi. Igama elithi jungle livela kwisiLatini kwaye lithetha "umhlaba onemithi". Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igama elithi ihlathi livela kwi-German Busch, elithetha "ihlathi" kwaye ukongezelela "intaba yemithi". Njengoko igama elithi jungle, linemvelaphi yalo kwiSanskrit Jangala, oku kuthetha umhlaba wasendle kwaye ukongezelela ihlathi. Ngenxa yemvelaphi elinganayo kunye neenkcazo, ukudideka kudalwa ngokusetyenziswa kwayo.
Iimpawu zeJungle
Amahlathi abonakala ngokuba nemozulu efudumeleyo nenemvula efana nemimandla ephakathi kweleetropiki yesi sijikelezi-langa. Ngokutsho kokuhlelwa kwemozulu yaseKöppen, kwimimandla enemozulu ye-macrothermal ehlelwe ngeleta "A". Yiyo loo nto ukucanda eli gama, ngoku xa kubhekiswa kwihlathi, libhekisa kumahlathi ashinyeneyo okanye akwi-ikhweyitha. Ukuba ziziindawo ezinokwahluka okuphezulu kwebhayoloji, kunye nogcino olukhulu lwamanzi emvula.
Amahlathi anemozulu efumileyo yetropikhi, exhomekeke kwindawo akuyo inokuba nemozulu eyahlukileyo, ngokohlelo lweKöppen, kuMahlathi anemozulu efumileyo yetropikhi, iya kuba kudidi lwe-Af; ihlathi elineemvula zeTropiki kunye nemozulu yeMonsoon Am kwaye ukuba iHlathi elinemozulu eyomileyo, lichongwa kunye nemozulu eshushu eyomileyo okanye i-Aw.
Umlinganiselo wobushushu wonyaka uhluka phakathi kwama-27°C ukuya kuma-29°C, ukuba angaphantsi okanye angaphezulu kancinane kweemitha ezingama-400 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Kwelinye icala, kumahlathi ashinyeneyo iqondo lobushushu lonyaka lingama-22°C yaye ehlathini elisezintabeni iqondo lobushushu enyakeni liyi-18°C. Ihlathi lidla ngokuba kwindawo ephakamileyo kwimigangatho eshushu emdaka. Xa zimi kwimigangatho ephakamileyo, zibizwa ngokuba yihlathi elinamahlathi okanye amahlathi asezintabeni.
Iintlobo zeHlathi
Amahlathi ashinyeneyo anokwahlulwa abe ziindidi ezininzi, ngokuxhomekeke kubude, ukufuma, ixesha lonyaka, kunye nobubanzi. Ngenxa yobude kunye nobushushu balo, kukho uhlobo lwehlathi: i-equatorial, i-biodiversity kakhulu kunye ne-exuberant landscape, enemozulu eshushu unyaka wonke. Olu hlobo lwehlathi luhlala e-Amazon eMzantsi Melika, ihlathi laseCongo e-Afrika kunye nehlathi laseMalesia e-Insulindia naseNew Guinea. Bangamahlathi akufutshane ne-ikhweyitha, ngoko ke i-typology yabo.
Ihlathi elishinyeneyo okanye elikwabizwa ngokuba yihlathi elishinyeneyo okanye elinobushushu obukhulu, elinemozulu eshushu eshushu kunye namaqondo obushushu onyaka angaphezu kwama-24 ° C. Zingamahlathi akwindawo ephakathi kweleetropiki, zinezityalo nezilwanyana ezininzi kwaye zikuMzantsi Merika ukuya eMexico kuMntla Merika; nakwilizwekazi laseAfrika eliquka iMadagascar.
Amahlathi ashinyeneyo, zizityalo eziziintlobo ngeentlobo zemozulu efumileyo, ibonakalisa ixesha lonyaka elinentswahla yasehlotyeni kunye nobusika obuqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo, ubukhulu bolu hlobo lwehlathi buncinci ngokubhekisele kumahlathi ashinyeneyo nakwi-ikhweyitha. Ubushushu obuphakathi buphakathi kwe-18 ukuya kuma-24°C. Amahlathi asemazantsi eBrazil, eParaguay nakumantla eArgentina, eMzantsi Melika, ngamahlathi ashinyeneyo. Zikwalolu hlobo lwehlathi, ihlathi elingaselunxwemeni lakumazantsi e-Afrika kunye namahlathi ahlala kwiindawo ezinxweme ezikumantla e-Australia. Ngokunjalo, ihlathi le-montane likwaluhlobo lwe-subtropical, ebekwe kwiindawo eziphantsi.
Ihlathi elikwezinye izibanzi, ezikwiindawo ezikude netropics ezinomswakama ophezulu, zikhula amahlathi aqinileyo anentaphane yabantu abakhuphisana ngokuchwayita kumahlathi ashinyeneyo nakweleenjiko. Nangona aziqhelekanga ukubizwa ngegama elithi jungle, kuba azikho kummandla wetropiki.
Ngaphakathi kweli qela kukho amahlathi apholileyo, ihlathi le-laurel okanye i-laurisilva, amahlathi ahlala kwimimandla enemozulu epholileyo, enemvula enkulu, yingakho inezityalo ezininzi kakhulu, njengoko kunjalo kwihlathi laseValdivia eChile. Okokugqibela, kukho uhlobo lwehlathi elibandayo, elikwabizwa ngokuba yi-subpolar rainy Forest, lihlathi elinezityalo ezininzi ezihlala ziluhlaza neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Zibekwe kumanxweme eefjords kunye namachibi anomkhenkce, anje ngeMagellan Forest.
Iintyatyambo kunye neFauna yasehlathini
Ngenxa yokwahluka kobude, ubude, imozulu kunye nejoloji, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana ziqala kwaye zilungelelanise, eziyinxalenye yezityalo kunye nezilwanyana zala mahlathi. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, ukongeza kwiAmazon okanye iAmazon Jungle, ehlala imimandla yamazwe aliqela aseMzantsi Melika anjengeBrazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, French Guiana kunye neSuriname. Kukwakho neCongo Rainforest eAfrika, eyesibini ngobukhulu amahlathi emhlabeni. Ibalasele ngeentlobo zayo zezilwanyana kunye nohlaza.
Iintyatyambo kunye nohlobo lweentlobo zeJungle
Amahlathi aphawulwa ngokwahlukana okukhulu kweentlobo zezityalo, ukuze kubonwe inani leentlobo zezityalo ezahlukeneyo ezikhula kwezi ndawo, uphononongo lwezityalo kufuneka lwenziwe ukuqokelela iisampulu zezityalo kwaye zichongwe. Ukwenzela oku, kuya kufuneka ukuba kuqhutywe uqokelelo olucwangcisiweyo lweentlobo zezityalo ezifumaneka kula mahlathi kwaye emva koko kuqhutywe ukuchongwa kwe-taxonomic.
Ukuba umntu owenza ukuhlaziywa kwezi ndawo unolwazi malunga neflora yesayithi, iququzelela umsebenzi kwaye inokuchonga kwindawo yemvelaphi yezityalo, ziphi iintlobo kunye nokuxhasa olu luhlu, uze uthelekise nesitshixo. yokuchongwa okucwangcisiweyo kunye nesampulu efunyenwe kwingqokelela ye-herbarium yesalathiso. Oku kunceda ukuvavanya ukutyeba kwesityalo kwindawo ethile. Ndiyabulela kulolu hlobo lweprojekthi kunokwenzeka ukwazi i-flora yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamahlathi ashisayo.
I-flora yehlathi elitshisayo ibonakaliswe ngokwahlukana okuphezulu kwemithi ehlelwe ngaphakathi kwintsapho yase-Arecaceae, kuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesundu zifumaneka kuninzi lwamahlathi ashushu. Ukongeza, ezinye iintsapho zezityalo zimelwe kakuhle kakhulu emahlathini kumazwekazi: eMelika, eAfrika, eAsia naseOceania, ezi ziintsapho zeLegumes, Gutiferas, Moraceae kunye neMyrtaceae.
Ezinye izityalo ezifumaneka kumahlathi ashinyeneyo eplanethi yonke, kumacandelo anamafu okanye anomswakama oshinyeneyo, ziiferns zomthi, njengomfuziselo wezona zityalo zamandulo emhlabeni. Iifern zemithi zifumaneka ngaphantsi kwala mahlathi ashinyeneyo kwaye ziyinxalenye yosapho lweCyatheaceae.
Amahlathi aseMelika
Kumahlathi ashinyeneyo elizwekazi laseMelika, unokufumana izityalo zeentsapho zeLegumes, iMeliaceae, iMoraceae, iMalvaceae kunye neRubiaceae. Njengabameli bosapho lweLegume luluhlu: IAlbizia, iLonchocarpus, iAnadenanthera, ukukhankanya abona bamele kakhulu. Ngokubhekiselele kwizityalo zosapho lweMeliaceae, imithi ekhangayo yohlobo lomsedare waseMelika (Cedrela spp.) kunye neMahogany (ISwietenia macrophylla.), eziphawulwa ngomgangatho olungileyo womthi wazo.
Uhlobo oluxhaphake kakhulu kumahlathi ashinyeneyo eplanethi yosapho lwaseMoraceae yiFicus, eyenziwe ziintlobo ezininzi zemithi eyaziwa ngegama labo eliqhelekileyo elithi Rubbers, phakathi kwabo apho Inkolo yenkolo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-“bo” engcwele yaseIndiya, i i-ficus insipida osuka eVenezuela.
Phakathi kweMalvaceae umntu unokufumana imizekelo ye Ceiba pentandra. Imizekelo yosapho lweRubiaceae ifumaneka kwindawo engaphantsi kwala mahlathi, eminye imizekelo yi-coffe bush (Coffea arabica) kunye nezityalo ezintle zegadi (Gardenia sp.), ungaphinda uyinike igama i edaywe blonde.
Kwihlathi laseAmazon, iintlobo zosapho lweLecythidaceae zinokufunyanwa, njengecoco de mono (Lecythi ollaria) kunye ne-taparón, i-coco de mono okanye i-cannonball (icouroupita guianensis). Ikhatshwa yimizekelo yemithi yekoko (Ukhokho weTheobroma), evela kwi-Amazon basin, kunye ne-bromeliads azikho ngasemva kunye nobutyebi beentlobo ezixubileyo zemibala eyahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu, njengepayina. (Ananas comosus), ezizizityalo ezimilise okwekomityi zosapho lweBromeliaceae.
Ihlathi elitshisayo laseAfrika
Kumahlathi ashinyeneyo nafumileyo aseAfrika aseCongo, kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo ezilungelelaniswe kulo mhlaba kunye neemeko zemozulu, phakathi kwezona ntlobo zininzi zingathiwa igama. Entandrophragma palustre, I-Sterculia subviolacea kunye nezityalo ezimele igenera ye EManilkara y Garcinia.
Kweli hlathi leTropiki yaseAfrika, iFlora yayo inokumelwa zizityalo ezilungelelaniswe nemozulu kunye neemeko zejoloji kwezi ndawo, apho iintlobo zemithi eneziqhamo ezimnandi zivela khona, njenge. I-Dacryodes klaineana. Ukongeza, imithi ikhula kolu didi lwemithi olumela umgangatho omhle wemithi yazo, njenge I-Strombosia glaucescens nenye esetyenziswa ngabemi bomthonyama njengesityalo sokunyanga Allanblackia floribunda.
Ukongeza kwiintlobo zangaphambili zezityalo eziyinxalenye yeFlora yehlathi leTropiki yaseAfrika, oku kulandelayo kunokubizwa ngegama: I-kola nut (umsila obukhali) ngumthi osuka kumahlathi ashinyeneyo aseAfrika kwaye usetyenziswa kwishishini ukwenza iziselo ezibandayo okanye i-cola. Kula mahlathi ashinyeneyo ase-Afrika, njengakumahlathi ashinyeneyo aseMelika, enye yeentsapho zezityalo ezinenani elikhulu leentlobo kunye nentabalala yabantu yileyo yeembotyi ezifana Parkia bicolor, Parinari igqwesile y Piptadeniastrum africanum.
Iintyatyambo zehlathi lemvula laseAsia
La mahlathi akwilizwekazi laseAsia ziindawo ezinomgxobhozo eziseVietnam, apho iintlobo zezityalo ezixhathisayo kwiimeko ezimandundu zokusingqongileyo zikhula kwaye zikhule, ngenxa yokuba ngumhlaba okhukulisekileyo, izityalo ezininzi ziye zaqhelana nokukhula kwezi ndawo kwaye zineengcambu zestilt kunye ne-pneumatophores. I-Pneumatophores ziingcambu ezikhethekileyo ukuba zikhule ngaphandle kwamanzi kwaye zibe ne-geotropism engalunganga. Ukuze uphefumle, ezi ngcambu ze-pneumotophore zinezakhiwo ezifana ne-pores okanye i-lentils, apho iingcambu ziphefumula kwaye zithatha umoya.
Phakathi kweentlobo zezityalo eziyinxalenye ye-Flora ye-Asian Tropical Forest, ezi zilandelayo zivelele: i-genus Eugenia kwintsapho yaseMyrthaceae, Elaeocarpus kusapho i-Elaeocarpaceae, kunye nosapho i-Guttiferae, uhlobo ICalophyllum Ngokukwanjalo, kumahlathi ashinyeneyo aseAsia, ahlala eThailand naseMalaysia, imithi yolu hlobo ivela. (Tectona grandis), Olu hlobo lubaluleke kakhulu kwishishini lemithi kunye ne-oyile, njengoko ikumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu.
Ngokufanayo, olunye uhlobo lwamaplanga lu Xylia dolabriformis, umthi obonakaliswe ngobulukhuni bawo, obangela ukuba uxatyiswe kakhulu. Ezinye iintlobo zemithi ezixatyiswayo ngomgangatho womthi wazo zezosapho lweDipterocarpaceae. Iintlobo zayo ezimele kakhulu zi Shorea, Hopea, Dipterocarpus y IVatica. Ngenxa yokugawulwa ngokungekho mthethweni kweentlobo ezininzi zeentlobo zayo, ezininzi kuzo zisengozini yokuphela. Oku kungenxa yokuba ezi zityalo zisebenzisa iinkuni zazo, iirasi kunye nee-oyile ezibalulekileyo.
Ihlathi laseOceania
Eli hlathi laseTropiki laseOceania, lizalisekisa ixabiso elibalulekileyo ekugcinweni kweempawu zebhayoloji ezahlukahlukeneyo zaloo mmandla weplanethi kunye ne-ecology ngenxa yokukwazi ukukhulula i-Oxygen. Ukongeza kumahlathi ashinyeneyo, kukho ezinye iindidi zamahlathi anjengalawo apho izityalo zolu hlobo zikhula khona. i-melaleuca y I-Eucalyptus. Iimpawu zezityalo zamahlathi aseOstreliya kwaye zaziswa kwezinye iindawo zomhlaba yimithi yegenera ICasuarina y I-Acacia.
I-Oceanian Rainforest inemozulu enobushushu obuphezulu kunye nemvula, enemithi efikelela kubude obumalunga neemitha ezingama-30 nangaphezulu. Ukuma ngaphandle kwiFlora yayo, imithi yeentlobo Rhus taitensis, Alphytonia zizyphoides y I-Casuarina equisetifolia. Kumgangatho osecaleni komphezulu womhlaba okanye ingca, kukhula intabalala yeefern, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "staghorn" (I-Dicranopteris linearis), nazo zikhula amatyholo I-Macropiper puberulum y Ingqondo yengqondo i-insularum. Uhlobo olubalaseleyo lwamahlathi aseOstreliya naseNew Zealand yi Eucalyptus yosapho lweMyrthaceae.
Izilwanyana zasehlathini
Phakathi kwezilwanyana eziye zafumana ukukhuthazwa okukhulu kwimbali kwaye zivela kumahlathi ashinyeneyo aseAfrika, zizilwanyana zaseCongo, ezibetha kakhulu ngenxa yamandla kunye nobukhulu bazo, kwaye ngoku kufuneka zikhuselwe ngenxa yokuba abantu babo basesichengeni njenge. : igorila yasezintabeni, igorila eselunxwemeni, kunye nengwenya encinci, i-okapi, inyoka I-Dendroapis okanye imamba, esisirhubuluzi esinetyhefu kakhulu. Ngokunjalo, iindlovu zehlathi.
Ngoxa kumahlathi ashinyeneyo aseAmazon ezona zilwanyana zininzi zii<em>primates, ama<em>sloth azalelwa kula mahlathi nezinye izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo njengengwenya emnyama kunye neanaconda eluhlaza. Zonke zilungele iimeko zemozulu, umhlaba, ububanzi kunye nokuphakama kwala mahlathi. Ngomndilili wobushushu wonyaka ongaphezulu kwe-26 ° C.
Ukusuka kumahlathi aseAsia, izilwanyana zeHarapan Jungle ezikwisiqithi saseSumatra, eIndonesia, zivela kwaye zigqamile, ziindawo apho iintlobo ezininzi ezisengozini yokuphela zivela khona, njengengwe nomkhombe waseSumatran. La mahlathi atyebe kakhulu kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zee avifauna zawo.
ULondolozo Lweehlathi
Ukugcinwa kwezi zithuba zamahlathi, kunye neentlobo zebhayoloji eziphezulu, zinexabiso eliphezulu lokusingqongileyo kuba zibonelela nge-40% ye-Oxygen yoMhlaba. Ukongeza, ukumelwa yintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana zendalo nganye kuzo, zibonelela ngesixa esikhulu seeminerali kunye nezinto ezikrwada ukulungiselela amayeza, ioyile eyimfuneko kunye nabanye.
Ndiyakumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda imiba yokusingqongileyo, kwezi zithuba zilandelayo: