Makhe sithethe malunga nokuba yiyiphi ingcamango ethandwayo ngumhlobo othembekileyo wamagqwirha: ikati. Siya kuyenza ngaphezu kwayo yonke into kwimbali yembali, sigxininise kwisiqwenga seendaba, kumaxesha amva nje, siye safumana ukulandelelana okuthile.
kwakhona makhe sithethe malunga iintsomi ezimnyama kunye neeclichés malunga namaXesha Aphakathi, kodwa ngesi sihlandlo sijamelene nemeko ethile: ulwazi lwembali oluphosakeleyo alusuki kuhlalutyo olukhawulezileyo okanye olungaphezulu lweenyaniso zembali, njengakwimeko ye Malleus Maleficarum (ubuqhetseba obudumileyo obabunempumelelo noko ngelo xesha); ngeli xesha yinkohliso eyenziweyo ngaphandle komboniso omncinci wesimbo.
Yiyo iindaba ukuba, nangona ibubuxoki bayo, ifumene uzuko olukhulu phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-intanethi; ukanti esinye isiqinisekiso sokuba abantu abaninzi kakhulu abasazihluphi ngokujonga ulwazi kwaye baqinisekise ukuba akunjalo iindaba ezingeyonyani, ngaphambi kokwabelana ngayo.
Ukukhanyela iindaba, kufuneka kuqatshelwe, kwakwanele ukufumana isicatshulwa (esikhoyo kwiwebhu) yenkomo yepapa ekhankanywe apho.
Ngaphambi kokuba siqhubele phambili "ekukhanyeni", siya kuqala nge-akhawunti yeenyani njengoko kuxeliwe.
Indlela "ibali" malunga nokutshatyalaliswa kweekati lixelelwa
Ngo AD 1233 uPope Gregory IX wakhupha i inkunzi kapopu » Vox eRama ": Ngaba umyalelo oqulethwe kolu xwebhu ugunyazisiweyo? Bulala iikati! Ngapha koko, umnombo weenkazana wawuya kumela ukuzalwa kukaSathana eMhlabeni kuluhlu lwecawa.
Oku kwakhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni okucwangcisiweyo kweekati eYurophu: naphi na apho zafunyanwa khona, zazitshiswa kwindawo kawonke-wonke. Le ntshutshiso yoyikekayo kubahlobo bethu abangama-mustachioed yayiza kuqhubeka ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezintathu!
Ukunqongophala kweekati kube negalelo kwiminyaka embalwa ekwandeni kweempuku: umphumo waba kukuba kwiminyaka emihlanu uKufa Okumnyama kuthabathe ngaphezu kwesithathu sabemi baseYurophu.
Ibali lokwenyani
Ngo 1233 AD C., uPope Gregory IX, kwinkunzi yenkomo » Vox eRama "wachaza ibali lomnye wababhali bakhe baseJamani malunga nehlelo likaSathana elasasazeka eJamani: ngexesha leentlanganiso zeli hlelo, umtyholi wabonakala ekwimo yezilwanyana ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka nekati emnyama. Akukho ndawo kwinkunzi yepopu kukho nawuphi na umyalelo okanye ukukhankanywa kokutshatyalaliswa kweekati.
Siyazi ukuba uncwadi lwamaxesha aphakathi lwalusebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi lweesimboli kunye ne-allegories: hayi ngamaxesha athile isilwanyana sasisetyenziselwa ukufuzisela into elungileyo okanye embi yenyani: ikati emnyama, inyoka kunye nesikhova, umzekelo, kwizithethe zaseNtshona iimpawu zobumnyama nobubi.
Apocalypse
KwiTestamente eNtsha, ngokulandelelana kwi iApocalypse kunye neZenzo zabaPostile, uSathana ufana ngokukhethekileyo nenyoka ekwiGenesis yaye ufaniswa nengonyama ebhadula kuyo yonke indawo ifuna umntu engamqwengayo.
kunjalo, umntu wamaxesha aphakathi wayekrelekrele ngokwaneleyo ukuba akwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwesimboli nesibakala. Ukuqhubela phambili ngomzekeliso, sinokukhumbula ukuba umtyholi wayedla ngokudityaniswa nomfanekiso webhokhwe, kodwa akukho ngxelo yokutshatyalaliswa kweebhokhwe kumaXesha Aphakathi!
Ikati kunye negqwirha
Inqaku leendaba eliphindaphindwa izihlandlo ezininzi kunyaka ophelileyo lisixelela ukuba e-Triora, idolophu yaseLigurian eyaziwa ngokuzingelwa kwamagqwirha ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, abalawuli bakamasipala baya kumisa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kwinkumbulo yazo zonke iikati ezibulewe ngumbutho. ukuncinwa. Kuyaxhalabisa ukuba ulawulo loluntu lunike ubungqina kubuxoki obuthile bembali.
Kwelinye icala, kufuneka kuthiwe uMasipala waseTriora uhlala uhlobo lweHalloween engapheliyo, etsala abakhenkethi ikakhulu “yemyuziyam yentuthumbo” yayo. Ngokuchanekileyo kule myuziyam kuboniswa iitrinkethi ezahlukeneyo kunye negajethi ngoku ngamxhelo mnye igqalwa bubuxoki ngababhali-mbali. Abahlali bakwathetha malunga a kwatshiswa amagqwirha amalunga namashumi amathathu: Ukuba oku bekuyinyaniso, ibiya kuba yeyona ndyikitya yokufa kwabantu abaninzi embalini yabantu abatyholwa ngobugqwirha, ngaphezu kwezigwebo zamagqwirha aseSalem. Olona luvo lwembali ekwabelwana ngalo ngokubanzi kukuba, endaweni yoko, bonke abamangalelwa, ekupheleni kwenkqubo ethathe ixesha elide, bakhululwa kwaye bakhululwa.
Ngamanye amaxesha ekupheleni kwexesha eliphakathi uncwadi ikati inxulunyaniswa amagqwirha kunye covens, okanye maxa wambi nabawexuki, kodwa abukho ubungqina obeyisayo obubonisa ukuba balidelela ngakumbi irhamncwa ngelo xesha kunabanye.
Umhlobo wam uPangur Ban
" Ikati yam uPangur Bán kunye nam sinomsebenzi ofanayo:
ubaleka ngolonwabo eleqa iimpuku, ndiziva ndileqa amagama
ubusuku nemini." (…)
Lawo akhankanyiweyo ngamagama okuqala ka-a Umbongo obhalwe malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yimonki yaseIreland amanuensis. Phawula indlela yothando umbhali abhekisela ngayo kwisilwanyana.
Ekupheleni kwamaXesha Aphakathi imvakalelo eqhelekileyo yobubele kwiikati ayibonakali ngathi iyancipha, kwi "Rule of anchorites", incwadi ye-monastic ebhalwe ngo-1200, sifunda: "Awuyi kuba nasiphi na isilwanyana, sithandwa sam. oodade, ngaphandle kwekati enye kuphela «.
Yiya kwiimpuku!
Indima yekati njengesixhobo esisebenzayo ngokuchasene neempuku yayiyimbono ekwabelwana ngayo ukusukela kwiJiphutha yamandulo kwaye yayigcina le ndima nakwiXesha Eliphakathi. Iikati zazixhaphake kakhulu kwiimonki: iindawo zokugcina iimpahla zemiyalelo yonqulo zazigcina intabalala yokutya okwakunokuba lixhoba elilula leempuku. Kodwa yayingamathala eencwadi awayesongelwa kakhulu sesi sisongelo; sinokuba nobuganga bokuthi ukujongana neempuku kwakukubi ngakumbi kunokujongana nomlilo; kwakwanele ukuba isibini seempuku zenze indlwane yazo phakathi kweeshelufa kwaye iimonki zaziza kuzifumana kungekudala zingenwa ziimpuku kwaye nesiqingatha sethala leencwadi saququda. Ekuphela kwesisombululo esisebenzayo yayikukufumana ikati enye okanye ngaphezulu.
ngamanye amaxesha kwakusisithethe yenza izivulo ezikhethekileyo ezijikelezayo kwiingcango zangaphakathi zezakhiwo ezivumela ukuhamba kweefelines ukusuka kwelinye igumbi ukuya kwelinye: oku. Le yimeko ye-Exeter Cathedral, eNgilani. Iincwadi zecathedral efanayo zikwagcina umkhondo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iindleko zokulondolozwa kweekati!
iikati ezivela kumazwe angaphandle
Ukunciphisa ngakumbi umbono wentiyo ye-visceral yeekati kwi-Christian West ziziganeko ezininzi ezinxulumene nokungeniswa kwezilwanyana eYurophu.
KwiXesha eliPhakathi lokugqibela, ukungena eYurophu kwekati yaseCarthusian kunokulandelwa. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba yangeniswa kumazwe angaphandle ngabahlaseli bevela kwiLizwe eliNgcwele kwaye kamva yakhuliswa kwiimonki zomyalelo weCarthusian, apho ithatha khona igama layo.
iikati ezindlwini
Ngokulinganayo inkulu impumelelo yeekati, kwakunye nezakhono mouse-ukubambi, ezifana mascotas. Iingxelo zithetha oko Getrudis of Nivelles, i-abss eyayiphila ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX AD, wayeneekati ezininzi kunye naye, eziphatha ngenkathalo nangothando. Nanamhlanje usakhunjulwa USanta Gertrudis njengengcwele engumxhasi weekati. Umzobo oseludongeni odumileyo wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ubonisa ingcwele izama ukufumana omnye wabahlobo bayo benkazana ukuba badlale ngentonga yokusonta.
Nditsho noSanta Chiara kunye noonongendi bakhe, ngokutsho kwamabali e-hagiographic, bakha ubuhlobo kunye nekati, "sora Gattuccia", owayethandwa kakhulu kangangokuba ubukho bakhe babunyamezeleka naxa kukho imicimbi yonqulo. Inyaniso yokuba eli bali liqulethwe kwi-hagiography, oko kukuthi, kwisicatshulwa esibhaliweyo ukufundisa ukuziphatha kwezenkolo, kusenza siqonde ukuba umfanekiso wekati awuzange ukhathazeke kakhulu.
Ngowe-1265, kumashumi nje ambalwa eminyaka emva kokukhutshwa kwencwadi kapopu ekhankanywe ngasentla, kuthiwa Eleonora Plantagenet, I-Countess yaseLeicester kunye nomzukulwana kaRichard Cuordileone, bathenge ikati.
amandla kunye neekati
Amanye amalungu ahlukeneyo ezikhulu, kunye nabefundisi ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi kunye neRenaissance bagcina iikati njengezilwanyana zasekhaya.
Isabella d'Este, umfazi kaMarquis waseMantua, wayenekati egama linguMartino awayeyithanda kakhulu: ekufeni kwakhe ngo-1510, umfazi ohloniphekileyo wayene-ode yomngcwabo eyayenzelwe yena.
Nangaphaya kwamaXesha Aphakathi, iikati zihlala zingoyiki mascotas yeecawa: UKhadinali uRichelieu (oyena mchasi uphambili ka-Alexandre Dumas '"The Three Musketeers," ukuba kucace) waziva ethanda kakhulu ngenxa yeekati zabo: ekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1642 wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesine ubudala, kwaye inxalenye yelifa lomphathi omkhulu yadluliselwa kubo.
Isibetho senkulungwane ye-XNUMX
Imvelaphi yesibetho esatshabalalisa iYurophu ukususela ngo-1347 ayikacaci. Iingqikelelo esele ziphelelwe lixesha zibalula ukwanda kwesi sifo ngenxa yeemeko ezingentle zococeko kunye nokungabikho kogutyulo. Namhlanje siyazi ukuba kumaxesha aphakathi, nangona bekungekho ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ngokubaluleka kokucoceka komzimba, kwakukho imikhwa enxulumene nococeko lomntu.
Ukongeza, kungqinwa ngokubanzi ukuba ukusukela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX bekukho, ubuncinci kumaziko aphambili asezidolophini, iinkqubo zogutyulo ezakhiwe kakuhle (mhlawumbi "iindlalifa" zemijelo yaseRoma ephantsi komhlaba) kwaye, apho bekungekho nkqubo yogutyulo, iindlela zogutyulo. yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma. Babekwifashoni.
Inyaniso kukuba ubhubhani awuzange ukhule eYurophu kodwa wawungeniswa eMpuma ngokusebenzisa iindlela eziphambili zorhwebo. KUNYEKwiindawo ezigcina iinqanawa iimpuku zanda; iintakumba kwiimpuku zinokuluma kwaye zosulele oomatiloshe, okanye banokufumana isifo ngokuthe ngqo ngokudibana nabemi beendawo zokumisa.
Ngoko sinokugqiba ukuba kungekhona nje ukutshatyalaliswa kweekati akuzange kwenzeke, kodwa ukugqithiswa kweekati ngokuqinisekileyo bekungayi kuthintela ukusasazeka kwendyikitya yokufa.