Ilizwekazi laseYurophu linoluhlu olukhulu lwezilwanyana zesampulu kunelo lweentlobo zezinye izikumkani zezinto eziphilayo, kolu ngeniso ezinye zezo zityalo nezilwanyana ziya kukhankanywa. izilwanyana zaseYurophu, emva kokuhamba-hamba kwinkcazo ngokubanzi yemozulu kunye notshintsho lwemimandla eliye ladlula kuyo eli lizwekazi.
Europe
Malunga neYurophu kukho ukuqwalaselwa ngokubanzi ukuba xa ukuzazi kuya kusebenza ukufunda kancinci malunga neempawu zemozulu enazo, ummandla wayo, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Okokuqala, iYurophu lilizwekazi elincinane xa lithelekiswa namanye, nangona imiwe ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-743 abasasazwa kumazwe angama-56 azimeleyo ayiqukayo. Kuxhaphake kakhulu ukwahlula iMpuma Yurophu kunye neNtshona Yurophu ukuze kuchazwe ngakumbi.
Eli zwekazi lasekwa kancinci kancinci emva kokuwa kobukumkani obukhulu baseRoma, njengoko kwenziwa izivumelwano phakathi kommandla ngamnye ukuze zimanyane kwaye zibe namandla angakumbi. Enyanisweni, imimandla yaseYurophu yayisemfazweni ixesha elide kwaye inempembelelo kungekhona kwimimandla yabo kuphela kodwa nakwamanye amazwe angaphandle kwamanye amazwekazi, kuyo nayiphi na imeko iselilizwekazi elincinci elinomda wolwandle lwe-arctic glacial, kunye noLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki ukuya emazantsi nolwandle lweMeditera.
Ngokubhekiselele kumda wokuya ngasempuma, ukucandwa kwe-Asia akucaci ngokupheleleyo nangona iminyaka idlulile ukususela kwizivumelwano zoloyiso, iinguqu, iimfazwe, njl. Oku kubonakala kuyinto ephindaphindwayo kumazwe amaninzi, njengeVenezuela, engenamda ocacileyo osikelwe emantla ngenxa yenani leziqithi ezifumaneka emva kwaloo manxweme.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimozulu yayo, iintlobo ngeentlobo zinokubonwa ngokuxhomekeke kwimimandla, nangona kunjalo uninzi lwayo lunemozulu epholileyo kwaye ukwahluka okukhulu akubonwa enyakeni, into enokubonwa kwiindawo ezinemozulu eshushu nangona kukho iintlobo ezininzi zoncedo, njengethafa (elinokubonwa ukusuka kwiiNtaba ze-Ural ukuya kwi-Atlantiki), iimpawu zobunzima beentaba zeScandinavia kunye neBohemian, kunye neHlathi eliMnyama. Ukongeza kwiintaba ezibonwa kwiiAlps nasePyrenees.
Le mozulu, kunye nepesenti yamahlathi enayo, ephantse ibe ngama-90%, ithanda kakhulu uphuhliso lwezityalo ezininzi, ngaphezu kokusasazwa kwezilwanyana eziye zenzeka ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye nokwahlukana okubonwa ngamaxesha afana iMesozoic kunye neCenozoic. Noko ke, ukunyamalala kwenxalenye yezilwanyana zaseYurophu kumaxesha amandulo kwakutshabalala njengoko ngaphezu kwesiqingatha samahlathi aseYurophu ayegawulwa.
Ngaphandle koku, ezininzi iintlobo zifumaneka emahlathini anjengehlathi le-boreal laseScandinavia naseRashiya, kwakhona kumahlathi axubileyo apho imithi ye-coniferous ekhankanywe ngasentla ifumaneka khona. Kunokuthiwa uninzi lwamahlathi aseYurophu ayingowoqobo, uninzi lwawo luye lwagawulwa kwaye oku kuphazamisa neentlobo zezilwanyana ezifumaneka apho. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iindawo ezithile zaseYurophu ezingekaguquki.
Historia
Ukusekwa kweYurophu njengoko yaziwa ngoku kubuyela kwixesha lesibini elibizwa ngokuba yiMesozpico, apho iidinosaurs zazisekho. Ngeli xesha ilizwekazi laseMntla Melika nelaseAsiya lalahlulwa, ngaphambili kwakubonwa iLaurasia supercontinent (apho ngoku kwaziwa ngokuba yiYurophu, iAsia neminye imihlaba, kukho neGondwana kulapho wawumi khona uMzantsi Melika Zombini zohlulwa yi. uLwandle lwaseTethys malunga nezigidi ezingama-200 zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Kolu lwakhiwo lwamandulo, iYurophu yadityaniswa ngomhlaba noMntla Merika ngesiqithi saseGreenland, esimi ngoku kumntla-mpuma woMntla Merika. Nangona iYurophu "yahluliwe" kwi-Asiya, inqanaba lolwandle lehla kwaye labonisa unxibelelwano olutsha lomhlaba.
Amanani amakhulu eentlobo ezisuka kuMntla Melika nase-Asiya ahamba kolu nxibelelwano ludala nolutsha, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho ikoloniyali yelizwekazi kunye nokunyuka kwemiqolo eyahlukeneyo yezilwanyana ezifana neeprimates. Ngokunjalo, iminyaka apho amaxesha abandayo kakhulu ayebonwa, izilwanyana zazinokusabela okurhoxisiweyo kwaye xa zingamaxesha ashushu zanda. Oku kwabonwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwiintlobo zezilwanyana namhlanje ezibizwa ngokuba yi-arctic kunye ne-alpine.
Ngoku, ixesha lomkhenkce libe nempembelelo enkulu ekusasazweni kwezilwanyana kungekuphela nje eYurophu kodwa kuwo onke amazwekazi, ukongezelela koko ukufika komntu kwaqala ngokuzingela izilwanyana ukusa kwinqanaba lokuphela, amarhamncwa namaxhoba. Ngokubhekiselele kwimithi, iindidi ezahlukeneyo ziye zabonwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, iindidi zihlala zikhona kodwa ezinye iintlobo zilawula ngaphezu kwezinye. Ngokungafaniyo nezinambuzane eziye zagcinwa kuphela ngokuziqhelanisa nemozulu.
Xa umkhenkce wawushukuma, iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo ezazinokuhamba ngokulula zasinda zaza zabuyela kwiindawo ezazifudula zikho kuzo, ngokufanayo izilwanyana ezanyisayo zaphinda zazalanisa izithuba ngokukhawuleza okanye ngokuthe ngcembe kuxhomekeka kuhlobo oluthile. Konke oku kwenzeka ngezo zihlandlo zokusasazwa kwemihlaba kwiindawo zendalo ezaziwa namhlanje.
Imimandla yangoku yaseYurophu
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi kumhlaba weYurophu kunye nolwandle oluyijikelezileyo, kuLwandle lwaseNyakatho, umzekelo, unokubona ezininzi igenera eziqulethe iintlobo ezifana ne-pout, sprat, sandeel, plaice, mackerel, haddock, cod. kunye nezinye iindidi ezingama-230 zeentlanzi ezihlala nzulu okanye ezihlala elunxwemeni zahlulwe zaba ziindawo ezininzi kuba iNorth Sea ayifani nobunzulu.
Ngokukwanjalo, elunxwemeni, ii-crustaceans ezifana ne-lobster yaseNorway okanye i-shrimp yaselwandle zihlala zilotywa, kunye ne-siganus okanye i-redfish, kunye neentlobo ezikhankanywe ngasentla. Ngokuphathelele iintaka, uninzi lwezo zifudukayo zifika eYurophu ngexesha elithile lonyaka, umzekelo Ukuginya abafika kweli lizwekazi ngoMatshi okanye ngoAprili baze basuke apho baye kwiindawo ezininzi.
iintyatyambo zaseYurophu
Umsebenzi wabantu udlale indima eqinisekileyo ekuguquleni izityalo zaseYurophu, ukongeza kwinguqu yejografi eye yadlulayo eli lizwekazi ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yezehlo zendalo, izinto ezenziwa ngabantu zitshabalalise i-ecosystems ezininzi kwaye iYurophu ayilolizwekazi elisindisiweyo kulo. yona, le yinto eyaziwayo necacileyo namhlanje.
Amahlathi afunyenwe kwiindawo ezisemantla eentaba zezo ziye zakwazi ukuhlala "zingabonakali" ngandlela-thile, njengoko zifumaneka emantla kunye neziko lezinto eziza kuba yiRashiya yaseYurophu. Abanye baye bachatshazelwa ngabantu kumlinganiselo omncinci okanye omkhulu, nangona kunjalo, iintyatyambo ezininzi zinokuchazwa kwimimandla yazo emininzi, ekubeni ingekho yonke imisebenzi yabantu engalunganga, ipesenti encinci yezenzo ibe nefuthe elihle.
Ngokomzekelo, inxalenye enkulu yamahlathi aseYurophu iye yahlaziywa kwaye imithi evuzayo kunye nezityalo ze-coniferous ezifana ne-maple, i-oki, ipineyini, i-firs kunye ne-elms edibeneyo inokufumaneka apho. Amanye amahlathi aye aphinda avela kumhlaba owawugawulwe ngaphambili waza washiywa ungakhange uchukunyiswe kwakhona, nto leyo evumela izityalo ezithile ukuba zikhule kuwo.
Ngokuphathelele imimandla ye-arctic, izityalo ze-tundra zingabonwa, oko kukuthi, izihlahla ezincinci, i-mosses, i-lichens, imithi kwiindawo ezithile, imifuno, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Ezikhula ngenxa yemozulu ye-polar ebonakalisa olu hlobo lwendawo. Ezinye iindawo zaseYurophu ezine-tundra zipholile kancinci kunabanye, ngoko unokubona iindawo ezinotshani kwiindawo ezithile kunye ne-mosses okanye i-lichens kwezinye iindawo, ngaphezu koko kwiintaba zeentaba kunye neeplateas kukho i-alpine tundra.
Kwezi tundras kukwakhona ukubona iintyatyambo zasendle, kokunye unokubona imimandla emide kwithafa laseYurophu elinamadlelo kunye nengca emide, unokubona nespruces kunye nepines kumahlathi e-coniferous agcwele ngokwenene kulo lonke eli lizwekazi. , nangona kukwakho neendawo ezithe tyaba nezomileyo apho kunokubonwa ingca emfutshane.
Ngokuphathelele iziqhamo zemithi okanye izihlahla ezifumaneka kumazwe akufuphi neMeditera, iminquma kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomnquma zingabonwa kumaphondo amaninzi, iidiliya (kukho inani elikhulu leediliya eYurophu), kukho kunye neminye imithi yamakhiwane, iziqhamo, izityalo ze-angiosperm ezifana ne-rutaceae,
izilwanyana zaseYurophu
Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo abahlala kuyo, inani elikhulu leentlobo zeeklasi ezahlukeneyo, imiyalelo kunye neentsapho zinokufumaneka.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nULCIcqVKWU
Amanzi anetyuwa
Ukongeza kwezi ntlobo zikhankanywe ngasentla ezihlala kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki okanye kuLwandle oluMnyama, unokubona iintaka ezininzi ezingakhankanywanga kolu mva, umzekelo iingabangaba ezimnyama, ifulmar yasentla ebonwa kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki eseMantla Kwakhona kumantla ePasifiki, ungaphinda ubone amangabangaba, iindidi ezininzi zosapho lwe proceláridos, phakathi kwezinye.
Kukwakho neentlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ezihlala kuLwandle lweBaltic, olungenatyuwa ingako njengoLwandle Olumnyama, kodwa kuzo zombini ungabona izilwanyana zaselwandle ezincancisayo ezinjengengwevu okanye amatywina aqhelekileyo, ezabelana ngezithuba neentlanzi ezifana neherring eqhelekileyo.
Amanzi amnandi
Phakathi kwemimandla ye-ecological eYurophu kukho ezininzi ezinamachibi amanzi ahlambulukileyo njengemilambo egcweleyo kweli lizwekazi, ingena kuLwandle lweArctic, uLwandle lweBaltic, uLwandle oluMnyama (oluphakathi kweMpuma Yurophu kunye ne-Western Asia) kunye neCaspian. Ulwandle olukwaphakathi kweYurophu neAsia.
IMeditera
Imihlaba ekufutshane neMeditera ubukhulu becala yayigutyungelwe ngamahlathi okanye yimimandla enemithi emininzi, nangona kunjalo, kwakhona imisebenzi yabantu iye yachaphazela le mimandla kwaye iye yajika yaba ngamatyholo, i-maquis, okanye i-garrigue. ngenxa yokuthotywa kwe-chaparral).
Ngokubhekiselele kwizilwanyana, iintlobo ezininzi zalahleka ngenxa yengxaki yetyuwa yaseMesiya, eyayilixesha apho ityuwa yaqokelelwa ngobuninzi obukhulu emazantsi eMeditera kunye nexesha lokuchithwa okumangalisayo. Yiyo loo nto iintlobo ezininzi ezivela kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya zafudukela kule ndawo yeMeditera.
amadlelo
I-fauna yaseYurophu iphinda idlule kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Great Steppe edlula embindini we-Eurasia kunye namaqela e-savannahs, ama-scrublands, amathafa kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-biomes ezinokubonwa ukusuka eMoldova ukuya eSiberia naseHungary.
Phakathi kweentlobo ezinokuthi zibonwe kula madlelo engca, iigusha, iibhokhwe, iinkamela (ezidla ngokudlula apho kuphela njengoko zaziyindlela yokuthutha ukuya eAstrakhan), iYaks (ekwafumaneka kwiintaba ezikumbindi weAsia). Amahashe nawo afumaneka kwezi ndawo kwaye asetyenziswa ngabantu kwimisebenzi yokulwa okanye ukuthutha.
Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-Eurasian steppe ayinayo ngokwenene indawo enkulu eMpuma Yurophu kodwa kwi-Asia Ephakathi, kuphela kwiNtshona yeRashiya, i-Ukraine kunye ne-Pannonian Plain zizo ezifumaneka ngaphakathi kolu luhlu lwamadlelo, aqulethe, ngaphezu kweentlobo ezikhankanywe. ngasentla kwiimpuku ezizezosapho Arviolinae, oonomatse baseYurophu kunye nodyakalashe.
Imimandla yeentaba
Kule mimandla, iintlobo azizange zichaphazeleke kakhulu ngumsebenzi wabantu, ngokungafaniyo nabanye abahlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Kule mimandla kukho iiPyrenees, ezidla ngokuthotywa kwiindawo ezithile. Iintlobo ezimbini zinokubonwa kuluhlu lweentaba zePyrenees, ikakhulu i-Iberian desman kunye nesalamander.
Ibhere elimdaka luhlobo oluye lwaphinda lwahlala kwiindawo ezininzi kwizigidi zeminyaka, ezo zizalelwa kwiiPyrenees zaseYurophu zazingelwa kangangokuba ziphantse zibe yinxalenye yoludwe Izilwanyana ziyaphela ngenxa yomntu kodwa ngowe-1996 yaphinda yabuyiselwa kwindawo yayo yokuhlala.
Ngokuphathelele iiAlps, izilwanyana ezinokuthi zibonwe apha zibonakaliswe kubukho beemarmots zeAlpine, i-Alpine grouse, iibhokhwe zasendle zeAlpine, iingcuka zase-Italiya, i-lynx, i-chamois, ezinye iibhere ezimdaka kunye nezinye iintlobo. Konke oku kwindlela emalunga neekhilomitha ezili-1.500 phakathi kweYurophu eseMbindi naseMpuma Yurophu.
Iintlobo
Ngoku, izilwanyana zaseYurophu zinokuhlelwa ngeentlobo, ke izilwanyana ezihlala kweli lizwekazi ziya kufakwa kwiiklasi ezisixhenxe eziphambili:
Amphibians
Iklasi namasele ibandakanya ezinye iintlobo ze-7492 ezisasazwa kulo lonke ihlabathi, ngaphandle kwentlango eyomileyo kakhulu, iziqithi zolwandle kunye nemimandla ye-arctic, kweli nani lilonke leentlobo ze-75 kuphela inokufumaneka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ubukhulu becala emazantsi, ezinye zezi ntlobo ziya kuba:
- ixoxo eliqhelekileyo
- ixoxo lomhlakulo
- Ixoxo elinesisu esimthubi
- Isele elivutha umlilo, phakathi kwabanye.
- ixoxo lomdlezana
- Isele eluhlaza yaseYurophu
- isele elikhawulezayo
- Isele Lemithi YaseYurophu
- Umthi weMeditera isele
- isele eliqhelekileyo
- isele elingumgxobhozo
Aves
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentaka ziye zachazwa kwaye zabhalwa kwiincwadi ezibonisa izilwanyana zaseYurophu, uninzi lwazo ziintaka ezifudukayo kwaye zihlala kumazwe athile aseYurophu okwethutyana kwaye ezinye kunye nabafuyi (phantse isiqingatha) zizonke ziya kuba ziintlobo ezingama-800. kwaye ngakumbi, ezinye zeentsapho ezihlala zikho zezi: iiprunelids, iingabangaba, iitetraonines kunye nohlobo. Bombicilla ukubalula ezimbalwa. Ukuchaza ezinye iintlobo zeentaka ezihlala eYurophu, olu luhlu lulandelayo lubonisiwe:
- Amarhanisi (iintlobo ezilithoba)
- Amadada (idada lasendle, i-teal eqhelekileyo, phakathi kwabanye)
- Ukhozi (ukhozi olunamabala, i-osprey, ukhozi olugolide, ukhozi olunozwane omfutshane, ukhozi lobukhosi, i-hen harrier, ukhozi oluzinzile)
- Ukutya
- Isikhova
- izikhova kunye namakhwenkwe
- izikhova
- Iinkuni ezifana ne-woodpecker, i-woodpecker emnyama, i-gray woodpecker, i-woodpecker eluhlaza, phakathi kwabanye.
- Iifalcon (iperegrine falcon, kestrel falcon, buzzard falcon)
- iinkozi zaseYurophu
- igoshawk yasentla okanye igoshawk hawk
- Amatakane
- Inxalenye enkulu yomyalelo we-passerine, kubandakanywa i-swallows, i-magpies, iingwamza, oongqatyana, phakathi kwabanye.
Insectos
Izilwanyana zaseYurophu ziqwalasela kuphela izinambuzane ezihlukeneyo, le miyalelo ilandelayo kunye neentsapho zezinambuzane zinokufumaneka eYurophu:
- I-Neuroptera: malunga neentlobo ze-300 ezirekhodiweyo
- I-Orthoptera: iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-1000 zirekhodwe, kubandakanywa iikhilikithi, iintethe, iilobster, phakathi kwabanye.
- I-Trichoptera: malunga ne-1000 leentlobo zezi zinambuzane zirekhodwe kweli lizwekazi.
- I-Blatodeos: Malunga neentlobo ze-150 zamaphela zifunyenwe eYurophu
- I-Diptera: malunga ne-7.000 yeentlobo ze-Nematocera kunye ne-12.000 yeentlobo ze-Brachycera zirekhodwa.
- I-Hymenoptera: lo myalelo mkhulu uneentlobo ezimalunga nama-20.000 eYurophu, apho i-180 zintlobo ngeentlobo zeembovane.
- I-Coleopers: Lo myalelo mkhulu, kunye nomngundo okanye ezinye izityalo, zongeza iintlobo ze-375.000, apho i-25.000 inokufumaneka kweli lizwekazi, ngokukodwa ngaphezu kwe-2500 ye-carabid beetle, i-weevils engama-5000, i-coccinellids engama-200, i-chrysomelids phakathi kwezinye i-1700. Abanye.
- Amabhabhathane abonwa eYurophu anokuba malunga neentlobo ezingama-600 kwaye amanundu angaphezulu kwama-8000.
Izilwanyana ezingenamqolo
Iintlobo ze-invertebrate ezikhoyo eYurophu zifikelela kwi-100.000, kubandakanywa neentlobo zaselwandle ezinjengeziponji (ezimalunga ne-600) kunye ne-cnidarians (ezinokuba ziintlobo ezingama-500), unokufumana ngaphezu kwe-1000 yeentlobo ze-oligochaetes, iintlobo ze-1500 ze-molluscs (ezingekho -yaselwandle) kunye ne-2000 molluscs yaselwandle. Ngokubhekiselele kwi-gastropods, iindidi ezingama-22 ezineentlobo ezi-3 zirekhodwe, i-bivalves ifunyenwe ingaguquki kweli lizwekazi.
Ezinye iintlobo ze-mandibular arthropods (ezifana ne-myriopods) ezinokuba yi-centipedes, i-scolopendras, phakathi kwezinye, zongeza ukuya kuma-2000 iyonke. Ngoxa ii-crustaceans zineentlobo ngeentlobo zokulandelelana kula mazwe, ezinokuthi xa zidityaniswe kunye zidibanise malunga nama-3300 eentlobo. Ngokubhekiselele kwi Izigcawu Abanye abangama-41133 barekhodwa kwaye bachazwa.
Izilwanyana ezanyisayo
Izilwanyana zaseYurophu ezenziwe zizilwanyana ezanyisayo zineentlobo ezimalunga nama-270 ezihlala eYurophu, ezinye zazo zinokuba:
- ixhama
- oonomatse obomvu
- iargali
- izifuba
- Inyathi yaseYurophu
- Wolverines
- iibeavers zaseYurophu
- oodyakalashe
- IiCiervos
- IConejos
- iihedgehogs zaseYurophu
- Chamois
- Iikati zaseYurophu okanye iikati zasendle
- Iinkunzi zehagu
- Intaba yasimahla kunye nemivundla yaseYurophu
- Iilynx zase-Eurasia
- Iilynx zaseIberia
- igadi kunye ne-hazel dormouse
- Iingcuka
- Iingcuka zase-Eurasia
- iingcuka zaseItali
- Martens (yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo)
- Amalulwane eentlobo ezingaphezu kwama-35
- iishrews eziqhelekileyo
- IiNutrias
- Iibhere
- Iibhere eziBrown (ezifumaneka ngamanani amakhulu eScandinavia naseRashiya) nangona zikwasasazwa eOstriya okanye kwiiPyrenees.
- Iibhere ezimhlophe
- Iiprimates zeentlobo zeBarbary macaque
- iimpuku ezimnyama namdaka
- Iimpuku zasemasimini
- iimpuku zendlu
- Ixhama
- Iibheji zase-Eurasia
- voles
- Iimoles ezingaboniyo zase-Eurasia
- ii-moles zaseYurophu
- inyamakazi ebomvu
- Iimpungutye ezibomvu kunye nezinye iintlobo
Intlanzi
Ukuthathela ingqalelo imida yaseYurophu echazwe ekuqaleni kolu ngeno, kuya kuqondwa ukuba kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlanzi emanzini kunye namanzi anetyuwa, malunga neentlobo ezingama-344 zivela apho kwaye ezinye ezingama-277 ziye zaziswa kweli lizwekazi. Into exhalabisayo kukuba kwinani lilonke leentlanzi ezihlala apho, ngaphezu kwesinye kwisithathu sisengozini yokuphela. Ezinye zeentlobo ezibonwayo zezi:
- intlanzi
- Ibarbel
- i-conger yaseYurophu
- Isityalo saseYurophu
- igoby
- i-leuciscus
- Pike
- umthunzi
- I-anchovy yaseYurophu
- i-eel yaseYurophu
- ibream emhlophe
- Isibane somlambo
- isibane solwandle
- Isibane somlambo
- i-burbot
- Iplastiki, ibream okanye ikhaphu
- Isitayela saseScandinavia
- iisturgeons
- intlanzi yekati
- Ookrebe
Izilwanyana
Ngokuphathelele izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, kukho iindidi ezininzi zeenyoka eziye zafunyanwa kula mazwe, njengenyoka enengca, inyoka egudileyo, inyoka ethambileyo, iAsclepius snake, i-sand boas, umkhonto kunye neendidi ezininzi zamarhamba. Inyoka eqhelekileyo yaseYurophu, irhamba nerhamba latastei, ukukhankanya nje ezimbalwa.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimibhobho, unokufumana i-santi, i-green, i-viviparous, i-Italian, i-pink kunye ne-geckos eqhelekileyo, phakathi kwabanye. Okwangoku, iintlobo ezisixhenxe kuphela zofudo ziyinxalenye yezilwanyana zaseYurophu kwaye phakathi kwazo eziye zabonwa kakhulu ngamafudo aseGrike kunye namafudo aseYurophu ahlambulukileyo.