Phakathi kokuphela kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kwavela iqela lamagcisa anetalente kuMzantsi Netherlands, elibizwa ngokuba IiFlamingo zamandulo, eyanika imbali yoluntu igalelo lenkcubeko engapheliyo. Kungoko ukubaluleka kokuba nolwazi ngayo, ke hlala nathi kwaye wonwabele eli nqaku lifundisayo.
Ziziphi iiFlamingo zokuqala?
Imizobo eyenziwe phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX liqela elikhulu lamagcisa asuka kumazantsi eNetherlands aziwa ngokuba yiFlemish Primitives. Enye yezona ndawo zigqithisayo kwimbali yobugcisa zibangelwa lixesha elinjalo.
Ngamanye amazwi, xa sibhekisa kweli hlelo, sithetha ngokwembali yeenkosi zesikolo saseFlemish sokupeyinta kwiinkulungwane zaso zokuqala, ukusuka kuJan van Eyck kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, ukuya kuPieter Brueghel uMdala phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu.
Ngaphakathi kweli qela, elenziwe nguDieric Bouts, uHans Memling, uRogier van der Weyden, uJan van Eyck ngokwakhe, phakathi kwabanye, abaxhasi balo babehlala kwaye basebenza kakhulu kwizixeko eziphumelelayo ezenza lo mmandla, njenge: Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels. , iGhent kunye neLeuven.
Umzobo weFlemish wasekwa zizikolo ezahlukeneyo: iTaliyane kunye ne-reactionary ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX, kunye nombala wemibala okanye isazi sendalo kwiSikolo sase-Antwerp, senkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Izibini zokuqala ziyinxalenye yobugcisa baseNetherlands, obuvela ngexesha le-European Renaissance.
Ngokubanzi, yayiliqela lamagcisa awayekhe ayedwa kwinto eyayiyiRenaissance revolution kwaye, kwabanye, njengabo besikolo sokuphendula, ngokuchasene neempembelelo zobugcisa zaseTaliyane ezizayo.
Ngombulelo kubuchule obazalwa ngenxa yendlela entsha yokupeyinta ioyile, kunye nombono wakhe ngokweenkcukacha, ubugcisa bemizobo bunokuqhubela phambili ukuya kwindawo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili, apho ikhondo lembali yobugcisa latshintshwa ngonaphakade.
Yayilixesha nje apho iikomishoni zazingaveli kuphela kuluhlu oluphezulu lwentlalo kunye nemibutho yezenkolo ngelo xesha, kodwa nabemi abaqhelekileyo kunye nezixeko ezikude namakomkhulu. Okokuqala ngqa kwiminyaka emininzi, abapeyinti banikwa indawo ebalulekileyo kuluntu.
Ngelo xesha, amagcisa ayesagcina iimpawu ezimbalwa zantlandlolo zesitayile seGothic, zombini ezobuchwephesha, ezinjengokusetyenziswa kwephaneli endaweni yecanvas, okanye umxholo, ngokubanzi ngokwenkolo nangokomoya. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukwanda kwezakhono zeenkcukacha, njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe.
Le midla ikhuthaze ngokubonakalayo uphando olunobungqina kunye nokufunyanwa kwembono, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwenkangeleko yomhlaba njengesihloko somfanekiso, kunye nokuphuculwa kobuchule bomfanekiso, obunike ubunzulu obuchukumisayo bengqondo kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwenkangeleko yomhlaba njengomxholo.
Namhlanje, usenako ukuncoma ilifa elimangalisayo lobugcisa beFlemish Primitives. Kwingingqi yaseFlanders, umzekelo, sifumana iiMyuziyamu ezibalulekileyo zaseRoyal of Fine Arts e-Antwerp naseBrussels, kunye neMyuziyam yaseGroeninge eBruges. Ngokunjalo, iMyuziyam yaseGhent yoBugcisa obuLungileyo, iM yaseLeuven, iMayer van den Bergh kunye neSint-Janshospitaal zikhoyo.
Ngokufanayo, eSpain sikwafumana imisebenzi emininzi, kuba ookumkani bayo babethanda kakhulu olu hlobo lomzobo. Iidiphozithi ze-Museo Nacional del Prado zivelele ngokude, apho umzobo owenziwe ngumntu onetalente uRogier van der Weyden, "Ukuhla eMnqamlezweni" (1438), ukhuselwe.
Umxholo wembali-yejografi weFlemish yamandulo
Ngokuqhelekileyo, olu hlobo lomzobo lubhekiswa kwibinzana elithi i-Flemish Primitives, enika ingcamango yokuba yinto engcolileyo kwaye elula yobugcisa, engazange ikwazi ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo. Eli gama lavela xa ubugcisa be-Renaissance ngokubanzi buthathwa njengenqaku lokubhekisela, ukongeza kwinto yokuba i-Middle Ages yayiqwalaselwa ixesha elide njengexesha lobumnyama.
Kakade ke, akukho nto inokuphinda ibe yinyaniso, kuba xa kwavela esi sikolo sibalaseleyo, ukupeyinta eNetherlands kwakusele kunembali ebanzi neyomeleleyo emva kwayo, equka amaxesha akhethekileyo ngezimbo ezifana neRomanesque kunye ne-International Gothic.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isabizwa ngokuba yi "Flemish", nangona iFlemish Region yaseBelgium, eyaziwa ngokuba yiFlanders, yinto nje encinci yaseNetherlands. Oku kubangelwa kukuba, kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kwakukho iimeko ezintle eziphembelele ukusekwa kwesikolo esigqwesileyo sokupeyinta kulo mmandla womntla-ntshona weYurophu.
Impumelelo yezoqoqosho yayiphawuleka eFlanders, oku kwakunxulunyaniswe ngokusondeleyo neshishini kunye norhwebo lwamalaphu kwaye, ke ngoko, kwavelisa uphuhliso lwedolophu olukhethekileyo ngenxa yokukhula kohlohlesakhe.
Ukuphumelela koluntu lonke kunye neenqobo zoohlohlesakhe zazingumba omiselayo kuphuhliso olunamandla lwengqondo entsha kunye nokuqonda kobugcisa. Iliso, kodwa ongazange akulahle, ngokunxamnye, ukuzinikela kwakhe okunzulu kwenkolo.
Okwexesha, ezona zixeko zazidume kakhulu kulo mmandla yayiyiGhent, iBruges kunye neYpres, nganye kuzo zenza ikhonkco phakathi kothungelwano lwezorhwebo olujongene nokumanyanisa uMntla Yurophu kunye neNtshona eyaziwayo. Ummandla uthe wawuyinxalenye yeDuchy yaseBurgundy, enabalawuli ababedlale indima yokuxhasa ubugcisa beGothic.
Ukongeza koku, ibinoxinaniso oluphezulu lwabemi, enye yezona ziphakamileyo kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ekugxininiswe kuzo ezidolophini nako kuphezulu kunomndilili waseYurophu. Kuyo kwakukho izixeko eziliqela ezaziwayo ezinobutyebi obuninzi, abarhwebi ababalulekileyo kunye namagcisa amaninzi.
Enyanisweni, loo nto yayilumanyano lwangaphakathi loluntu, lwathi lwaqikelelwa ngokukhawuleza kubomi obunoxolo nobucwangcisiweyo. Uluntu lwalulawulwa ziiklasi zoluntu: abathengisi, abavelisi, ababhanki, njl.
Ukongezelela koku sisibakala sokuba, malunga nowe-1380, ngenxa yeMfazwe Yeminyaka Elikhulu, iParis yayingasajongwa njengekomkhulu lobugcisa behlabathi, njengoko yayinjalo de kube ngoko. Ngoko ke, amaqela entlalontle awayefudula efuduka aqala ukuhlala kwilizwe lawo kwaye asebenzele i-bourgeoisie kunye nabarhwebi abakhulu belizwekazi.
Oku kwabonwa ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye into kuluntu lwaseSpeyin nolwaseItali oluye lwabuxabisa ngakumbi ubugcisa babo. Yonke le misebenzi yayikwinkonzo yoohlohlesakhe, ababenovelwano kakhulu kwaye betyebile ngokwenkcubeko, bedityaniswe yiCawe yamaKatolika kunye namakhulu abaxhasi bamagcisa.
Umxhasi wayenexhala elingaphezulu lokukwazi ukujonga ukubonakala kobuso babo kunye nehlabathi kwimizobo abayalele ukuba yenziwe. Ukongeza, uphuhliso lwedolophu lwenza ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukusekwa kweedyunivesithi zokuqala ezithe, kunye nokuyilwa komatshini wokushicilela, zaba ngumthombo oxabisekileyo wokusasaza kunye nomdali wenkcubeko.
Ngelo xesha, ukuba luncedo kwakuxatyiswa ngakumbi nangakumbi, kwanonqulo lwafumana intsingiselo esengqiqweni. Yiyo loo nto yaziwa njengexesha lokwenyani ngokupheleleyo. Ukusukela ngonyaka we-1420, ingcamango yokuba umoya kaThixo uqulethwe kuyo yonke into encinci, yenza ukuba umboniso wafumane ukongama okuphezulu.
Zombini izinto ezinengqiqo nezibambekayo zazinodumo olukhulu. Izinto ziye zayeka ukuba zizinto zesibini eziza kuba ngabadlali abaphambili. Xa oku kwenzeka, kwisixeko Tournai kwakuhlala umzobi bamandulo Flemish Robert Campin.
Ngelo xesha, ikomkhulu lephondo lase-East Flanders, iGhent, labona u-Hubert van Eyck ekhula kunye nomntakwabo omncinci, kunye nokuqaphela ngakumbi, uJan van Eyck. Izifundo zembali ziqinisekisa ukuba aba bathathu yayingabo bameli abakhulu benguqu yokupeyinta.
Ngamnye ngendlela yakhe ugqibelele ukusetyenziswa kweoyile eneziphumo ezibalaseleyo kwisiphumo sokugqibela, esebenzisa imibala ekumgangatho obalaseleyo, ukufumana iziphumo ezimangalisayo ngeeglaze, njl. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, ukusuka kwi-XV ukuya kwi-XVI, onke amagcisa aqala ukuqwalasela imiphumo ye-Renaissance yase-Italiya.
Kule nkulungwane, ngokukodwa ngo-1477, i-duchy eyayinoxabiso olupheleleyo ngokubaluleka kwayo kwezoqoqosho, yaba sisithsaba sase-Austrian Habsburg. Indlu yaseHabsburg yayinesebe laseSpain ukususela ngexesha likaCarlos I waseSpain, ubukhosi baseHabsburg.
Ngenxa yoko, iSpanish Renaissance kunye neBaroque art yayinobudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye neefom zeFlemish. Nangona kunjalo, nangona ulwamkelo lweRenaissance oluqhubekayo, abapeyinti bahlala benyanisekile kubutyebi bendabuko, kuba yayiyinto esaphila kwaye inokubakho ukudala.
Bambalwa kakhulu abangazange babukhanyele ubugcisa obulungileyo, incasa yeenkcukacha, ubunyani bemizobo kunye nenkangeleko yomhlaba yenziwa ikakhulu njengomlinganiswa ophambili kwimisebenzi yakhe. Imizobo, imizobo yeqela kunye nomoya we-costumbrista uhlala kunye nemixholo yenkolo ngaphandle kwengxaki.
Iimpawu zobugcisa kwiiflamingo zamandulo
Ngokubanzi, umzobo we-Flemish unokunqongophala kwemizekelo kwiifomathi ezinkulu, ngaphandle kweglasi engcolileyo. Nangona kunjalo, iyenza kwiiminiatures, apho inesithethe esibanzi somgangatho ongaqhelekanga.
Ngenxa yoko, iimpawu ezimbalwa zobugcisa be-Flemish zinqunywe, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwemibala enqabileyo kakhulu ekhonza ukukhumbuza ii-pigments ezisetyenziselwa ukukhanya kwee-miniatures. Ukusetyenziswa kweenkcukacha kwimizobo emincinci yobugcisa nako kongezwa, abathi bayidlulisele kwimizobo eyahlukeneyo yefomathi enkulu.
Olu phawu luthanda ubukhulu becala ukuqhubela phambili kobugcisa ngaphezu kwe-oyile, efunyenweyo sele yenziwe, kodwa isenenkqubo yokomisa ecothayo engakhange ibonelele ngokusebenzisekayo.
Ngesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba abapeyinti bamandulo be-Flemish benkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu abazange baqulunqe ubuchule be-oyile, kuphela ukuba babenoxanduva lokuyisebenzisa ngokucwangcisiweyo, nto leyo enegalelo ekudibaniseni nasekusasazekeni kwayo kule nkulungwane nakwelandelayo.
Kule nto, ii-inki ze-fluid kunye ne-transparent zisetyenzisiwe, zisetyenziswe ngeendlela zokukhenkceza ukufumana izibane, i-shading enqabileyo kunye ne-nuance yombala wemvelaphi. Abazobi balo mmandla basebenzisa ubuchule obuxubeneyo phakathi kobushushu kunye neoli.
Uluhlu lokuqala lusetyenziselwa ukuba yi-tempera, ukwenzela ukuba kuchazwe umzobo kunye nomzekelo kunye nezibane zayo, kunye nokubonakaliswa okuncinci kombala. Umaleko olandelayo, lowo we-oyile, wawunomsebenzi wawo ophambili wokuba umzobi azinikezele kuphela kumboniso wesiphumo sechromatic.
Nangona inyani yokuba kwezinye iindawo ezifana neVenice, ukusetyenziswa kwe-canvas ngokuthe ngcembe kwaduma, iphaneli yayihlala igcinwe njengenkxaso ephambili, eyathi, ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi, yayibaluleke kakhulu kubo bonke. Isalathiso esicacileyo somanyano olusondeleleneyo ukuba iingqikelelo zegcisa kunye nengcibi zazisenazo ngelo xesha.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kweSikolo saseFlemish kunye neRenaissance
Isikolo somzobo weFlemish Renaissance sihlala sibizwa ngabaphengululi kunye nabahlalutyi bezobugcisa njenge "Ars Nova", eguqulelwe ngesiSpanish njengoArte Nueva. Nangona kunjalo, igama elinjalo akufanele libhidaniswe kunye namagama alo omculo.
Igama layo livela kwi-technical and craftsmanship advance engenanto yakwenza nobukrelekrele kunye nendalo ebonakalisayo yeendlela zokuqala zokuHlaziywa kweMvuselelo, okwenzeka ngokufanayo kwingingqi yaseTuscany.
Abaculi beSikole seFlemish abazange bathathe i-Classical Antiquity njengomzekelo wokubuyisela, akukho xesha kwakukho ingcamango yobugcisa borhwebo olubekwe etafileni. Aba, ngaphezu kokwenzela inkundla umsebenzi, babenabathengi ababeyinxalenye yoohlohlesakhe kunye nabarhwebi abahlala kwizixeko ezinempembelelo.
Abanduleli bakhe abaphambili khange bathande ukwenza ithiyori malunga neziphumo ezahlukeneyo, okanye malunga nobuntu babo, njengoko abantu bexesha lase-Italiya babekhe benza. Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi uqhubekile phakathi kweeparamitha ezithile zasemva kwexesha eliphakathi, ngaphandle kwabapeyinti abambalwa abanjengoJan van Eyck.
U-van Eyck, kunye nabanye oogxa bakhe, baqala ukuba nolwazi olucacileyo ngakumbi ngobugcisa babo kwaye benza umkhwa wokusayina imisebenzi. Ngeli xesha, bekungekho mizobo yepeyinti yaseFlemish, okanye iibhayografi zabaxhasi bayo abaphambili.
Ukunqongophala okukhankanywe ngasentla kwenkcazo yengcingane kunokuvela kubizo lwasemoyeni kuphela. Ngelixa ababhali baseTaliyane bazama ukuhlaziya lonke ulwazi lwehlabathi ngokulinganisa komntu, besebenzisa isayensi kunye nesizathu, kuba iFlemish yamandulo yayanele ukuhlala phambi kovavanyo olumangalisayo lwenkolo yezinto ezibonakalayo.
Ithatha imbono yeeflamingo zamandulo
Kolu landelelwano lwezimvo, ukwenza uthelekiso olufika ngexesha phakathi kwe AmaTaliyane kunye neFlemish, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba zombini ngaxeshanye zifunyenwe imbono yomgca kunye nesemoyeni, kuphela le yokugqibela ngendlela yobungqina kwaye ingalandeli uphuhliso lwezibalo okanye lwamehlo. ngqo.
Ngokubanzi, inkqubo yoguqulo ukusuka kwiplani ukuya kumbono womgca weQuattrocento yayicotha kakhulu, ibiyinkulungwane yokugqibela yamaXesha Aphakathi ixesha apho izilingo ezininzi, ukuphuthaphutha kunye novavanyo olungachanekanga lwenziwa, ngenjongo ephambili yokwaphula umthetho. Umfanekiso wenqwelomoya kwaye ubuyele kumlinganiselo wesithathu.
Phakathi kwezi nzame ezahlukeneyo yinkqubo yokumela esebenzisa i-oblique parallel projection, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Knight's Perspective" okanye "Iliso leentaka", eliquka ukumela imiboniso apho kubonakala ngathi umzobi ubekwe kwindawo ethile yokujonga. ukuphakama, njengomntu okhwele ihashe.
Ngale ndlela, izinto ekucingelwa ukuba zikufutshane kumbonisi zibekwe kwindawo esezantsi yokwakheka ngaphambili, ukusuka apho yonke enye into ibekwe phezulu ngokuthe nkqo njengoko bekufanele ukuba zikude kakhulu, ngaloo ndlela inyusa umzobo ukuya kwindawo ephezulu umgca wehorizon udla ngokuzotywa.
Ukusukela koku, ingcebiso yomlinganiso wesithathu yaqala ngokuzoyikisayo, kunye nokubuyiselwa komzobo ukuya kwihlabathi lendalo. Ezi zincoko ze "gentleman perspective" zaye zenziwa ngokubanzi ngexesha lokupeyinta kweGothic, apho igama le-International okanye iCourtly Gothic lalichatshazelwa.
Nganye kwezi zindlela zobugcisa zibonelela ngokucacileyo ngendalo yehlabathi, egcwele imiqondiso yokomoya. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, abapeyinti baseFlemish nabaseJamani bavavanya basebenzise zonke iintlobo zeenkqubo zokujonga izinto, zidibene neendlela zobuchule ezifana nesipili esiyiconvex, esisetyenziswe nguvan Eyck kumsebenzi wakhe othi “The Arnolfini Marriage”.
Ngaloo ndlela zazibonakaliswa njengeengile ebanzi egubungela isithuba esikhulu ngakumbi. Enye yemibhalo yethiyori ehlanganisa iinkqubo zeNordic yembono nguJean Pelegrin's "De artificiali perspective", eyaziwa ngokuba yiViator kwaye ithathwa njengelingana ne-Alberti's Treatise on Renaissance paint.
Ukongeza, kukho ukuqokelelwa kwezinye iinkqubo ezifana ne "cornuta perspective", eyaziwa ngokuba yi-angular okanye i-oblique perspective, umsebenzi wayo wawuya kuba yinkqubo esetyenziswa ngabapeyinti bamandulo be-Flemish malunga nekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu.
Nangona kunjalo, umboniso ovuselela umdla kakhulu kule ngqungquthela ngulowo uphatha inkqubo kunye nenqaku lomgama, ufana kakhulu nombono womgca weAlbertian, ngaphandle kokuba, ngefomula eyenziwe lula kunye nokuphunyezwa okulula nokucacileyo, kwaye kuqhubeka ngokucingelwa kwenkqubo yokupeyinta iiworkshops zaseNordic.
Ngokungafaniyo nemidwebo ye-Italian Renaissance, apho ukukhanya kuxanduva lokwenza izinto kunye nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo kumzamo wokugqamisa amaxabiso e-volumetric, kwi-Flemish imbono yokudweba isondele kumbono wendalo.
Kuyo, umoya uyavakala ngokweemvakalelo, ngokungathi yinto yokwenyani yomntu kunye nenye into ekhoyo ekuqulunqweni kwayo. Ngokunjalo, amagcisa akhetha ukusebenzisa ukuhlelwa kombala ukuya kwingwevu kancinane kancinane kwizinto ezikude, njengoko uLeonardo da Vinci esenza kwizifundo zakhe zendlela yokujonga emoyeni.
Umxholo
Njengakumaxesha angaphambili, imixholo yezenkolo ixhaphake kakhulu kweli nqanaba, ekunokuphinda kukhankanywe kuzo ngokutsha okungapheliyo kweendinyana zeBhayibhile okanye iimbekiselo ezingobomi babangcwele okanye bee-anchori.
Amanye amagcisa anjengoBosch okanye uBrueghel umdala, babephethe imizobo ebonisa izono kunye nokuba zithini iziphumo zabo. Ngokufanayo, ezi zinokujongwa njengeengcamango ezilula zefilosofi zehlabathi ezisekelwe kwiinkolelo ezininzi okanye amazwi adumileyo.
Ukuze kuqondwe le ndalo imangalisayo, baye bancedwa yintelekelelo emininzi yezinto kunye neengoma ezikwaziyo ukuhambisa umyalezo ngolwimi olunophawu oluphezulu noluntsokothileyo. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwakufanelekile, ukuba ubani uqwalasela ukuba abaphulaphuli bayo bokugqibela yayingoohlohlesakhe baloo mmandla namaziko onqulo.
ukuqinisekiswa komhlaba
Kwimizobo ye-Flemish unokubona umdla kuyo yonke into, kuba ngokuchaneka okufanayo kunye nenkathalo yokuba inqaku lomntu lipeyintiwe, isilwanyana, into kunye nesityalo sipeyintiwe. Iyamangalisa indlela imbonakalo-mhlaba ifumana ngayo ukubaluleka okukhulu ngelo xesha.
Ngale ndlela, amagcisa e-Flemish amandulo abonakalise ngokuthembekileyo indawo eyinxalenye yendawo ebangqongileyo, kuphela ukuba inikezela ngophawu oluthile lokwenyani. Ngenxa yoko, inegalelo kukubaluleka okufuziselayo kwemibala esetyenziswayo kunye nezinto ezininzi zesibini ezibonisiweyo.
Yintoni eyayisisithethe kwisitayile seGothic, imvelaphi yegolide kunye nengathathi hlangothi, yanyamalala ngokupheleleyo kwaye ithatyathelwa indawo zizo zonke iintlobo zendalo yendalo. Ukukhanya kuyeka ukuba yi-capricious kwaye into nganye iqala ukuba nesithunzi sayo esithile, kanye njengokuba igumbi ngalinye linesakhelo sokukhanyisa, indawo nganye i-tonality yayo ekhuselekileyo kunye nenqaku ngalinye linomgangatho walo wokufika ngexesha.
Ngamafutshane, yonke imizobo ye-Flemish ihlala ibhekisela kumhlaba ngendlela enye okanye enye, mhlawumbi ngefestile okanye ngenxa yokuba ngokuqinisekileyo iyenzeka ngaphandle. Ezi mbonakalo zomhlaba zenziwe ngaphandle kweengcebiso zendalo, ngoko ke izakhi zazo zaziyi-stereotyped kakhulu.
Ngeli nqaku sinokukhankanya ukumila kwamatye ayo, ajijekileyo nangenazityalo, izixeko ezikude, ezinde nezinemibala, imithi emile okwentsiba, eneziqu ezibhityileyo nezinde, phakathi kwezinye. Abalinganiswa basasazwa ngendlela elungeleleneyo, embindini ukuba kukho nje enye kunye ne-symmetrically ukuba bebaninzi.
Izenzo zazisoloko zijonge ukunqandwa kwaye intshukumo yayingafane ivunyelwe. Nangona abathathi-nxaxheba babenokwabelana omnye nomnye, abazange bavunyelwe ukuba babe i-spotlight kumlinganiswa oyintloko, i-landscape.
Ngokubanzi, imisebenzi yenziwe ngefomathi encinci kusetyenziswa ibhodi njengenkxaso, ekubeni bakhawulwa ukuba babekwe ngaphakathi kwe-bourgeois enkulu kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezihloniphekileyo, i-interiors yangaphakathi yangaphakathi ukuba ngokukhululeka okukhulu kwenza umzobo ubonise ubungcwele obusondeleyo kunye no-bourgeois.
Ukongeza, iibhodi zihlala ziqulathe amaphepha amathathu, yiyo loo nto igama labo iTriptych, la macala mabini axhonyiwe kwaye avale ngaphezulu kwesembindini. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, ubuso bangaphandle budla ngokupeyintwa ngamathoni angwevu kunye nobuchule begrisaille ukwenzela ukuvelisa imvakalelo yokuba ngumzobo oqingqiweyo.
Umfanekiso
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iFlanders ithathwa njengesihloko somnye wemimandla yangaphambili malunga nokwenza imifanekiso ngokungena kwengqondo yemodeli. Imizobo yemveli yaseFlemish, eyathi kamva yamkelwa ngempumelelo encomekayo eSpain ngabaninzi, zezo zibamba abalinganiswa babo ngokudubula okuphakathi.
Nangona kunjalo, kungekhona njengoko yaziwa ngoku ngaphambili, kodwa kunokuba i-curvature encinci ijika ijika ngokwayo, ihlala ikwimvelaphi engathathi hlangothi yombala omnyama kwaye idibanisa ubuso nezandla kunye nento ethile engumfuziselo.
Inyani yokuba umlinganiswa eboniswe ngokujikeleziswa kancinci ithanda ukubandakanyeka ngokupheleleyo esikhaleni, ukuze umboniso ungenziwa ngamaqhinga efanitshala okanye imvelaphi yoyilo. Kuphela ngobukho bomfanekiso ohloniphekileyo, phezu kwemvelaphi elahlekileyo, ubukho bomthamo kunye nesithuba esithathiweyo.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, sele ikwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kwisikolo sase-Antwerp, xa isixeko saba yinqaba yobugcisa beFlemish Baroque, olu hlobo lomzobo lukwazile ukuguqukela kuzuko lwayo oluphezulu ngendlela yendalo kunye nesitayela esinemibala.
Ii-exponents eziphambili
Ngaphambi kokusekwa kweFlemish Primitives, kwakukho abanduleli abathile abafana nomfundisi-ntsapho onetalente uMelchior Broederlam, kunye neLimbourg Brothers, Brothers, Paul, kunye noJohan. Nangona kunjalo, amagcisa okuqala ukubamba ezi zinto zintsha kumzobo yayinguRobert Campin, kunye noJan noHubert van Eyck.
Aba bajongwa njengabaseki abasesikweni besikolo samandulo saseFlemish ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Singakhankanya phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu "i-Triptych ye-Annunciation", "iMisa ye-Saint Gregory", "Seilern Triptych", "iNtombikazi yaseCanon Van der Paele kunye neNtombikazi kaChancellor Rolin", "Umfanekiso woMtshato waseArnolfini" , phakathi kwabanye.
Njengoko sele ekhankanyile, kuzo imvelaphi yegolide yalahlwa kwaye ubuchule kunye nepeyinti yeoli yaqala ukusetyenziswa njengeyona nto iphambili yemifanekiso. Ngokukwanjalo, indlela yokupeyinta i-easel yenziwe kwingqikelelo yayo yangoku, ukuze ikhuselwe ukuba ibonwe kufutshane.
I-invoyisi yakhe yayicokiseke kakhulu kwaye ineenkcukacha, inomlinganiswa oye wanegalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso olunzulu olufunyenwe yi-codices encinci kwinkundla yeeDukes zaseBurgundy, ukunika umzekelo, apho la mazwe angawabo kule nkulungwane.
Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba, kwinkonzo yobugcisa obucokisekileyo, kwaphawulwa ingqiqo entle kwaye, ke ngoko, utyekelo lwendalo lwendalo, yiyo loo nto kuye kwafezwa imfezeko ekunzima kakhulu ukuyoyisa ngokunxulumene nokutolika. yeempawu zamalaphu, amaqhekeza omkhandi wegolide (isinyithi, iglasi, isikhumba, njl. njl.) nakwiindidi ezifana ne-portraiture kunye ne-landscape.
Ukongeza koku, phakathi kwabapeyinti ababesebenza kwisibini sesithathu senkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, kwaye bancedisa ukuhlanganisa uninzi lweempawu zeFlemish School, sifumana uRogier van der Weyden obalaseleyo, owaziwa ngokuba nguRogier de la Pasture.
Lo waseBelgium wenza imizobo ebaluleke kakhulu kwaye ezukileyo efana ne "Ukwehla emnqamlezweni", "iDiptych kaFelipe de Croÿ neNtombi Enyulu noMntwana", "Isililo kunye nokungcwatywa kukaKristu", "Madonna Medici", "Polyptych yesigwebo sokugqibela." ”, “iSan Lucas izoba iNtombi Enyulu” nezinye ezininzi.
Kakade ekupheleni kwenkulungwane kunye nasekuqaleni kwe-XNUMX, amanye amagcisa aseFlemish avelayo akwazi ukuvavanya kwaye agxininise iimpawu ezithile zemisebenzi yabo, efana ne-landscape. Ngenxa yoko, ngendlela ethile iifom kunye neengqungquthela esele zenziwe ngaphambili ziphinda ziphindwe.
Eli nqaku linokubonwa kubugcisa bukaHans Memling noGerard David, nangona kwakukho nabambalwa abathintela lo mkhwa kunye nomnqweno ocacileyo wokumela imvelaphi yabo, njengoko uBosch wenza. Kuyo yonke le nkulungwane, ekuphakameni kweRenaissance, umsebenzi kaPieter Bruegel oMdala noJoachim Patinir bagqama.
Igalelo elikhulu kwimizobo yaseFlemish yenziwa nguHugo van der Goes, Petrus Christus, Dieric Bouts, Ambrosius Benson kunye noPieter Coecke. EFransi, uJean Fouquet, u-Enguerrand Quarton, uNicolas Froment kunye noMphathi weMoulins. KwiJamani, uKonrad Witz, uMartin Schongauer, uHans Holbein oMdala kunye noMichael Wolgemut. IPortugal yayineminikelo kaNuno Gonçalves kuphela.
Kwimeko yaseSpeyin, abaculi bahlulwa ngokwesithsaba sabo. OwaseAragón kunye noLuis Dalmau, uJaume Huguet, uJaume Vergós, uRafael Vergós, uPau Vergós, uJacomart, uJoan Reixach, uBertomeu Baró, uPere Nisart noBartolomé Bermejo. Kwaye oko kweCastile kunye noJorge Inglés, uMninimzi waseSopetrán, uJuan Rodríguez de Segovia, uSancho de Zamora, uMphathi weeMonarch zamaKatolika, phakathi kwabanye.
Ukuba eli nqaku belithanda, musa ukuphuma ngaphandle kokufunda kuqala: