ukuphelelwa ngamandla

Isijikelezi-langa esiphila kuso Umhlaba uneminyaka engaphezu kwe-4500 yezigidigidi ubudala yaye emva kwayo yonke le minyaka akumangalisi ukuba izidalwa eziphilayo kuye kwafuneka zibandezeleke ziziganeko apho ubomi bazo babusecicini lokuphela.

indalo yinto yonke xa kuthelekiswa nathi kwaye yile nto yokuba, ngeziganeko ezahlukeneyo, unokuba sele ungaphakathi eMhlabeni njengoko ngeziganeko ezitshabalalisayo zeenkwenkwezi, uxanduva lokubhangisa kwabantu abaninzi esikwaziyo namhlanje.

Oku kutshabalala esiza kuthetha ngako kolu papasho, ze unobangela wokufa kunye nokunyamalala kwenani elikhulu leentlobo zezilwanyana, bade bafikelele kwisiphelo sobomi emhlabeni.

Kweli nqaku, siya qala uhambo ngembali ukufumanisa ukuba ziyintoni na, oonobangela kunye neziphumo zezona zinto zikhunjulwayo zokubhanga kwabantu abaninzi namhlanje.

Yintoni ukuphelelwa ngamandla?

Ukuqala ukuqonda yonke into ejikeleze ezi ziganeko, into yokuqala kufuneka siyazi yintoni ukuphelelwa ngamandla

Le nto sithetha ngayo kwenzeka ngokwendalo kwaye iphelela ekufeni nasekunyamaleleni kwenani elikhulu leentlobo. Ukuphela kwezilwanyana kubonwa njengento enkulu xa ubuncinci i-10% yeentlobo zezityalo zinyamalala enyakeni okanye xa ngaphezulu kwama-50% besenjenjalo kwithuba eliphakathi kwesigidi esinye kunye nesithathu sonyaka.

Kukho iingcali ezininzi kweli candelo ezilumkisa ngelithi sisecicini lokubhanga kuba singabantu abenza umonakalo ekusindeni kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Siyawubona lo monakalo sithetha ngawo kwi impembelelo yokusingqongileyo esiyibangelayo, ezoyikekayo. Kodwa kufuneka amandla atshabalalisayo endalo ukuze kufikelelwe kwinqanaba lokuphela kwenyambalala yabantu.

Ngokutsho kwezifundo ezininzi zobomi emhlabeni, iye yadlula kwizihlandlo ezihlanu zokutshabalala kwabantu abaninzi kuyo yonke ieon ezine apho ubomi obukwiplanethi yahlulwe kuzo, iPhanerozoic Eon.

Nganye kwezi zintlanu zokutshabalala okukhulu, kwenzeka ngexesha elithile kwimbali yoMhlaba. Iimbangela zazahluka kwenye nganye, kunye nenqanaba lokutshabalalisa kunye nemiphumo elandelayo.

Zeziphi izinto ezintlanu zokubhanga okukhulu?

Xa sicacelwa malunga nokuba yintoni na ukutshabalala kwenyambalala ekhoyo, siza kujongana nokuba yeyiphi na ukutshabalala okukhulu okuye kwenzeka kwimbali.

Ordovician - Silurian

Sithetha malunga Ukuphela kobunzima bokuqala okwaziwayo, kufuneka sibuyele kwinqanaba le-Ordovician Period ngaphezu kwe-480 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo.

Kweli nqanaba lembali kwiplanethi enguMhlaba, ubomi babukho elwandle kuphela, zonke izinto eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo zazihlala kuloo ndawo. Obu bomi babulinganiselwe kwizidalwa ezifana ne-bivalve molluscs, cephalopods, graptolites, brachiopods, bryozoans, phakathi kwabanye.

Akwaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba yintoni ebangele oku kubhangisa kwenyambalala yabantu., kodwa eyona ngcamango yamkelweyo yeyokuba imitha ye<em>gamma yabetha umaleko we-atmospheric woMhlaba, yawutshabalalisa, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba imitha ye<em>ultraviolet ingene ngaphandle komqobo.

Oku yabangela ukunyamalala kweplankton, phytoplankton kunye nezinye zezinto eziphilayo ababehlala kuzo ngenxa yokunqongophala kokutya. Kwakhona, kufuneka songeze ukufa kwamaqanda kunye nezibungu ngemitha ye-ultraviolet kunye nokufudumeza. Konke oku kwabangela ukuba imisinga imisinga ukuze izondlo zingasasazwa lulwandle kwaye zingafikeleli kwezinye izidalwa.

Emva kwayo yonke le nto, kwabakho umkhenkce omkhulu. Oku kutshabalala kokuqala kwavela kwimpembelelo yemitha ye-gamma ekuqaleni kwexesha lomkhenkce. Yachaphazela iindawo ezininzi apho uninzi lwezinto eziphilayo ezikhankanywe ngasentla zazihlala kuzo.

umkhenkce, ivela kwiintshukumo zetectonic plate ezibangela ukuba iGondwana supercontinent inyase iye kwiSouth Pole.. Oku kwakhokelela ekwakhekeni komkhenkce ongapheliyo phezu komhlaba, ukuze amaqondo olwandle ehle njengoko isixa esikhulu samanzi siqina.

Utshintsho kwi imisinga yolwandle yenze utshintsho olubalulekileyo, eyachaphazela ioksijini yeelwandle kunye nokujikeleza kokutya. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni iintlobo ezininzi ziqale ukunyamalala ngokukhawuleza.

Abambalwa iintlobo ezikwazileyo ukuphila, kwafuneka zilungelelane kwiimeko ezintsha, kodwa kamva, babandezeleka ukutshatyalaliswa kwesininzi okwesibini ekupheleni kwexesha lomkhenkce esithetha ngalo.

I-supercontinent yaphinda yafudukela emazantsi, eyabangela ukuba Ukunyibilika komkhenkce kunye nokunyuka komphakamo wolwandle. Olu tshintsho elwandle lubangele ukufa kunye nokunyamalala kwe-85% yeentlobo.

I-Devonian-Carboniferous

Emva kokuphela kobunzima benqanaba langaphambili, ubomi bukwazile ukuchacha nokuzalwa ngokutsha, izityalo zaqala zavela kwaye kamva i-arthropods. Eli xesha Iqala malunga ne-419 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, emva kwexesha leSilurian.

Olu tshabalala lwesibini lobunzima, ezichatshazelwa ikakhulu iintlobo zezilwanyana zaselwandle, uqaqa nezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuhlala kwindawo ehlala emanzini njengentlanzi, i-cephalopods, izipontshi, njl.

La ithiyori yokupholisa yehlabathi, yeyona nto yamkelwe ziingcali ukuchaza oonobangela koku kubhanga. Amanzi olwandle anengxaki yokuphola, nto leyo ebangela ukuba, ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3 zeminyaka, ukunyamalala malunga nama-82% eentlobo zezilwanyana ezikhoyo ngeli xesha.

Permian–Triassic

Malunga nezigidi ezingama-250 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, iimeko ezinobutshaba zenzeka eMhlabeni ezakhokelela kokutshabalala okubi kakhulu okwaziwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba malunga ne-95% yezilwanyana zaselwandle kunye ne-75% yezinto eziphilayo ezisemhlabeni zaphela.

Ngeli xesha, iindawo zomhlaba zaqala ukukhula, ukwanda kunye nokwahluka. Izazi ngokwakheka komhlaba zikrokrela ukuba oku kubhangisa inyambalala kwaba okubangelwa yintaba-mlilo emandla kunye nokukhutshwa okulandelayo kwemethane elwandle.

Ukutyhubela iminyaka kunye noncedo lweefosili, iqela labaphandi liye laphinda lakha iziganeko kwaye kubonakala ukuba yayingeyiyo ukukhutshwa kwemethane okubangele le ntlekele, kodwa ukukhutshwa okukhulu kwe-magma. Oku kwakhokelela ekunyukeni kobushushu behlabathi, kunye nothotho lweentlekele ezaguqula umhlaba ekubeni yindawo eyintlango.

Oku kulandelelana kweziganeko ezenzeke ngaphezu kwesigidi seminyaka kuchaza ukuba kutheni phantse i-95% yeentlobo ezihlala eMhlabeni zanyamalala.

Triassic - Jurassic

Njengoko kwenzekile emva kokutshabalala okukhulu, ubomi buyabambelela kwaye buphinde bubuyele kwimeko enokwenzeka. Olu tshabalala lwesine lwenzeka malunga nezigidi ezingama-200 zeminyaka eyadlulayo ekupheleni kwenqanaba leXesha leTriassic kwaye iphawula ukuqala kweXesha leJurassic.

Ngeli xesha, izilwanyana ezanyisayo ezahlukeneyo kunye iidinosaurs ziyachuma kwaye zizimise njengezona ntlobo zibalaseleyo yeplanethi ngelo xesha.

Ubomi bezi zidalwa zimangalisayo buza kuphela ngokutshabalala kwesine. IPangea yayisele ililizwekazi elinye, kodwa iqalisa ukuqhekeka ize yahlulwe ibe ngamazwekazi esiwaziyo namhlanje.

Le nkqubo ibangela utshintsho lwemozulu oluthi kunye nomsebenzi omkhulu weentaba-mlilo kunye nefuthe leemeteorites, kwakhokelela ekubeni izinto ezininzi eziphilayo zinyamalale. Kukho iingqikelelo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo malunga nokuba yintoni kanye kanye ebangele oku kutshabalala, kwaye zonke ziphela zikholelwa ukuba yayilulandelelwano lweziganeko.

bafika zinyamalale malunga ne-76% yeentlobo yezidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala emhlabeni kwisithuba esisisigidi seminyaka.

Cretaceous-Ephezulu

Ikwabizwa ngokuba yiCretaceous-Paleogene kwaye yayilixesha lokuphela kweentlobo zezidalwa ezenzeka malunga ne-66 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Kweli nqanaba lobomi bomhlaba, iintlobo zeedinosaur ezinkulu ziyavela, abathi babe ngabanini bomhlaba abangenakuphikiswa.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, malunga nezigidi ezingama-66 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Imeteorite enkulu ibetha umhlaba kwaye ukusuka apho iqala ukuphela entsha kwimbali.

Oku kutshabalala ku uxanduva lokunyamalala kweentlobo ngeentlobo emhlabeni kunye nazo zonke iidinosaur. Elona xesha lokuphela kwalo alaziwa, kodwa yaba yintoni imiphumo emibi yempembelelo yemeteorite.

Omnye wezona zizathu zimbi kukuba le mpembelelo idale a ilifu lothuli elahlala kumaleko omoya. Oku kubangele, kukuba ukukhanya kwelanga akuzange kungene ngoko ke izityalo azinakukhula ukuba azinakwenza iphotosynthesis. Ukongeza koku, izixa ze-CO2 kunye ne-oxygen zaphazamiseka.

Konke oku, kuqaliswe kwi-a uthotho lweziphumo ezibi kwiintlobo ezikwazileyo ukuphila. Izityalo ezizityayo zazingenazo izityalo kwaye nezilwanyana ezitya inyama nazo zazingenakutya. Ngoko ke akukho mntu uhlala kummandla osemhlabeni okwazileyo ukuphila.

Njengoko siye sakwazi ukuqinisekisa kwisihlandlo ngasinye kwezi 5 zokutshabalala kobuninzi, izidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala emhlabeni zazibuthathaka kakhulu. Kodwa ubomi bukwazi ukuzihlaziya kwaye ixesha emva kwexesha livela kwinto kwaye likwazi ukudala iintlobo ezintsha.