Kanye njengokuba kubalulekile ukwazi ilizwe ohlala kulo, ubutyebi balo bendalo, imbonakalo-mhlaba kunye nelizwe Ubushushu kunye nokufuma. Kukwakulungele ukufunda kwiplanethi ehlala abantu. Sikufundisa yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga ne ubume bomhlaba, ngaphakathi nangaphandle, amalungu ayo nokunye okuninzi.
Iplanethi yoMhlaba
Ukusuka kwimbono esisiseko kunye nesebenzayo, kusemthethweni ukuthetha ukuba iplanethi enguMhlaba buninzi bamatye. Lo mxholo mkhulu wamatye waziwa ngokuba yiGeosphere.
Le geosphere yenza i isakhiwo yomelele yeplanethi yomhlaba. Amatye yimathiriyeli eqinileyo kunye necwecwe. Zenziwe ngamaminerali amaninzi, anemibala eyahlukeneyo.
Ukufunda okungakumbi malunga nezinto ezinamatye ezenza iplanethi enguMhlaba. Iindidi ezintathu zamatye eziye zahlelwa zikhankanywe ngezantsi:
- igneous
Olu hlobo lwamatye lolona lufumaneka rhoqo emhlabeni. Ezi zinokusekwa, ngenxa yesiphumo sokunyibilika kwe-magma. Baye bagxothwa kumbindi, ngeentaba-mlilo, beqina ngaphandle.
- i-metamorphic
Zisenokuvela, ngenxa yoxinzelelo kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu obushushu bomhlaba, kwizigidi zeminyaka.
- intlenge
La matye enziwe yimpembelelo yokuqokelelana kwamanye amatye. Kwakhona, ngenxa yokudibanisa kunye nezinto zamathambo zeentlobo zaselwandle kunye ne-exoskeletons yezinto eziphilayo, ezazithuthwa ngokuhamba kwamanzi.
ukwakheka komhlaba
Isijikelezi-langa esinguMhlaba senziwe liqela lemaleko anombindi ofanayo, ngalinye kula maleko litshintshanisa izinto ezisibumba ngendlela evumelanayo.
Banokuqonda ngokulula ukuba bahlukene, ngexesha lenyikima. Ekubeni ezi zihamba enye phezu kwenye, de zifike kuzinzo kwakhona.
Ukuba wenza icandelo lomnqamlezo womhlaba, unokubona ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ukuba unamaleko amathathu. Ezi maleko nguqweqwe, i-mantle kunye nondoqo. Ezi maleko zi Imvelaphi kunye nokuvela komhlaba kwaye zichazwe ngokweenkcukacha ngezantsi:
ICortex
Umphezulu womhlaba ngowona mmandla ungasentla. Yeyona inxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo noxinzelelo ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezingama-70, kunye:
- Isakhelo samanzi
- Emoya
- Indalo
Lo maleko woMhlaba wenziwe yi-continental crust kunye ne-oceanic crust.
Kwilizwekazi
Oku kwahlulwa koqweqwe lomhlaba kunomlinganiselo wobunzima obungaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-30. Eli nani linyuka kakhulu, ngaphantsi kwabo, lifikelela kwiikhilomitha ezingama-70.
Ngokulandelayo, i-continental crust yahlulwe yaba: i-crust ephezulu kunye ne-crust ephantsi. Apho unokufumana amatye e-sedimentary, amatye e-volcanic kunye namatye e-metamorphic, kwiindidi zegranite kunye ne-diorite.
yolwandle
Lo mmandla woqweqwe, ubonisa ubukhulu obusondele kwiikhilomitha ezilishumi. Yahlulahlulwe kule ndawo yoqweqwe, ikhomba apho i-magma evela kwingubo yoMhlaba ihluma.
Ukongezelela, iileyile ezahlukeneyo zibonwa, ezenziwe ngama-sediments amanqanaba aphezulu. Ukubumba kumgangatho wolwandle.
Ngokubanzi, uqweqwe lomhlaba alumelanga i-1% yomthamo opheleleyo woMhlaba.
Ingubo
Inqanaba elilandelayo kwiileya ezenza ubume boMhlaba yiMantle yasemhlabeni. Ifikelela kulwandiso olumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-3000, phakathi kwe-crust kunye nenxalenye ephezulu ye-nucleus.
Ukubunjwa kolu luhlu kubandakanya izinto ezifana ne-silicon, izixhobo ze-ferrous, i-nickel kunye ne-basaltic. Njengoqweqwe, i-mantle iquka izahlulo, ezaziwa ngokuba: i-mantle ephezulu kunye ne-mantle ephantsi.
Ingubo ephezulu
Inokunabela kubunzulu obungaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-600. Eli candelo le-mantle liqinile, kodwa kulula ukuhlengahlengisa. Iqulunqwe ngamatye axinene kakhulu, anokuthi agxothwe kukwakheka kwentaba-mlilo.
Ingubo esezantsi
Kulo mmandla wengubo, izinto eziwubumbayo zomelele. Ukuxinana kwengubo esezantsi kunokugqithisa i-700 yeekhilomitha ubunzulu.
Ngaphakathi kwe-mantle currents ziveliswa ngokugqithiswa kobushushu. Ziyinxalenye yeentshukumo ezenzeka kwiiplate tectonic.
Core
Umbindi weplanethi enguMhlaba unenkangeleko engqukuva, ubukhulu bayo bumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-3500. Iqulunqwe ngama-alloys e-ferrous, ungabona kwakhona izixa ze-nickel, ubhedu, i-oksijini kunye neenxalenye ezincinci ze-sulfurous material.
Eli candelo lomhlaba nalo lahlulwe laba ngumbindi ongaphandle kunye nombindi ongaphakathi. Oko kunokwahlulwa ngokuchanekileyo, ngokwemeko apho ngamnye wabo akuyo.
I-nucleus yangaphandle
Undoqo wangaphandle unolwelo olungaguquguqukiyo, unobubanzi obungaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-2200. Izinto eziyilayo ziyintsimbi kunye nenickel. Amaqondo obushushu anokufikelelwa kulo mmandla aphakathi kwe 4000 kunye ne 5500°C.
Ngenxa yemeko yolwelo lwezinyithi ezenza undoqo, zinokubunjwa lula. Ukutshintshwa kobushushu obuphezulu kuveliswa, kuba ingundoqo yangaphandle inoxanduva lokugcina intsimi yamagnetic yesakhiwo soMhlaba.
Isiseko sangaphakathi
Ngenxalenye yayo, i-core yangaphakathi yibhola enkulu yomlilo, equlethwe ngokukodwa ngezinto ezivuthayo. Ububanzi balo mmandla bungaphezulu kwe-1200 yeekhilomitha kwaye bunokufikelela kumaqondo obushushu afikelela kuma-5200°C.
Nangona kunjalo, iqondo lokushisa lidlula ubuninzi bentsimbi enokumelana nayo ngaphambi kokunyibilika. Eli candelo loMhlaba alikho ulwelo kwaye lidibene noxinzelelo oluphezulu, akunakwenzeka ukuba linyibilike.
Ubume bangaphandle boMhlaba
Xa sele kusaziwa ukuba ukwakhiwa koMhlaba kwenziwa njani, ngaphakathi. Lixesha lokuba wazi ngakumbi kancinci malunga namalungu angaphandle kwesi sijikelezi-langa sethu.
Apha iileyile ezahlukeneyo ezigubungela uMhlaba zikhankanyiwe kwaye zibulela kubo, kuye kwenzeka ukuphuhlisa nokugcina zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Indawo yasemanzini
Yenziwa ngokudityaniswa kwazo zonke iindimbane zamanzi ezifumaneka kuqweqwe loMhlaba. Ezi ziquka imikhenkce, iilwandlekazi, imilambo, amachibi, iilwandle kunye nemithombo yamanzi engaphantsi komhlaba.
I-hydrosphere isoloko ikutshintshiselwano lolwelo, ngomjikelo wamanzi.
Iilwandle neelwandle zigubungela ikota yesithathu yomhlaba uphela, kungoko kubalulekile ukuba lo mthombo wamanzi uxabisekileyo unawo ebantwini nakwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.
Ngamanzi olwandle, awona mthombo uphambili wamanzi kwiplanethi. Inomthamo ongaphezulu kwe-1.300 yezigidi ze-km3. Ngelixa umthombo wesibini wogcino unalo, amanzi omkhenkce anexabiso elikufutshane ne-30 yezigidi ze-km3.
Emoya
Ukuba bebekwisiphekepheke, bebeya kukwazi ukujonga umhlaba ngaphandle. Ngoko umaleko wokuqala ababeza kudibana nabo yayiza kuba yiatmosfera. Nguye ogqume umhlaba.
Yenziwe liqela lezinto ezikwimeko enegesi, ezibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lobomi emhlabeni. Into ekhoyo emoyeni, nto leyo evumela umntu ukuba aphefumle kwaye aphile.
Ezinye iigesi ezifumaneka kule ndawo zinoxanduva lokuzalisekisa umsebenzi wokucoca, wemitha yelanga. Okukuthi, ukuba zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle kokuhlolwa, ziyingozi kubo bonke abantu abaphilayo.
I-atmosfera yohlulwe yangamacandelo amaninzi alandelayo:
- Troposphere
- Ubume bendawo
- Indawo
- Umgangatho womoya
- Umhlaba ongaphandle
Indalo
Ngokwenyani, i-biosphere ayinakuchazwa njengolunye nje umaleko wesakhiwo soMhlaba. Ekubeni ehlanganisa zonke iindawo eziphilayo okanye i-ecosystem.
Yonke into ephilayo ehlala kwiplanethi enguMhlaba iyinxalenye yebhayoloji. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ufumana i-biosphere kumhlaba, kwiatmosfera nakwi-hydrosphere.
Ngamnye kubo uneempawu zabo ze-ecosystem nganye. Olona phawu lubalaseleyo lwebhayosphere yintlobo-ntlobo yezinto eziphilayo ezidityaniswe kuyo.
