Ingqondo yomzobi iyakwazi ukwenza izinto ezingenakucingelwa, iindlela ezininzi kunye neendlela zehlabathi ziyayingqina loo nto, kodwa kwabaninzi, mhlawumbi akukho nanye. Ukucacisa. Gxila kwesi sitayile sobugcisa sinomdla owazalwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.
Yintoni i-expressionism?
I-Expressionism sisitayile sobugcisa esifuna ukumela inyani engeyiyo eyona njongo kodwa iyinyani. Injongo kukubonakalisa iimvakalelo kunye neempendulo ezivusa izinto kunye neziganeko ngaphakathi komntu. Igcisa liyakwazi ukuyibamba le nyani ngokugqwesa, ukubaxo, i-primitivism, ifantasy, kunye nangokucacileyo, i-jaring, ubundlobongela, okanye usetyenziso oluguqukayo lwezinto ezisesikweni.
I-Expressionism yindlela yobugcisa yobuqu kunye nobunzulu, apho umdali ezama ukunxibelelana neemvakalelo zakhe ezisondeleleneyo kunye neengcinga kwiimveliso zakhe, ehambela kude kumboniso wemveli wenyani. Uphawu lwalo lwangoku luyimpembelelo yalo yokugqiba kwipeyinti, apho izama ukufikelela kwimpembelelo enkulu kwidini lombukeli okanye ukuphazamisa ukuchaneka komelo, ngokubanzi ngokuthanda iicontours ezinamandla kunye nemibala ebethayo, nangona oku akuwona umthetho kuzo zonke iimeko. .
Iingoma ngokuqhelekileyo zilula kwaye zithe ngqo, apho ukusetyenziswa kwepeyinti ye-pasty engqindilili rhoqo, kusetyenziswa i-brushstrokes ekhululekile esetyenziswa ngendlela ekhululekile kunye nesimboli samathuba athile, umyalezo ubaluleke kakhulu.
I-Expressionism yenye yeendlela eziphambili zobugcisa eziye zavela phakathi kokuphela kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kunye nokuqala kwe-XNUMX, eneempawu zokuzibonakalisa kakhulu, zobuqu kunye nokuzenzekelayo, okuqhelekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwamagcisa anamhlanje kunye neentshukumo zobugcisa.
Oku kunokubonwa njengesiqhelo esisisigxina kubugcisa baseJamani kunye neNordic ukusukela ubuncinci kwiXesha eliPhakathi laseYurophu, ngakumbi ngamaxesha otshintsho lwentlalo okanye lobunzima bokomoya, kuba ngokwale ngqiqo ichaseneyo nengqiqo kunye ne-classicist, eyaxatyiswa e-Italiya nangaphezulu. ebusuku ukusuka eFransi
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, lo mkhwa wobugcisa watshayela iYurophu, uqhutywa kukuchasa inkcubeko yoohlohlesakhe kunye nokukhangela ngamandla olutsha kunye nolutsha lokuyila. Amagcisa e-Expressionist kunye ne-expressionist art agxininisa isiqu, i-psyche, umzimba, ubulili, indalo kunye nomoya.
Ukuchazwa njengesitayile okanye intshukumo eyahlukileyo kwindlela yelo xesha igxile kuthotho lwamagcisa aseJamani, aseOstriya, amaFrentshi namaRashiya, awathi aduma kwiminyaka ephambi kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala yaza yahlala injalo ixesha elininzi phakathi kweemfazwe. .
EFransi, umDatshi uVan Gogh wayenzulu kwaye etyhila ingqondo yakhe engaqhelekanga, enenkathazo, kunye nemibalabala, kwelinye icala, eJamani, uWassily Kandinsky waseRashiya wayephonononga ubumoya kubugcisa njenge-antidote yokuhlukana kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, nase-Austria. , u-Egon Schiele kunye no-Oskar Kokoschka balwa nokuhanahanisa kokuziphatha koluntu ngokujongana nemiba efana nesondo, ukufa kunye nobundlobongela.
Ekugqibeleni u-Edvard Munch wayenempembelelo eNorway nakwi-Yurophu iphela ngokubonakalisa kwakhe okusendle nokubukhali kokusingqongileyo, isiqu sakhe kunye nengqondo yakhe. Ngokudibeneyo la magcisa ajongana nemibuzo ekrwada, eyinyani nengaphelelwa lixesha, imixholo kunye nemizabalazo ebigquba ngaphantsi komhlaba kwaye isaqhelekile kuthi nanamhlanje.
Eso mhlawumbi yayisisizathu sokuba i-expressionism kubugcisa iqhubeke ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo nasemva kwala magcisa kunye neli xesha lithile ekuhambeni kwexesha, kusivumela ukuba sitsho ukuba i-expressionism isaphila namhlanje.
Imvelaphi
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX eNtshona Yurophu, uluntu lwalukhula ngesantya esikhawulezayo, ushishino oluqatha lwaluthathe ilizwekazi phantse ngesaqhwithi, kunye nezinto ezintsha kwihlabathi lezemveliso kunye nonxibelelwano, zihlala zenza imvakalelo yokungazinzi kwihlabathi jikelele. uluntu.
Ukukhula okukhwankqisayo kobugcisa kunye nokufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini ezikhulu kuye kwabangela ukuba bazive bengamakheswa yaye benganxibelelani nendalo. Kuyaqondakala ukuba ezi mvakalelo kunye namaxhala aqala ukuvela okanye kunoko wopha ngobugcisa belo xesha. Amaqela amabini amagcisa adale i-expressionism njengoko siyayazi namhlanje: Die Brucke y UDer Blaue Reiter, omabini asekwa eJamani ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Abafundi abane bokwakha eDresden benza iqela lobugcisa elibizwa ngokuba yi Die Brucke (Ibhulorho). UFritz Bleyl, uErich Heckel, uKarl Schmidt-Rottluff, kunye noErnst Ludwig Kirchner wazama ukuba yi puente kwikamva lobugcisa, ivuselela iimpendulo ezibukhali zeemvakalelo kusetyenziswa iimilo ezingezizo ezendalo, imibala kunye nezakhiwo, zonke eziphefumlelwe lihlabathi lanamhlanje.
Imisebenzi yakhe yayifana kakhulu nentshukumo yeFauvism eFransi, eyayikhokelwa UHenry Matisse, ngakumbi ekusebenziseni imibala eqaqambileyo kunye nemilo ye-atypical, ngenjongo yokuhambisa iimvakalelo ezininzi. Die Brucke kwakujongwe ukuba ibe yinkcaso yolutsha kunye nentsha kunye nokusabela kwiinkulungwane zokwenyani kubugcisa. Ngowe-1906, benza i-manifesto yabo kwiplanga, ebonisa oku kulandelayo:
“Ngokholo kwindaleko eqhubekayo, kwisizukulwana esitsha sabadali kunye nabanombulelo, sidibanisa bonke abantu abatsha. Kwaye njengabantu abatsha abaphethe ikamva, sizimisele ukuzuza inkululeko yokuhamba kunye nobomi ngokwethu ngokuchasene namandla amadala kunye nasekwa ngokufanelekileyo. Nabani na ochaza ngokuthe ngqo nangokwenyani into eqhuba ukuba adale ngomnye wethu” Kirchner (1906)
Ngeli khwelo lokuya esenzweni, amagcisa aselula aseNtshona Yurophu anikwe umsebenzi ocelomngeni wokwakha intshukumo entsha yobugcisa: Expressionism.
Amagcisa entshukumo Die Brucke bagxile ikakhulu ekuboniseni isiphithiphithi esikhulu sale mihla, ushishino, kunye nemeko yasezidolophini eyayibangqongile. Bapeyinta imbonakalo-mhlaba yasezidolophini ngeencopho ezimagingxigingxi, ezibaxiweyo kunye nemibala eqaqambileyo.
Emva kokoyisa imida, ngaphezulu kweFauves, Die Brucke wafaka inkcubeko yeklabhu yasebusuku yaseJamani ephantsi komhlaba, ukuwohloka komgangatho ophantsi, kunye nazo zonke iimvakalelo kunye nokungonwabi kwimisebenzi yakhe, ngaphandle kokutyeshela umbono wakhe kunye nentsingiselo yakhe.
Lo mbutho ungekho sikweni wavukela oko bakubona njengobunzulu bendalo bengqondo yemfundo. Babefuna ukuphinda bafake ubugcisa baseJamani ngamandla omoya abavakalelwa kukuba ayasilela kwaye bafuna ukwenza oko ngesiseko esibalulekileyo, sobuqu kunye nokuzenzekela. Amalungu okuqala eDie Brücke ngokukhawuleza athelelwa ngamaJamani uEmil Nolde, uMax Pechstein noOtto Müller. Ii-Expressionists zaphenjelelwa ngabanduleli bazo ukusuka kwiminyaka yee-1890.
Kwakhona babenomdla kwimikrolo yamaplanga yaseAfrika nakwimisebenzi yamagcisa akuMntla Yurophu Amaxesha Aphakathi kunye neRenaissance afana noAlbrecht Dürer, uMatthias Grünewald, noAlbrecht Altdorfer. Iiplanga, ezinemigca eshinyeneyo ejijekileyo kunye nokwahluka kwethoni ezirhabaxa, yayiyeyona ndlela ithandwayo yiGerman Expressionists.
Imisebenzi yamagcisa eDie Brücke yavuselela imbonakalo kwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu. U-Oskar Kokoschka kunye no-Egon Schiele base-Austria bamkela iibrushstrokes zakhe ezingcungcuthekiswayo kunye nemigca emide, kwaye uGeorges Rouault kunye noChaim Soutine eFransi baphuhlisa izitayile zokupeyinta eziphawulwe ngokubonakaliswa okunzulu kweemvakalelo kunye nokugqwethwa kobundlobongela kwimiba yomfuziselo.
Umzobi uMax Beckmann, umzobi uKäthe Kollwitz, nabaqingqi bemifanekiso eqingqiweyo uErnst Barlach noWilhelm Lehmbruck, nabo basebenza benempembelelo enamandla yokubonakalisa intetho. Uninzi lwemisebenzi yabo luvakalisa unxunguphalo, ixhala, ukuzonyanyeka, ukungoneliseki, ubundlobongela kwaye ngokubanzi, uhlobo oluthile lokuziva unamandla okusabela kububi, ukuvalwa kwemithetho ekrwada kunye nezinto ezinokwenzeka kunye nokuchasana abakubona kubomi banamhlanje.
Iqela lesibini, elaziwa ngokuba UDer Blaue Reiter (I-Blue Rider), eyakhiwe eMunich ngo-1911. Ebizwa emva komzobo kaWassily Kandinsky, le ngqungquthela yenziwe yi-Russian émigrés Kandinsky, u-Alexej von Jawlensky noMarianne von Werefkin kunye nabaculi baseJamani uFranz Marc, u-August Macke noGabriele Munter.
Umzobo kaKandinsky wakhethwa njengegama leqela ngenxa yokubonisa umzobo okhwele ihashe ukusuka kwinyani ukuya kwindawo yokomoya neyeemvakalelo, kwaye kukuba amagcisa UDer Blaue Reiter babethabatheke kukuzoba icala lokomoya kunelokwenyama.
Nangona izitayile zakhe zazahluka, njengoko imveliso yakhe ibonisa, umdla kwi-primitivism kunye nemeko yeemvakalelo yayilawula imisebenzi yakhe. Yahluke kakhulu nguDie Brucke, I-Blue Rider wayenamandla amakhulu ekuphuhliseni i-abstract expressionism.
Ukubonakaliswa kunye nobugcisa obungabonakaliyo bayayikhaba inyani, izama ngawo onke amaxesha ukuhambisa iimvakalelo, nangona kunjalo, i-expressionism igcina imo kunye nesimboli ngelixa ubugcisa obungabonakaliyo bushiya imifanekiso eyaziwayo.
UDer Blaue Reiter wadibanisa ezi ngcinga, edala isebe elitsha ngokupheleleyo lokubonisa elisenempembelelo enkulu kubugcisa bale mihla. Xa kwaqala iMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, Die Brucke y UDer Blaue Reiter bachithakala, kodwa ilifa labo lihlala njengoko i-Expressionism iqhubeka ikhula ekuthandeni kwaye isaqhutyelwa kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Iingcambu zesikolo saseJamani se-Expressionist sinokufumaneka kwimisebenzi kaVincent van Gogh, u-Edvard Munch noJames Ensor, ngamnye kubo, ngexesha eliphakathi kwe-1885-1900, baphuhlise indlela yobuqu yokudweba.
La magcisa asebenzise amathuba acacileyo ombala kunye nomgca, ephonononga imixholo echukumisayo neneemvakalelo, ngenjongo yokuhambisa iimpawu zoloyiko, ezothusayo kunye nezothusayo, okanye ngokulula ukubhiyozela indalo ngamandla amangalisayo. Baye bahlukana namacebo amaninzi, abazange bamele ngokoqobo indalo, ukuvakalisa iimbono ezizimeleyo okanye iimeko zengqondo.
Kungekudala iJamani i-Expressionists yavelisa isimbo esiphawuleka ngokuba ngqwabalala, ukukhalipha, nobunzulu bokubona. Basebenzise imigca ejijekileyo nejijekileyo, ibhrashi ekhawulezayo nerhabaxa, singasathethi ke ngemibala egqamileyo ebancedileyo babonisa imiboniso yesitalato sasezidolophini kunye neminye imixholo yala maxesha kwingoma ephithizelayo, exineneyo ephawulwa ngokungazinzi kunye nomoya onomsindo.
Amagcisa akwiqela elaziwa ngokuba yiDer Blaue Reiter ngamanye amaxesha ajongwa njengeentetho, nangona ubugcisa babo buqhelekile bunengoma kwaye bungabonakali, bunemvakalelo engaphaya, buvumelana ngakumbi, kwaye buzixhalabele ngakumbi iingxaki ezisemthethweni kunye nemifanekiso kunezo zamagcisa eDie Brücke.
I-Expressionism yayiyeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo eJamani kwiminyaka ngokukhawuleza emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, apho yayifanele umoya wasemva kwemfazwe wokugxeka, ukwahlukana, kunye nokuphoxeka. Abanye babasebenzi bamva balo mbutho, abafana noGeorge Grosz kunye no-Otto Dix, baphuhlise umxube obukhali, obaluleke ngakumbi wentlalontle wokuthetha kunye nenyani eyaziwa ngokuba yiNeue Sachlichkeit (Injongo Entsha).
ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX
Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiilebhile ezinje nge-Abstract Expressionism kunye ne-Neo-Expressionism, ukuzenzekelayo, ithuku, kunye neempawu zeemvakalelo eziphakamileyo ze-Expressionism kwabelwana ngazo ngeentshukumo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa ezalandelayo zenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
I-Expressionism ithathwa njengento eqhelekileyo kumazwe ngamazwe kunentshukumo yobugcisa ehambelanayo, eyayinempembelelo kakhulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Ibandakanya iinkalo ezininzi: ubugcisa, uncwadi, umculo, ithiyetha kunye noyilo lwezakhiwo.
Abaculi be-Expressionist bafuna ukubonisa amava eemvakalelo, kunokuba ngokoqobo ngokomzimba. Imizobo edumileyo ye-expressist yile Ukumemeza nguEdvard Munch, I-Blue Rider kaWassily Kandinsky kunye Umfazi ohleli ephakamise umlenze wasekhohlo nguEgon Schiele.
Ukuhla kwentshukumo
Ukuwohloka kwe-Expressionism kwakhawuleziswa kukungacacanga kokulangazelela kwayo ihlabathi elingcono, ngokusebenzisa kwayo ulwimi olunobumbongi obuphezulu, yaye ngokubanzi bubuntu obunzulu nobume obungafikelelekiyo bokunikelwa kwayo. Inani lamagcisa e-Expressionist aphulukana nobomi bawo ngexesha okanye ngenxa yeMfazwe Yehlabathi I ngenxa yokwenzakala nokugula. Yayinjalo imeko kaFranz Marc owasweleka ngo-1916 kunye no-Egon Schiele owasweleka ngexesha lendyikityha yomkhuhlane ka-1918, abanye abaninzi bathatha ubomi babo emva kokuwa phantsi kweentlungu zemfazwe.
Ukubuyiselwa kozinzo oluyinxenye eJamani emva ko-1924 kunye nokukhula kwezimbo zezopolitiko eziphenjelelwa ngamandla yinyani yezentlalo kwakhawulezisa ukuwohloka kombutho ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1920.
I-Expressionism yafa ngokuqinisekileyo ngokunyuka kwamaNazi, awathi alawula ngo-1933 kwaye achaza umsebenzi wabo phantse bonke abantu abavakalisayo njengowonakeleyo kwaye ukrwada. Intshutshiso nokuxhatshazwa kwabo kwakuqatha yaye kugqith’ emgceni, kubalela aba baqhankqalazi ukuba bangabonisi, bapapashe baze basebenze, inkoliso yabo eya elubhacweni eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe njengenyathelo eliqatha.
Eso yaba sisiphelo sexesha lentetho yesiJamani, eyathi yafa ngozwilakhe lwamaNazi kwaye yayinoxanduva lokubhala amagcisa amaninzi elo xesha, kuquka uPablo Picasso, uPaul Klee, uFranz Marc, uErnst Ludwig Kirchner, uEdvard Munch, uHenri Matisse, uVincent. van Gogh noPaul Gauguin, njengamagcisa adodobalisayo, basusa imisebenzi yabo yobugcisa yokubonakalisa kwiimyuziyam kwaye beyihlutha kakubi.
Nangona kunjalo, i-expressionism iqhubekile ikhuthaza kwaye iphila kumagcisa amva kunye neentshukumo zobugcisa. Ngokomzekelo, i-Abstract Expressionism yaphuhliswa njengentshukumo enkulu ye-avant-garde emva kwemfazwe yaseMelika kwiminyaka ye-1940 kunye ne-1950. La magcisa ayeyiphepha i-figuration kwaye endaweni yoko ahlola umbala, i-brushwork gestural, kunye nokuzenzekelayo kubugcisa bakhe.
Kamva, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-XNUMXs nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-XNUMX, i-neo-expressionism yaqala ukukhula njengempendulo echasene nengqiqo kunye nobugcisa obuncinci bexesha.
I-Neo-Expressionists izoba kakhulu kwii-exponents ze-German Expressionism ezazizandulela kwaye zihlala zibonelela ngezifundo ngokukrwada ngebrashi ecacileyo kunye nombala ogqame. Awona magcisa abalaseleyo kule ntshukumo abandakanya uJean-Michel Basquiat, u-Anselm Kiefer, uJulian Schnabel, u-Eric Fischl, kunye noDavid Salle.
Ehlabathini
I-Expressionism ligama elintsonkothileyo nelibanzi nelithetha izinto ezahlukeneyo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Noko ke, xa sithetha ngobugcisa obubonisa indlela yokuthetha, abaninzi baphethulela ingqalelo yabo kutyekelo lobugcisa olwavela ngenxa yempembelelo ephawulekayo eFransi okanye kwintlangano ebonisa ukukhanya eJamani naseOstriya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Eli gama linwebeka kangangokuba liyakwazi ukuhlalisa amagcisa ukusuka kuVincent van Gogh ukuya e-Egon Schiele naseWassily Kandinsky, ebonisa ngeendlela ezithile kwilizwe ngalinye.
intetho yesiFrentshi
EFransi, amagcisa aphambili ahlala edityaniswa ne-expressionism yayinguVincent van Gogh, uPaul Gauguin, noHenri Matisse. Nangona uVan Gogh kunye noGauguin babesebenza kwiminyaka engaphambi kwento ethathwa njengelona xesha liphambili lokuchazwa (1905-1920), ngokuqinisekileyo banokuthathwa njengegcisa lokubonisa, ababepeyinta ihlabathi elibangqongileyo kungekhona nje njengoko kubonakala, kodwa ngokunzulu. amava omntu aphathekayo.
UMatisse, uVan Gogh, kunye noGauguin basebenzisa imibala ecacileyo kunye nezitayile zebrashi ukubonisa iimvakalelo kunye namava, besuka kwimizobo yokwenene yezifundo zabo kwaye bagxininise kwindlela abaziva ngayo nabacinga ngayo.
intetho yesiJamani
EJamani, i-expressionism inxulumene ngakumbi namaqela e-Brücke kunye ne-Der Blaue Reiter njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla. Intshukumo yaseJamani yokucacisa yaphenjelelwa yimfihlakalo, amaXesha Aphakathi, ixesha lamandulo, kunye nentanda-bulumko kaFriedrich Nietzsche, owayeneembono ezazidume kakhulu kwaye zinempembelelo ngelo xesha.
I-Der Brücke yasekwa eDresden ngo-1905 njengengqokelela ye-bohemian yamagcisa abonisa ukuchasa ulungelelwaniso lwentlalo yoohlohlesakhe eJamani. Amalungu amane awasekayo yayinguErnst Ludwig Kirchner, uFritz Bleyl, uErich Heckel, noKarl Schmidt-Rottluff, akukho namnye kubo oye wafumana imfundo esesikweni yobugcisa.
Bakhetha igama layo, iDer Brücke, ukuchaza umnqweno wabo wokwakha ibhulorho phakathi kwexesha elidlulileyo nelikhoyo. Eli gama liphefumlelwe yisicatshulwa esisuka kuNjalo Sathetha iZarathustra nguFriedrich Nietzsche. Amagcisa azame ukubaleka ubomi obufunxayo bale mihla abakumgangatho ophakathi ngokuphonononga ukusetyenziswa kombala ngokungqongqo, indlela ethe ngqo nelula yokwenza, kunye nokwabelana ngesondo okukhululekileyo emsebenzini wabo.
UDer Blaue Reiter yasekwa ngo-1911 nguWassily Kandinsky kunye noFranz Marc kwaye bajongana nokukhula okukhulayo abakufumanayo ngenxa yokuphucuka kwehlabathi, bafuna ukudlula i-dindane ngokulandela ixabiso lomoya lobugcisa.
Ukongezelela, injongo yakhe yayikukuphula imida kunye nokuxuba ubugcisa babantwana, ubugcisa bomntu kunye ne-ethnography. Igama elithi Der Blaue Reiter linxulumene nomxholo ophindaphindiweyo woMkhweli weHashe ukusuka kwixesha likaKandinsky eMunich, kunye nothando lukaKandinsky noMarc lombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kubo babeneempawu zokomoya. Abaculi abakhulu abanxulumene noDer Blaue Reiter nguKandinsky, uMarc, uKlee, uMünter, uJawlensky, uWerefkin, kunye noMacke.
i-austria expressionism
U-Egon Schiele kunye no-Oskar Kokoschka ngabona babalaseleyo kwi-Austrian Expressionism kwaye baphenjelelwa ngakumbi ngumanduleli wabo uGustav Klimt, owayebandakanyeka ekusunguleni imisebenzi yabo, ngemiboniso awayidalayo ebonisa awona bugcisa bubalaseleyo baseAustria.
Omabini amagcisa amagcisa ahlala kwisixeko esiphikisanayo saseVienna ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kunye nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, apho ingcinezelo yokuziphatha kunye nokuhanahanisa ngokwesondo kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni intetho.
USchiele noKokoschka bakuphepha oko babekubona njengobuxoki nohanahaniso lokuziphatha baza bachaza imixholo enjengokufa, ugonyamelo, ulangazelelo nesini. U-Kokoschka waziwa ngemifanekiso yakhe kunye nokukwazi kwakhe ukuveza ubunjani bangaphakathi kwizifundo zakhe kunye no-Schiele ngemifanekiso yakhe ecacileyo, ephantse ibe yinkohlakalo enyanisekileyo yesini, eyayibonwa njengento ekude kwaye iphelelwe lithemba.
i-norwegian expressionism
Omnye umzobi obalulekileyo welo xesha owayenempembelelo enkulu kwi-expressionist yaseJamani kunye ne-Austrian yayiyi-Norwegian Edvard Munch, eyaziwa kakhulu e-Vienna ngemiboniso ye-Secession kunye ne-Kunstschau kwi-1909.
Wayegqalwa njengoyena mmeli uphakamileyo welizwe lakhe kule ntshukumo kunye nomanduleli ophambili kuyo. Inxulunyaniswe ngokusondeleyo nesimboli, iMunch idume kakhulu ngoMkhwazo, lo mzobo womzobo kwibhulorho, ilanga litshona emva kwakhe kwaye libonakala likhupha igazi, isikhalo esibi, ebonisa umoya wokungaphumli womzobi.
I-Iconic Expressionist Artworks
Njengakwezinye iintshukumo zobugcisa, i-expressionism inamanani ayo abalulekileyo aphawulwe ngaphambili nasemva kwexesha lawo, isenza iisampulu zobugcisa ezizodwa nezingafiyo, ezinje ngale zichazwe ngezantsi:
Isikhalo nguEdvard Munch (1893)
Olu luhlu lwemizobo eyaziwa ngokuba yiThe Scream (Skrik) luphefumlelwe ngamava okwethutyana ukuba umdali walo u-E. Munch wayenawo ngoxa wayeseFransi, eyona idumileyo ngoku ifumaneka kwi-National Gallery yaseNorway kwaye yagqitywa ngo-1893. Ngamazwi akhe:
Ndandihamba endleleni nabahlobo ababini. Ilanga laqalisa ukutshona. Ndaziva ndingathi ndinomsindo. Ngequbuliso, isibhakabhaka sajika sababomvu ligazi. Ndema, ndoyama kwi-railing, ndifile ndidiniwe, ndajonga amafu avuthayo ajinga njengegazi kunye nekrele phezu kwefjord emnyama-blue kunye nesixeko.
Abahlobo bam baqhubeka behamba. Ndema apho ndingcangcazela kukoyika. Kwaye ndeva isikhalo esinamandla nesingenasiphelo singena kwindalo. Ukuvakalisa, u-Ashley Bassie, iphe.69
Umzobo udlulisela uloyiko, ukuphelelwa lithemba, isikhalo sawo siwujikeleze ngokupheleleyo kwaye sityhutyha kuzo zombini iindawo ezisingqongileyo kunye neengqondo zabo bawujongayo. Kwisitayela sokubonisa, umzobo wenziwa kwioli, i-tempera kunye ne-pastel kwikhadibhodi, kunye nobukhulu be-91 x 74 centimeters.
UDer Blaue Reiter nguWassily Kandinsky (1903)
I-Der Blaue Reiter okanye iBlue Rider yenye yezinto zokuqala zokuchaza imisebenzi kaKandinsky enconywayo ngokuphathwa okumangalisayo kombala kunye nokukhanya, ithathwa njengebhulorho phakathi kwe-post-impressionism kunye ne-expressionism. Ibonisa umkhweli wehashe onxibe impahla eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ephalala emasimini. Igama lalo msebenzi likwasetyenziswa njengegama leqela lamagcisa abonisayo, elasekwa ngo-1911 ngumbhali walo kunye noFranz Marc.
I-Blue Rider mhlawumbi ngowona mboniso ubalulekileyo weKandinsky wenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ngaphambi kokuba aphuhlise ngokupheleleyo isitayile sakhe esingabonakaliyo. Umzobo ubonisa umkhweli onxibe ibhulowu, ekhwele kumdaka oluhlaza.
Ukutsalwa komzobo kukwenza ngabom kwaye kukhokelela kwiithiyori ezininzi zobugcisa ukuba baphinde baveze umboniso wabo wobuqu kumzobo, apho abanye bade babona umntwana ebambe iingalo zomkhweli oluhlaza. Ukuvumela ababukeli ukuba bazibandakanye kumzobo yayiyindlela umzobi awayeyisebenzisa rhoqo nangempumelelo kwimisebenzi yakhe yamva, eyaye yabonakala ingabonakali ngakumbi njengoko umsebenzi wakhe wawuqhubela phambili.
I-Blue Horses nguFranz Marc (1911)
UFranz Marc wayengomnye wamalungu aseka iDer Blaue Reiter, igcisa elathi kwabaninzi lanika intsingiselo yeemvakalelo nangokwengqondo kwimibala awayeyisebenzisa kumsebenzi wakhe, evelisa imisebenzi enemibala emihle nobutyebi.
I-Blue yayisetyenziswa nguye rhoqo, ngokukodwa ukumela ubudoda kunye nokomoya, wayenomdla kwizilwanyana kunye nehlabathi labo elingaphakathi, eziphatha ngendlela enzulu ngokweemvakalelo.
Uhleli uMfazi onemilenze ephakanyisiweyo (1917) nguEgon Schiele
U-Egon Schiele wapeyinta umfazi wakhe u-Edith Harms ngo-1917, embonisa ehleli phantsi, ebeke isidlele sakhe edolweni lakhe lasekhohlo. Iinwele zakhe ezibomvu ezinomlilo zahluke ngokuphawulekayo kunye nombala oluhlaza wehempe yakhe, zithathwa njengomfanekiso okhaliphileyo nobonisa ingcebiso, echazwe kakuhle kwaye enobunkunkqele bexesha elibi. Umbhali wale watercolor ubonakaliswe ngokuba ne-eroticism njengenye yemixholo ephambili kumsebenzi wakhe.
oovulindlela be-expressionism
Nangona abaninzi abachwephesha bentsimi bathi akukho ndawo apho i-Expressionism yaphunyezwa ngcono kunaseJamani, ngexesha leshumi leminyaka elikhokelela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I amaninzi amagcisa adala imifanekiso engalibalekiyo kunye noovulindlela be-Expressionism, ekhunjulwa njalo de kube yimihla yethu:
UVan Gogh (1853-90)
Lo mzobi ubalaseleyo uquka i-expressionism, eneentlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi ye-autobiographical, exelela umbukeli iingcamango zakhe, iimvakalelo kunye nangaphezulu kwayo yonke ibhalansi yakhe yengqondo, ngokuqulunqwa, imibala kunye ne-brushstroke nganye. Imizobo yakhe yayiyimbonakaliso yeemvakalelo zakhe ngelixa wayeyenza kwaye ukusukela ngoko, kukho amagcisa ambalwa alinganayo okanye asondela kukuqina kunye nemvelaphi yakhe, ngokwendlela yokuzibonakalisa.
Wazalelwa kwintsapho enokholo kakhulu, uyise wayengumfundisi wamaProtestanti, ukususela emncinci wabonisa italente ebukhali yokuzoba, kodwa akuzange kube kamva, malunga neminyaka engama-27 ubudala, ekugqibeleni walulandela ubizo lwakhe lokwenyani njengomfundisi. igcisa.
Ngo-1878, walubonakalisa ubizo lwakhe njengomfundisi, waqalisa ukufunda i-theology, kodwa akazange aphumelele ngenxa yokuzimisela kwakhe okungaqondakaliyo ukulandela emanyathelweni kaKristu. Umnqweno wakhe wokusindisa imiphefumlo nokunceda amahlwempu wamkhokelela ekubeni asebenze njengomvangeli kwenye yezona ndawo zihlwempuzekileyo zemigodi eBelgium, apho wagxothwa khona ngowe-1880.
Ngelo xesha wagqiba ekubeni abe ngumzobi, umsebenzi owaqala ngenkxaso yokuziphatha kunye nemali yomntakwabo uTheo, owagcina imbalelwano eqhubekayo ubomi bakhe bonke. Imithombo yakhe ephambili yokuphefumlelwa yayizicatshulwa ezivela eBhayibhileni kunye nemisebenzi ka-Émile Zola, uVictor Hugo noCharles Dickens, kunye nemizobo ka-Honoré Daumier kwaye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ubunyani bukaJean-Francois Mijo. Waqala ubomi bakhe bokusebenza njengomsebenzi weGoupil Art Gallery.
UVan Gogh weva intlungu kunye nosizi, oluvezwe lihlabathi awayelithanda kakhulu kodwa akazange acinge ukuba ufumene okufanayo. Njengendlela yokusabela kule mvakalelo iqhubekayo, wasebenzisa ubugcisa ukwenza ihlabathi lakhe, apho kungayi kubakho ukuswela umbala kunye nokuhamba, apho atyhila zonke iimvakalelo zakhe, waba ngomnye wabazobi ababalaseleyo benkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Indlela yakhe ekhethekileyo yokupeyinta imbonakalo inokubonwa kwiMyuziyam yaseVan Gogh eAmsterdam kunye neMyuziyam yaseKroller-Muller eOtterlo.
UPaul Gauguin (1848-1903)
Ukuba uVan Gogh ugqwethekile uhlobo kunye nombala ukuhambisa iimvakalelo zakhe zangaphakathi, lo mculi waseFransi wayethembele kumbala ngokuyinhloko ukubonisa iimvakalelo zakhe. Kwakhona wasebenzisa isimboli, kodwa ngumbala wakhe kwipeyinti owamenza wahluke ngokwenene. Wazalelwa eParis ngexesha le-1848 revolution, wayengunyana wentatheli yenkululeko, owabalekela elubhacweni emva kobhukuqo-mbuso luka-1851, ethatha usapho lwakhe kunye naye.
Noko ke, wafela endleleni, ePanama, njengoko intsapho yakowabo yayisiya eLima, ePeru, apho yazinyamekela khona kangangeminyaka emine. Unina kaGauguin wayeyintombi yombhali we-socialist waseFransi kunye nomlweli we-activist uFlora Tristán, nangona ookhokho bakhe babezizikhulu zasePeruvia.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba uGauguin osemncinci waphawulwa ukususela ebuntwaneni ngomoya ocinga kunye nomesiya wesangqa sentsapho yakhe, ebonisa kulo lonke umsebenzi wakhe ukuba imibala kunye nemifanekiso yasePeru iya kuba nefuthe elinamandla. Ngeminyaka eyi-7, intsapho yabuyela eFransi yaza yafudukela e-Orleans ukuze ihlale notatomkhulu wakhe. Ebutsheni bakhe wasebenza njengomqhubi wenqwelomoya oqeqeshelwa umsebenzi kumkhosi wenqanawa wabarhwebi, ehamba ngesikhephe phakathi koMzantsi Melika kunye neScandinavia, eParis kwaye ekhuthazwe nguthixo wakhe, waqala umsebenzi onempumelelo kakhulu kunye nomthengisi wamasheya uBertin.
Kodwa uGauguin wayenomdla kubugcisa ukususela ebuntwaneni kwaye ngexesha lakhe lokuphumla waqala ukupenda. Uthixo wakhe, uArosa, wayeyinto yomqokeleli wobugcisa kunye nomzekelo wakhe kunye nobuhlobo obabusungulwa nguGauguin kunye ne-Impressionist uCamille Pissarro wakhuthaza lo mntu unomdla ukuba atyelele iigalari zobugcisa kwaye athenge imisebenzi yabaculi abasakhasayo, kuquka nemizobo emininzi ye-Impressionist.
Watyelela umboniso ngoku odumileyo we-Impressionist ngowe-1874 eParis yaye wakhuthazwa kangangokuba wagqiba kwelokuba abe ligcisa lexesha elizeleyo, ngoko waqalisa ukupeyinta nokukrola njengengcungela. Wasebenza noBouillot kwaye wapeyinta ngendlela yeBonvin kunye neLepine. Ngowe-1876 wabonisa umzobo kwiSalon.
Waphenjelelwa ngokukhethekileyo nguPissarro, owamnceda ekuqaleni kwakhe njengomdwebi kwaye wamkhuthaza ukuba afune uhlobo oluhambelana nomoya wakhe. UPissarro wamazisa kuCézanne kwaye wachukunyiswa yindlela yakhe kangangokuba uCézanne waqala ukoyika ukuba uya kuba iimbono zakhe.
Amadoda amathathu asebenza kunye ixesha elithile ePontoise, kodwa njengoko ubugcisa bakhe buqhubela phambili, uGauguin wagqiba ekubeni ahambe kwi-studio yakhe waza wathatha inxaxheba kwimiboniso ye-Impressionist ye-1881 kunye ne-1882. Ukuphumelela kwabo kunye nengxaki yemali kwabangela ukuba ashiye umsebenzi wakhe. ishishini ngo-1883 ukugxila ngokupheleleyo ekupeyinteni.
Waya kuhlala ePont-Aven eBrittany ngo-1885 apho wakha khona isimbo esitsha, njengoko wayengonelisekanga yimida ye-Impressionism kwaye efuna ukubonisa isimo sangaphakathi kunenkangeleko engaphezulu.
Esi sitayela sitsha sasifuna ukusebenza ngakumbi kwinkumbulo kunye nemifanekiso yangaphakathi, kunokuba ivela kwindalo, ukwaphulwa kwethiyori ye-impressionist. Oku kwaba lolona tshintsho lubalaseleyo lukaGauguin kunye negalelo lokupeyinta ubugcisa obucokisekileyo, esebenzisa umbala ocacileyo wephalethi ukubonisa iimvakalelo kunokubonakalisa ithoni yendalo. Ukongeza kwi-Expressionism, naye waba nefuthe kuphuhliso lweSynthetism kunye neCloisonnism ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe ePont-Aven.
U-Edward Munch (1863-1944)
Omnye uvulindlela obalaseleyo wokubonisa imbonakalo yaba yipeyinti enomsindo kunye neneurotic yaseNorwegian kunye nomshicileli owathi, nangona wayenamanxeba amakhulu ngokweemvakalelo kubomi bakhe bokuqala, wakwazi ukuphila kakuhle ukuya kwiminyaka yakhe yama-80s. Phantse yonke eyona mifanekiso yakhe ibalaseleyo yapeyintwa ngaphambi kokuphazamiseka kwakhe kwimithambo-luvo ngo-1908.
Uzalelwe eLoten, eNorway, unyana kagqirha, wayenobomi obuzele ngamaxesha anzima. Xa umzobi wayeneminyaka emihlanu ubudala, umama wakhe wabulawa sisifo sephepha, isifo apho udade wakhe omdala naye wabulawa kwiminyaka embalwa kamva.
Ezi ziganeko zangaphambili zibuhlungu zenza ukufa kwaba yinxalenye yobugcisa bakhe kamva. Inkumbulo yomzimba ofayo ngokuchasene nomqamelo, ecaleni kwebhedi isibane esiluzizi kunye neglasi engaphiliyo yamanzi kunye notata onegunya owaphinda ngokungenasiphelo kubantwana bakhe ukuba xa bonile, baya kugwetyelwa esihogweni ngaphandle kwenceba, bamkhapha iminyaka emininzi..
Ngale meko nanjengoko kwakulindelwe, intsapho yabandezeleka kakhulu. Omnye woodade abancinci kwafunyaniswa ukuba unesifo sengqondo esemncinci kwaye uMunch naye wayeziva egula. Kubantakwabo abahlanu, mnye kuphela owayetshatile, kodwa wafa kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva komtshato.
Ngo-1881 uMunch wajoyina iRoyal School of Art kunye noYilo eKristianind kwaye wathatha izifundo zokubonisa kunye nokuzoba. Ootitshala bakhe kunye neempembelelo zakuqala yayingumdwebi waseNorway uJulius Middelthun kunye nomzobi wendalo, umbhali kunye nentatheli uChristian Krohg.
Nangona uMunch wapeyinta izifundo zemveli kubomi bakhe bomfundi, wakhawuleza wafumanisa eyakhe indlela eyahlukileyo. Ngo-1882 waqesha esakhe isitudiyo kunye neqela lamanye amagcisa kwaye nangona kungekho mininzi imisebenzi yakhe eseleyo ukusuka kweli xesha, ezaziwayo zixatyiswe kakhulu, umzekelo lowo ubizwa ngokuba yiMorning (1884).
Lo mzobi ushiye wonke umsebenzi wakhe kwisixeko sase-Oslo, ingqokelela eyenziwe ngemizobo engaphezulu kwewaka, imizobo yamawaka alishumi elinesihlanu kunye namawaka amane emizobo kunye nemibala yamanzi. Ngo-1963, iMunch-Museet, imyuziyam egcina wonke umsebenzi wakhe, yavulwa e-Oslo kwaye waba ligcisa lokuqala laseNtshona ukubonisa imizobo yakhe kwiGalari yeSizwe eBeijing.
Ngo-2004, eminye yemizobo edumileyo kaMunch, ethi The Scream and The Virgin, yabiwa kwiMyuziyam ngabaphangi abaxhobileyo, kodwa yafunyanwa ngamapolisa kwiminyaka embalwa kamva. Ukongeza kwiMunch-Museum kunye neNational Gallery yoBugcisa e-Oslo, uninzi lwemizobo yakhe kunye neprinta ziboniswa kwezona museum zobugcisa zibalaseleyo eYurophu.
UFerdinand Hodler (1853-1918)
Ingcaphephe ebalaseleyo yobugcisa bokuchaza, umzobi weSwiss Symbolist uFerdinand Hodler wazalelwa eBern ngo-1853 kwintsapho eyayithwaxwa bubuhlwempu. Uyise wayengumenzi wekhabhinethi kwaye xa umama wakhe wasweleka waphinda watshata nomzobi kunye nomhombisi, owamenza wafunda umsebenzi wakhe, emva koko wathunyelwa eThun ukuba asebenze negcisa lasekhaya. Ubuchule bakhe bokuqala yayiyipeyinti yendalo eqhelekileyo, iimbono ezintle zealpine, awathi wayithengisa kubakhenkethi.
Xa wayeneminyaka eyi-18, wagqiba ekubeni atshintshe indawo yakhe yokuhlala waya eGeneva, isixeko awayeza kuchitha kuso uninzi lobomi bakhe obudala nalapho waqala khona ukwenza umsebenzi ocothayo njengegcisa eliqeqeshiweyo. Ekugqibeleni, abazali bakaFerdinand Hodler kunye nabantakwabo bafa ngenxa yezifo, iimeko ezazinempembelelo ephawulekayo kubomi bomculi kunye nomsebenzi, ebonisa ubuhlobo bakhe obusondeleyo nokufa kwimisebenzi yakhe.
UJames Ensor (1860-1949)
UPainter ozalelwe e-Ostend, eBelgium, unyana wabarhwebi abancinci owaziva ethanda ubugcisa kwasebuncinaneni bakhe. Abazali bakhe babenevenkile emarikeni apho kwakunikelwa khona izinto eziyizikhumbuzo kubakhenkethi, ezinje ngeemaski zecarnival neemaski, iifeni, iiseramikhi, izinto zokudlala kunye nezinto ezinomdla. Iimaski zecarnival ezigqithisileyo kunye nezinto zakudala ezathi kamva zasetyenziswa ngu-Ensor kwimidlalo yakhe yayiyinto eqhelekileyo kumaqela asekuhlaleni kunye neparade ngoLwesibini weShrove.
Xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu kuphela ubudala, waqala imfundo yakhe kwezobugcisa kunye nabanye abachasi basekuhlaleni, wafunda nakwiRoyal Academy of Fine Arts eBrussels, apho wadibana khona noFernand Khnopff malunga no-1877. Wabonisa umsebenzi okokuqala ngo-1881, kamva wabuyela kwikhaya lakhe apho wayehlala khona de kwaba ngu-1917, endlwini kayise. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala iveza isitayile sakudala nesimnyama, njengoko sinokubonwa kuMculo waseRussia, uMbhexeshi kunye nabanxilayo.
Ngowe-1887 i-palette yakhe yakhanya ngokuphawulekayo, utshintsho olwangqamana nokufa kukayise olikhoboka lotywala, izifundo zakhe zaba ngathi zi-surreal, zikhetha ukupeyinta i-carnivals, iimaski, i-skeletons kunye noonopopi, ngokuqhelekileyo benxityiswa izinxibo ezinemibala eqaqambileyo necacileyo.
Imisebenzi kaJames Ensor yaba nefuthe kwintshukumo yeDadaist kunye neSurrealism, ngakumbi umsebenzi kaJean Dubuffet. Kunyaka wama-2009, iMyuziyam yoBugcisa banamhlanje eNew York eyaziwa ngokuba yi-MoMA yaququzelela ukujongwa okuphambili komsebenzi wakhe. Namhlanje imizobo yakhe inokubonwa kwezinye zeemyuziyam ezilungileyo kakhulu kwihlabathi, ngakumbi kwiMyuziyam yoBugcisa obuLungileyo eAntwerp.
Ukuchazwa kobunye ubugcisa
I-Expressionism yayiyintshukumo yenkcubeko eyaqala eJamani ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yaza yafikelela incopho yayo ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Nangona i-expressionism yayixatyiswa kakhulu ekupeyinteni, yabonakaliswa nakwamanye amacandelo afana noncwadi, i-cinema, umculo, i-sculpture, ifoto, i-architecture, phakathi kwezinye.
ukubonakaliswa kumculo
Ngelixa abanye behlela umqambi u-Arnold Schoenberg njenge-expressionist ngenxa yegalelo lakhe kwialmanac der Blaue Reiter, ukubonakaliswa komculo kubonakala ngathi kufumene indawo yayo yendalo kwi-opera. Phakathi kwemizekelo yokuqala yaloo mibhalo-ngqangi yayiyimiboniso emikhulu kaPaul Hindemith yedrama kaKokoschka, uMörder, Hoffnung der Frauen (Umbulali, Ithemba Labasetyhini) (1919) kunye neSancta Susanna (1922) ka-August Stramm eyayixubusha ngombandela wesini.
Nangona kunjalo, ezona operas ziphawuleka kakhulu zimbini ngu-Alban Berg: Wozzeck, owadlalwa ngo-1925 kunye no-Lulu, awazange aqhutywe ngokupheleleyo de kwangowe-1979, zombini ngokuthanda okunzulu kunye nophawu lwedrama.
Ukubonakaliswa kwefilimu
Iphenjelelwe kakhulu bubugcisa beqonga lokubonisa, amagcisa amaninzi ajonge ukuhambisa kwifilimu, ngokuhombisa, imeko yengqondo yomlinganiswa oyintloko. Eyona idumileyo kwezi filimu nguRobert Wiene, IKhabhinethi kaGqirha Caligari (1920), apho igeza libalisa imbono yalo kunye nembono yalo ngendlela elifike ngayo kwindawo yokhuseleko. Izitrato ezingalunganga kunye nezakhiwo eziseti ziluqikelelo lwendalo yazo yonke kwaye abanye abalinganiswa bakhutshiwe ngokwenziwa kunye nempahla kwiisimboli ezibonakalayo.
Yifilimu apho ukoyikeka, ukoyikeka, ukuxhalaba kunye nedrama zivuselelwa, ukukhanyiswa kwethunzi kunye neendibano ezingaqhelekanga zaba yimodeli yesitayile semiboniso bhanyabhanya yabalawuli abaliqela baseJamani.
Inguqulelo kaPaul Wegener ye Golem (1920), ngu F. W. Murnau nge Nosferatu: I-Symphony ye-Horror (1922) kunye noFritz Lang kunye nemveliso ethuleyo ethi Metropolis (1927), phakathi kwezinye iifilimu, babonisa imibono engathandekiyo yokuwohloka kwentlalontle okanye baphonononge ububini obubi bendalo yomntu kunye namandla abo obubi bomntu.
Ukubonakaliswa kumzobo oqingqiweyo
Kumzobo wawubandakanya ubukhulu becala utshintsho olukhulu kwindlela umzobo wesintu owawusenziwa ngayo, kunokuba usetyenziswe ngendlela ethile kunye nesimbo esifanayo. Indlela yokuthetha yayisaziwa nakwimizobo eqingqiweyo, kunye neengcali eziphawulekayo ngumkroli wamaplanga u-Ernst Barlach noWilhelm Lehmbruck. Malunga nowe-1920 oku kwavela ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na into kwi-abstractionism, kukhangelo lwenkululeko yeefom eziya kubonelela ngokuzeleyo kwimbonakalo yobugcisa.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwintetho engabonakaliyo, abakroli abaninzi babeyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yentshukumo, kuquka uDavid Smith, uDorothy Dehner, uHerbert Ferber, u-Isamu Noguchi, u-Ibram Lassaw, uTheodore Roszak, uPhilip Pavia, uMary Callery, uRichard Stankiewicz, uLouise Bourgeois noLouise. Nevelson, ukwathathelwe ingqalelo ngamalungu abalulekileyo ombutho.
Njengomzobo we-abstract expressionist, umsebenzi oqingqiweyo wentshukumo waphenjelelwa kakhulu yi-surrealism kunye nokugxininisa kwindalo ezenzekelayo okanye engaphantsi kwengqondo. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo we-Abstract expressionist wawunomdla ngakumbi kwinkqubo kunemveliso, enokwenza kube nzima ukwahlula ngokubonakalayo imisebenzi ye-aesthetics yodwa, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukuba igcisa lithini malunga nenkqubo yabo.
Umzekelo yimifanekiso eqingqiweyo kaDavid Smith, owayezama ukuchaza izifundo ezine-dimensional ezimbini ebezingekacaciswanga ngokwemilinganiselo emithathu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Imisebenzi yakhe kunokuthiwa imfiliba imida phakathi komzobo kunye nokupeyinta, ihlala isebenzisa umkhondo omnandi kunye nocokisekileyo kuneendlela eziqinileyo, kunye nenkangeleko emacala mabini eyaphule ingcamango yemveli yomfanekiso oqingqiweyo kumjikelo.
i-expressionism kuncwadi
Ukuchazwa kwenkcazelo kuncwadi kwavela njengentsabelo entsha echasene nokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo, impumelelo yoohlohlesakhe abangakhathaliyo, ulawulo losapho phakathi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I yaseYurophu, kunye noomatshini okhawulezayo kunye nokufudukela ezidolophini.
Yayiyeyona ntshukumo iphambili yoncwadi eJamani ngexesha nasemva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Ababhali be-Expressionist bazama ukuhambisa izimvo zabo kunye noqhanqalazo lwentlalo ngokusebenzisa isimbo esitsha.
Inkxalabo yabo yayingeenyaniso ngokubanzi kuneemeko ezithile, baye baphonononga kwimisebenzi yabo ubunzima beentlobo zemiqondiso emeleyo kunokuba baphuhlise ngokupheleleyo abalinganiswa ababodwa.
Ugxininiso lwalungekho kwihlabathi langaphandle, elichazwe nje kwaye lingacaciswanga kwindawo okanye ngexesha, kodwa ngaphakathi, kwimeko yengqondo yomntu, yiyo loo nto, kwidrama yokubonisa, umdla usekukhukuliseni iimvakalelo.
Umlinganiswa ophambili kumsebenzi wokuchaza uhlala evakalisa usizi lwakhe kwiimonologues ezinde ezichazwe ngolwimi olugxininisiweyo, oluyi-elliptical, kunye nolufutshane oluphonononga imeko yokomoya yolutsha, ukuvukela kwabo isizukulwana esidala, kunye nezisombululo ezahlukeneyo zezopolitiko okanye zenguqu ezikhoyo. babefuna. Uphuhliso lwangaphakathi lomlinganiswa ophambili luphononongwa ngothotho lweetafile eziqhagamshelwe ngokukhululekileyo, apho avukela khona amaxabiso emveli kwaye afune umbono wokomoya ophezulu wobomi.
UAugust Strindberg noFrank Wedekind babengamanduleli aphawulekayo kumdlalo weqonga, kodwa umsebenzi wokuqala owaziwayo wokuchaza intetho nguReinhard Johannes Sorge, UDer Bettler ( The Beggar ), eyabhalwa ngowe-1912 yaza yaqala ukwenziwa ngowe-1917. Abanye ababhali bemidlalo yeqonga abaphambili kulo mbutho yayinguGeorg Kaiser, uErnst Toller, uPaul Kornfeld, uFritz von Unruh, uWalter Hasenclever noReinhard Goering, bonke babengamaJamani.
Isimbo sokuthetha kwisihobe savela kunye nomlinganiso waso omangalisayo, kwisimbo esifanayo esingabhekiseliyo kunye nokuphonononga iingoma eziphakamileyo nezimangalisayo, ezifana neculo. Le mibongo eyenziwe lula, isebenzisa inani elikhulu lezibizo, izichazi ezithile kunye nezenzi ezingapheliyo, iguqule ibali kunye nenkcazo izama ukufikelela kumongo wemvakalelo.
Phakathi kwezona mbongi zinempembelelo kakhulu ngamaJamani uGeorg Heym, uErnst Stadler, uAugust Stramm, uGottfried Benn, uGeorg Trakl noElse Lasker-Schüler, kunye nembongi yaseCzech uFranz Werfel. Owona mxholo ujongwe kakhulu kwiindinyana ezichazayo ibikukunkwantya kobomi basezidolophini kunye nemibono engevayo yokuwohloka kwempucuko.
Ezinye iimbongi zazingenathemba kakhulu kwaye zinento yokwenza nezithethe zoohlohlesakhe, ngelixa ezinye zazizixhalabele ngakumbi uhlaziyo lwezopolitiko nezentlalo, zivakalisa ngokuphandle ithemba lenguquko ezayo. Ngaphandle kweJamani, ababhali bemidlalo yeqonga abasebenzisa ubuchule bokuchaza baquka ababhali baseMelika u-Eugene O'Neill no-Elmer Rice.
i-expressionism kwi-architecture
Uyilo lwe-Expressionist lwayilwa kwaye lwenzelwe ukuvuselela iimvakalelo ezigqithisileyo kunye neemvakalelo. Izakhiwo ezidalwe ngolu hlobo zenze inkcazo ngelo xesha kwaye zivelele kwizakhiwo ezijikelezileyo.
Abayili bezakhiwo bahlala besebenzisa iimilo ezingaqhelekanga, ezigqwethekileyo kwaye badibanisa ubuchule bokwakha bokuqala, besebenzisa izinto ezifana nezitena, intsimbi kunye neglasi. Abanye baphumelele impumelelo enkulu kwaye bagqama ngexesha labo, apho sinokukhankanya uWalter Gropius kunye noBruno Taut, abayila izakhiwo ezibonisa indlela yokuthetha.
Ngelishwa, uninzi lwezakhiwo zange zakhiwe kwaye zikhona ephepheni kuphela. Kwezo zikwaziyo ukuzambathisa, ezinye zezexeshana kwaye ezinye azizange zisinde ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nangona kunjalo, imizekelo emininzi emangalisayo yoyilo lwe-expressionist ingabonwa namhlanje, ngakumbi eJamani.
Izimbo eziphefumlelweyo zokuvakalisa
Indlela yokuthetha yayingeyondlela ifanayo okanye intshukumo, njengoko yayidibanisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezitayile yaza yavelisa okanye yaphembelela abanye abaninzi, ngokunjalo neentshukumo ezibaluleke kakhulu kubugcisa nenkcubeko.
Abstract Expressionism
Njengoko iNew York ithathela indawo iParis njengeyona nto iphambili kubugcisa banamhlanje, isitayile se-expressionist saphinda sazalwa njengembonakalo engabonakaliyo ekuqaleni koo-XNUMX.
EUnited States, ifumene amandla kunye nababizwa ngokuba ngabapeyinti bezenzo ezikhokelwa nguJackson Pollock kunye noWillem De Kooning kunye nabadwebi bebala lombala njengoMark Rothko, uBarnett Newman kunye noClyfford Still. Kakhulu ngakumbi kune-expressionist, esi sikolo sitsha sasinonxibelelwano olubambekayo oluncinci kwisitayile sokuthetha senkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
isafobe
Nangona emva kwemfazwe ubugcisa baseMelika naseYurophu babulawulwa kukungathabathi cala, ukubonakaliswa kokumelwa kwakusathandwa eOstreliya ngeminyaka yee-1940 kunye nee-1950, njengoko kuboniswa yimisebenzi yamagcisa anjengoRussell Drysdale kunye noSidney Nolan.
Inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nehlabathi leNordic kunye neJamani, elineengcambu kwihlabathi lamandulo lesizwe saseJamani kunye nentshukumo yothando yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Zama ukumela inyaniso ngembono eyahlukileyo kunye neyomntu
i-neo-expressionism
Imvuselelo yokugqibela yombutho wokuvakalisa izimvo yenzeka ngeminyaka yoo-1970 eUnited States, eGreat Britain, eJamani, eItali naseFransi, phantsi kwegama elithi neo-expressionism. Ibonwa ikakhulu njengempendulo kubuncinci kunye nobugcisa bengcinga yee-XNUMXs, iingcali zayo eziphambili zibandakanya:
- UPhilip Guston kunye noJulian Schnabel (eMelika)
- UPaula Rego kunye noChristopher Le Brun (eGreat Britain)
- Isikolo se-neo-expressionist eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Neue Wilden (iiFauves eziNtsha) ezibandakanya: uGeorg Baselitz, uGerhard Richter, uJorg Immendorff, uAnselm Kiefer, uRalf Winkler nabanye. (Jemani)
- Transavanguardia (Ngaphaya kwe-avant-garde) kwaye ibonise abaculi abafana noSandro Chia, uFrancesco Clemente, u-Enzo Cucchi, uNicolo de Maria kunye noMimmo Paladino. (ElamaTaliyane)
- Figuration Libre, eyenziwe ngo-1981 nguRemi Blanchard, uFrancois Boisrond, uRobert Combas kunye noHerve de Rosa. (Fransi)
Ukuba ulithandile eli nqaku, siyakumema ukuba udibane nabanye abanomdla kakhulu kwibhlog yethu: