Inja kuyo yonke imbali ibonakalise ukuba liqabane elikhulu ebantwini, ide ijongwe ngabaninzi njengelungu losapho. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nokuvela kwayo, imvelaphi kunye nembali ngokuhamba kwexesha, siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke nokufunda eli nqaku linolwazi.
I-Dog Evolution
Olunye ulwazi olwaziwayo malunga nokuvela kwenja sisiphumo sophando lwemfuza, apho kuye kwamkelwa okokuqala ukuba izinja zavela kumgca weengcuka ezanyamalala malunga ne-15.000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye ziye zahlala kunye nazo. abantu ekubeni besekhaya. Njengobungqina boku, kukhankanywa ukuba kwingcwaba laseJamani, eBonn Oberkassel, kukho iintsalela zabantu kunye nezinja ezineminyaka eyi-14.000.
Olunye uqwalaselo ngabaphengululi ngemvelaphi yesi silwanyana zisekelwe kumaxesha amandulo amathambo enja eyafunyanwa kwindawo yeJiahu, kwiphondo laseHenan eChina, kunye nomhla we-Neolithic yokuqala, oko kukuthi, ukusuka kwi-9.000 ukuya. Iminyaka engama-7.800. Omnye umzekelo yinja eyangcwatywa kuMntla Merika, eyafunyanwa kuMqolomba oyiDanger waseUtah, owabakho kwiminyaka eli-11.000 2013 eyadlulayo. Kutshanje, kwi-32.000, emva kokuba izifundo zigqibe ukulandelelana kwe-genomic yezinja zanamhlanje, kwaqikelelwa ukuba ukuhlukana phakathi kweengcuka nezinja kwenzeka malunga ne-XNUMX kwiminyaka edlulileyo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kukho iiyantlukwano ezininzi phakathi kweengcali malunga nexesha kunye nalapho inja ibonakala okokuqala kubomi basekhaya, nangona kubonakala ngathi yonke into icaciswa bubukho bobungqina bemfuza yokuba iziganeko zokuqala zasekhaya zenzeke. kwindawo ethile kuMbindi Asia malunga neminyaka eyi-15.000 eyadlulayo. Ukongeza, ezinye izifundo zofuzo ziye zacebisa ukuba iingcuka zazifuywa ekhaya kwiminyaka eyi-16,300 eyadlulayo ukuze zisebenze njengemfuyo eTshayina. Nangona kunjalo, obunye ubungqina bemfuza bubonisa ukuba ukufuywa kwezinja kwaqala ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-18.000 eyadlulayo eYurophu.
Apho izinja zokuqala zaziyingcuka engwevu eyayihlala kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiIndiya, phakathi kwe-12.000 kunye ne-14.000 leminyaka eyadlulayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukwakholelwa ukuba ezinye izinja zanamhlanje aziphumanga kwingcuka kodwa ziphuma kudyakalashe. Ezi zinja zifumaneka e-Afrika ngezivelise ezinye iintlobo zomthonyama zanamhlanje. Uphononongo lwemfuzo oluvavanya ukufuduka kwezinja ukuya eUnited States lufumene ubungqina bokuba izinja zihamba nabantu bokuqala kule ndawo hayi ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-15.000 eyadlulayo, kodwa kwiminyaka engama-5.000 eyadlulayo.
Imbali yeNja
Imbali yezinja iphawulwe ngedatha eyahlukeneyo malunga nokuchaneka kwemihla kunye neendawo zokubonakala kwazo, nangona kunjalo, ngokwezinto zakudala ezifunyenweyo kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi, zibeka ookhokho babo kuhlobo olwalukho malunga ne-50 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo ye-genus egama. I-Miacis, ukusuka kwixesha le-Paleocene, ngelixa olunye uphando ludibanisa ukhokho wabo kwiingcuka ezingwevu, apho baye bafumanisa ukufana kwezinye iimpawu zofuzo.
Ngokubhekiselele kulo mba, babhekisela kwinto yokuba akukho ziphumo zaneleyo zifunyenwe ukubonisa esinye isilwanyana esinezinto ezininzi ezifanayo zembali kunye nomnombo wezinja zofuzo, kunokuba iingcali zenza i-caveat ukuba ingcuka engwevu, nangona inobudlelwane obuthile kunye. izinyanya inja , iimpawu eziqhelekileyo iingcuka zanamhlanje kunye iingcuka kwixesha elidlulileyo ziye zaqhubeka ukuphandwa, njengoko ukhokho eqhelekileyo ekwabelwana iingcuka ezingwevu kunye nezinja mihla kucingelwa ukuba isilwanyana ongasekhoyo eyaziwa ngokuba Late Pleistocene wolf.
Ngoku, ngokusekwe kolu lwazi, kunokucaciswa ukuba izilwanyana ezenza i-antecedents, njengoko bekutshiwo, i-Miacis, eyayisisilwanyana esanyisayo esasiyinxalenye yezilwanyana zaseYurophu nase-Asiya, kunye nolwakhiwo lwamathambo olude. yentloko ukuya emsileni, eneenzipho ezincinci ezirhoxayo kwaye ihamba ixhaswe ngeminwe emihlanu. Kamva yavela kwi-Oligocene ukuze ibe sesinye isilwanyana sohlobo olungasekhoyo lweCynodictis ekwahlala kwezi ndawo iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane ezigidi kwaye inamalungu amafutshane, umzimba omde nomsila, iminwe emihlanu engaphelelanga, inzipho ezirhoxayo kunye noboya oburhabaxa.
Enye into eyafunyanwayo yiDaphoenus kwiminyaka emalunga nezigidi ezilishumi eyadlulayo, kodwa le yayifana nenkakazi, kodwa intloko yayo yayifana nenja okanye ingcuka. Kamva, i-Mesocyon yabonakala kwixesha le-Pliocene, apho iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ziyaziwa kwaye zibonwa njengokhokho ngokuthe ngqo kwezinye ii-canids ezimbini, i-Cynodesmus, i-runner par excellence, kunye ne-Tomarctus, esele inesimo senja, ngenxa yokuba. ukhakhayi lwayo lufana neecanine zangoku, yayiyimbaleki elungileyo enamalungu amade kwaye sele ibonisa ukucutha komnwe wokuqala.
Ukongeza, usapho lweCanidae kunye nohlobo lweCanis luvela kule klasi, apho kuvela khona ingcuka, i-coyote kunye nodyakalashe. Inguquko yeCanis Lupus iye yaveliswa, eyathi kamva ivelise iCanis Familiaris, eyayihlala nayo indoda yamandulo, emva kokuba ilungelelaniswe nendlela yokuphila yelo xesha kwaye ihamba naye kwimisebenzi yakhe, eyadityaniswa kunye nexesha layo. ukwenziwa ekhaya. Ubungqina bobu bubungqina bamathambo afunyenweyo, kunye nemizobo kunye nemizobo efunyenweyo, ebonisa ukuba inja yokuqala yenja yafuywa eYiputa yamandulo kunye ne-Asia yaseNtshona.
Imvelaphi yeZinja zeNja
Xa umntu wayefuna ukuphucula iimpawu zezinja, ezifana nesantya, amandla kunye namandla amakhulu okubona kunye nokuvumba, waqala ukuwawela kwaye ngaloo ndlela wakwazi ukuphucula uhlobo. Izinja ezinemilenze edadayo zazihlonitshwa zizidwangube kuMbindi Mpuma, ngelixa izinja ezinamandla njenge mastiff zaphuhliswa eYurophu ukukhusela ikhaya kunye nomhambi ebubini. Njengoko uluntu lwalutshintsha yaye ukulima, ukongezelela ekuzingeleni, kwaba yindlela yokuziphilisa, kwaveliswa ezinye iintlobo zezinja. Kwelabo icala, izinja ezincedisa ukwalusa iigusha kunye nezinja zokugada zazibalulekile kumafama ukukhusela imihlambi yabo.
Kwangaxeshanye, iintlobo ezincinci zaba yinto enqwenelekayo yokudlala kunye namaqabane kwiintsapho ezihloniphekileyo. I-Pekingese e-China kunye neentlobo ezibuthathaka ezifana ne-Chihuahua zaye zakhuliswa ukuba zizinja ezisecaleni kwebhedi. Iintlobo ze-Terrier zaphuhliswa, ngokuyinhloko eNgilani, ukukhupha iisheyi zeempuku. Ngelixa ukubonakaliswa kunye nokuhlangula kukhethwe kwimisebenzi ekhethekileyo enxulumene nokunceda umzingeli afumane kwaye abambe izilwanyana. Kwindaleko yenja, iintlobo ezininzi zindala kakhulu, ngelixa ezinye ziye zaphuhliswa mva nje ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Iimpawu Zezinja
Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwenja ziyi-digitigrade, iimazi zinedlala lebele kwaye zincancise amantshontsho azo. Iintlobo zokuqala zazineendlebe ezithe nkqo kunye neempumlo ezitsolo okanye ezimile okwe-wedge, ezifana neentlobo zeNordic eziqhelekileyo namhlanje. Uninzi lwezilwanyana ezidla inyama zinezakhiwo zamazinyo ezifanayo, leyo yenye yeendlela iingcali zepaleontologists eziye zakwazi ukuzichonga. Bavelisa iiseti ezimbini zamazinyo, amagqabi kunye nesigxina. Baneenwele zomzimba kwaye bagcina ubushushu bomzimba wabo kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba iqondo lokushisa langaphandle.
Isakhiwo sabo samathambo siqukethe amathambo angama-319, ngokuqhelekileyo abagijimi abalungileyo ngaphandle kwalabo abazalelwe ngokukodwa kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwayo i-bulldog inokukhankanywa, enentloko enkulu kunye nemilenze emifutshane egobileyo. Kodwa kukwakho neentlobo ezithile ezahlulwe ngokuba ne-flying trot, efana ne-German shepherd okanye i-Afghan hound eyayifuywe ukuleqa izilwanyana imigama emide kwindawo enamatye.
Kwangaxeshanye, i<em>dachshund yaqeqeshelwa ukuzingela i<em>tasugo ngaphantsi komhlaba, ekubeni ukumila kwayo kukulungele ukungena kumatonela angaphantsi komhlaba ikhangela amaxhoba ayo; kwaye ke kukho ezinye iindidi ezingasenziyo izinto ebezifuyelwe zona ekuqaleni. Izinja zineemvakalelo ezintlanu ezifanayo nezomntu. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye ziphuhlisiwe ngakumbi kwaye ezinye zinqongophele xa zithelekiswa nabantu.
Isivamvo sokunuka kwezinja sesona sibukhali kwaye singcono kakhulu kunomntu. Izinja zisetyenziselwa imisebenzi enjengokulandelela abantu abalahlekileyo, ukugrumba ngaphantsi komhlaba, kunye nokulandelela izinto eziyityhefu, ezifana negesi, abantu abangenakuzibhaqa. Izinja ziyakwazi ukubona iziyobisi, iziqhushumbisi, kunye namavumba kubanini bazo. Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iimpumlo ze-canine ezifanayo. Ezinye iintlobo, njenge-German Shepherd kunye ne-Bloodhound, zineemvakalelo zokuvumba eziphuhliswe kakhulu kunezinye.
Izinja zinezivamvo ezibukhali zokuva. Izizwe zabemi bomthonyama zazineendlebe ezinkulu, ezithe nkqo nezishukumayo ezazizenza zive izandi ezikude kulo naliphi na icala. Ezinye iindidi zale mihla zineendlebe ezingcono kunezinye, kodwa zonke ziyakwazi ukuva ingxolo engaphaya komlinganiselo wokuva kwabantu. Izinja ziyakwazi ukubhalisa izandi kwii-35.000 ze-vibrations ngomzuzwana (xa kuthelekiswa nama-20.000 ngomzuzwana ebantwini) kwaye zinokucima iindlebe zazo ezingaphakathi ukuze zihluze izandi eziphazamisayo.
Amehlo enja akabukhali njengale mpawu ingasentla, kwaye izinja ngokuqhelekileyo zicingelwa ukuba aziboni kakuhle ngombala. Ezinye iintlobo, ezifana neSaluki kunye ne-Afghan Hound, ziphuhliselwe ukuzingela izilwanyana ngamehlo azo kwimigama emide, kwaye ezi zinja ziyakwazi ukubona kakuhle ukuba zikwazi ukubona nayiphi na intshukumo elundini. Izinja ziyakwazi ukubona ngcono ekukhanyeni okuphantsi kunabantu, kodwa kungekhona ekukhanyeni okuqaqambileyo.
Ngokuvela kwezinja, babeneentlobo ezintathu ezisisiseko zeenwele: ezimfutshane (njengesalathiso okanye i-Doberman pinscher), ephakathi (njengesetter yase-Irish okanye i-husky yaseSiberia), kunye nobude (njenge-chow chow okanye i-Maltese). Kwezi ndidi, kukwakho neentlobo zeenwele ezityebileyo nezicolekileyo. Izinja ziza kwiindidi ezininzi zemibala, kodwa kwiintlobo ezininzi ukhetho lombala luyingqwalasela ebalulekileyo, njengoko ukusabalalisa umbala ngaphakathi kwenja.
Olunye lweempawu ngenxa yendaleko yenja kukuba ibe sisidalwa sentlalo. Ukhetha ukuba kunye nabantu kunye nezinye izinja kunokuhlala yedwa. Njengomphumo weminyaka eyinkulungwane yokuzaliswa okukhethiweyo, inja ilungele ukuhlala nabantu. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zokuziphatha kwezinja ngeminyaka yee-1950 kunye nee-1960 zabonisa ukuba izinja ezikhuliswe ngaphandle kokudibana nomntu zisemncinci zigcina imvelo yazo kwaye zikhetha ubudlelwane nezinye izinja kunobudlelwane nabantu.
Ngaphandle kokuvela kwenja, iyaqhubeka nokugcina uphawu lwendawo yengcuka. Iipakethe ze-Wolf, ngenxa yemfuno yazo yokuzingela, zibanga imimandla emikhulu njengeyazo, ngelixa izinja zibanga imimandla yazo ngokusekelwe kwimida yabanini bazo. Iingcuka ezingamadoda nezinja ziphawula imida yemimandla yazo ngokuchama kunye nokuhlikihla ivumba lazo emhlabeni okanye emithini ukulumkisa ezinye izilwanyana ngobukho bazo.
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobuntu eziye zaphuhliswa ngokuvela kwenja, kwiimpawu ezithile. Ngokuqingqa izinja ngokwamaqela ngokomsebenzi ezifuyelwe wona, kuyenzeka ukufumanisa uhlobo lomoya inja enokuba nawo ekukhuleni. Umahluko kubuntu benzala unokubonwa besebancinci. Abanye babo baya kuba ngamadla-kadla kwaye balandele iimpumlo zabo naphi na apho ivumba lisiwa khona, kodwa baya kusabela ngolangazelelo kwiminxeba evela kubantu abaqhelekileyo.
Ama-Bloodhounds ngokuqhelekileyo athanda ukuba kude kwaye azimele, atyekele ekuhloleni umhlaba ngokwawo kwaye alandele ivumba okanye intshukumo; abanamdla wokusebenzelana kwabantu njengezinye iintlanga. Izinja ezisebenzayo nokwalusa zinomoya wentsebenziswano ngakumbi. Bathanda ukuziqhelanisa neemeko kwaye benze imisebenzi yabo. Amantshontsho e-Collie aziwa ngokubonakalisa iimpawu zawo ezizalwa nawo ekwalusa ezinye izilwanyana.
Ukuba ulithandile eli nqaku malunga ne-Evolution yeNja kwaye ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi malunga neminye imixholo enomdla, unokujonga la makhonkco alandelayo: