Ngaba awuzazi zonke iimfihlo ukuba umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseYiputa? Ungakhathazeki, kuba ngale posi uya kuba nakho ukufunda zonke iimfihlakalo, imisebenzi emikhulu kunye nokunye okuninzi. Kwangaphambili, isiseko samanani aphakamileyo anxulumene nezithethe zomngcwabo.
umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseYiputa
Kuye kwaba yinto yesiko ukuba umzobo waseYiputa ubhekiselele ngokucacileyo kwisakhiwo sezopolitiko esijikeleze uFaro, kunye nayo yonke imiba enxulumene nokufa. Ngokubhekiselele kuncedo, yimisebenzi echasene ngokugqibeleleyo neetempile zokungcwaba. Kwakhona, i imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kaMayan zinezimbo ezingapheliyo ongathanda ukuzifumana.
Kukho izinto ezininzi zokwakha eziye zafunyanwa ngababhali-mbali ekulungiseni kwayo. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamatye iyona nto iphambili, njengoko kunjalo ngomthi owenziwe ngepolychrome. Kamva, umkhwa wazisa amanani ngodaka, igolide okanye udongwe. Amatye anqabileyo okanye ama-semi-precious enza izinto ezininzi zemveliso, ukuze zihambelane ngokugqibeleleyo netempile nganye.
Ndiyabulela kuninzi lwamangcwaba angazange aphulwe, ukuhlanganiswa kwale misebenzi kubhekiselele kubulukhuni, okwenza kucace ukuba ukuchasana kungaphezulu komyinge. Ukuba ilitye lixhathisa kakhulu, ukhuni lwe-polychrome lunikela ingqolowa yayo yesanti kwiintsalela ezihlalutywe ngabaphandi.
Umxhasi ozimisele ukuyalela ukwakhiwa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo uya kuhlala enezizathu ezivakalayo zokukhetha i-motifs yomngcwabo. Kuqhelekile ukukhankanya imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yetyhubhu, ukubonisa amadoda amakhulu kwindawo yokuma.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseYiputa unesitayile sangaphambili se-bulge, oko kukuthi, umsebenzi unokubonwa kuphela ukusuka ngaphambili ukuxabisa zonke iinkcukacha. Inoncedo oluphezulu, oluthanda kakhulu umbono abanawo bonke ababukeli bemisebenzi.
Incasa iyahlukahlukana, yiyo loo nto imizobo enokuchukunyiswa okufanelekileyo ikhona. Ubuso buya kuhlala bubonisa i-hue eqinile. Kwimiboniso yeqela, kukho umzobo obalaseleyo ngaphezu kwabanye. Ngokomzekelo, kukho uFaro ekunye nabantu bakowabo. Ukuba lelona gunya liphezulu laseYiputa, umzobo wakhe uya kuba phezulu kunabanye, ukunyanzelisa ulawulo.
I-canon yamaXesha Aphakathi iyazithetha ngokwayo malunga nobuso bemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseYiputa: ukuqina, i-hieraticism kunye nombono. Akukho mbhali unokuphuma kwisiqhelo xa ekrola imizobo ngeli xesha. Kuyo yonke imbali ye-pharaonic yaseYiputa, umnqweno wokugqamisa ubuso begunya eliphambili lagcinwa.
Kubakroli baseYiputa, umsebenzi wokunceda wawusoloko ubalulekile ukunyusa amanani. Ngokuqhelekileyo, obu buchule buhlala busondele kumzimba, kuba lenza umdlalo ongaqhelekanga kumhlobiso weetempile kunye neentsika. Phakathi kwezo zinto zihlala ziphucula uluntu lwaseYiputa ziqulethwe kwiNcwadi yabafileyo ngemidaniso, ukuvuna, ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye neprofayili yoothixo.
Predynastic sculpture-inki
Kule misebenzi, i-palette ye-cosmetics ene-handle yegolide ivelele. Ukongeza koko, izilwanyana ezininzi zibonakala zinomfuziselo ogqwesileyo kwinkcubeko yaseMpuma. Izibambo zegolide zazisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa iipeyinti ezaziqatywe ebusweni bemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseYiputa, igxininisa amehlo.
ipalethi umbalisi
Ngoku ikwiMyuziyam yaseCairo-Egypt. Kucingelwa ukuba ngunyana woKumkani wokuqala weScorpion, ochongiweyo ujongana noFaro wobukhosi bokuqala bukaMenes. Ithathwa njengeembumba zokuqala zaseYiputa. Kwelinye lamacwecwe lo mlinganiswa ubonwa nge-tiara emhlophe, ngelixa kwelinye icala une-tiara ebomvu njengophawu lwe-Lower Egypt.
Lo mzobo waseYiputa ungumzekelo ocacileyo wendlela i-Egypt esezantsi yakwazi ngayo ukunqoba umhlaba omningi ukujongana ne-Upper Egypt. Ngomfanekiso unokwahlula indlela enye yeeKumkani ihambisa umchasi wakhe ngeenwele. Ngokufanayo, uHorus wenza okufanayo kwenye indoda ephethe isityalo sompapiri.
Ilitye likaKumkani weNyoka
IkwiMyuziyam yaseLouvre eParis. Ubukho besi sirhubuluzi bufaka intlonipho, ulawulo kunye nobungozi. Kucingelwa ukuba ngumfanekiso kaKumkani Get okanye uSeti, abalandela ubukhosi bokuqala beMenes. Ngokwesihlandlo sesibini uHorus ubonakala kuxande ukuvala igama lelona gunya liphezulu lepharaonic. Ngokukwanjalo, ibhotwe lasebukhosini livela apho kuhlala khona iFalcon enkulu. Xa igama libunjwe ngoncedo lweFalcon, lithetha impembelelo eya kuba nayo uFaro kwixesha elizayo.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo woBukumkani obudala
Ukuba kukho into ekufuneka igxininiswe malunga nale misebenzi, luphawu oluhlekisayo lwabameli babo. Ithetha ntoni le nto? Ukuba lo mfanekiso wawusoloko ujoliswe kubantu abaselula, kungekhona kubantu abadala.
Djoser ehleli umfanekiso oqingqiweyo
Ukuba ufuna unxibelelwano nalo msebenzi, unokwenza kwiMyuziyam yaseCairo, eYiputa. Ukubaluleka kwayo kulele ekusekweni kobukhosi be-III obafudusela ikomkhulu eMemphis. Ukubonakala kokuqala kwalo mzobo kwenzeka kwipiramidi, ukuhlawula ulwakhiwo olusekelwe kwi-limestone kunye nobukhulu obuqhelekileyo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, unewigi egqubuthele ubuso bakhe, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba uFaro akazange athethe esidlangalaleni engakhange azibonakalise ukuba ungubani na.
Kuhleli umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaKhafre
Umsebenzi ufumaneka kwimyuziyam efanayo nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wangaphambili. Ekuboneni kokuqala ngumfanekiso onamandla kakhulu, owenziwe kwilitye le-diorite. Umlingiswa unamadolo akhe kunye, izandla zakhe ziphumle emadolweni akhe. I-frontality yi-odolo yosuku, ngoko ke ukuba ngumbukeli, kuya kufuneka uyonwabele umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseYiputa nge-angle ethe ngqo yombono ukuze ubone zonke iinkcukacha.
UMikerinos, uthixokazi uHathor kunye nomfanekiso wothixo wephondo
Apha laa canon of idealization kunye nehierarchy yokuphucula amanani abalulekileyo ngaphezu kwabanye abalinganiswa besibini inokubonwa. Ilitye lesileyiti yimathiriyeli ekrwada yalo mzobo waseYiputa, ungenanto ngokupheleleyo kwivili. Umsebenzi wakhe ohambelanayo ogama lakhe liphendula "kuMikerinos kunye nenkosikazi yakhe" kwiMyuziyam yezoBugcisa obuhle eBoston, eU.SA.
Kuhleli umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaRahotep kunye noNofret
Ngoku ifumaneka kwiMyuziyam yaseCairo, eYiputa. Yakhelwe kwisiseko se-polychrome limestone, enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo zokunika ukuxhathisa kunye nokuqina kwindawo yembali yoluntu lwase-Egypt. Ilandela i-canon njengesiqhelo, kunye nesikhumba esimnyama somyeni kumfazi. Ukuba ithoni yomntu kwezi zixhobo zesibingelelo icacile, oko kuthetha ukuba imvelaphi yabo iseMpuma ngokupheleleyo.
Umhloli wababhali uRaherka nomfazi wakhe Meresankh
Aba balinganiswa bachazwa phakathi kobukhosi be-IV-V. IkwiMyuziyam yaseLouvre, eParis. I-silhouette yomfazi, kwakhona, incinci kuneprofayili yomyeni wakhe. Ngombulelo kwezi nkcukacha, umbukeli ubuza ukuba ubukho bendoda buya kugxininisa ngakumbi kwi-dealization.
USeneb omncinci nosapho lwakhe
KwiMyuziyam yaseCairo, eYiputa, omnye weyona misebenzi “yesinxibo” yolu hlanga ikhona, ebonisa amadoda nabafazi abanotyekelo lwelali. Kwakhona igxininisa indima yomntu njengomkhuseli negunya eliphakamileyo.
Umbhali uMorgan
KwiMyuziyam yaseLouvre, eParis, kukho omnye umfanekiso oqingqiweyo obalulekileyo osusela kwi-XNUMXth dynasty ukuba uchanekileyo. Yenziwe ngelitye lepolychrome, uMorgan unikela ingqalelo kuyo yonke into ayimameleyo ukuhambisa izimvo kwipapyrus.
Ngesi sihlandlo, uMorgan ubonisa amehlo eempawu, ngaphandle kokumisela isiko laseYiputa ngokuqaqambisa iikhonto zabo. Ukongeza ekuboniseni inxalenye yobunqunu bakhe, amehlo akhe agcina inkangeleko efana ne-almond, eshiya ukusebenza okufanayo kwempumlo yakhe.
Ushabti, umkhonzi oneempawu ezifanayo noMorgan ukwimeko efanayo, phantsi kokwakhiwa ngodongwe okanye udaka. Yomibini le misebenzi ithatha lula isimo sengqondo esihle somsebenzi abanaso bobabini abalinganiswa, kwimeko yomngcwabo.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yoBukumkani baseMbindini
Ukususela ngeli xesha, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseYiputa wenza utshintsho oluthile, njengokwakhiwa kwezinye iindibano zocweyo eThebes, phantsi kwempembelelo encinci evela eMemphis. Kuphela ngulo msebenzi ulandelayo ovela apha.
Intloko kaFaro Sesostris III
KwiMyuziyam yaseCairo, umzobo kaFaro owaphawula ukuzalwa kobukhosi be-XII uyafumaneka. Imbali yaseYiputa ixelela ukuba lo mlingiswa sele eneprofayili yengqondo okanye enobuntu obuncinci. Noko ke, lo Faro wayengenazo iimpawu ezintle okanye umlawuli, kuba uyayazi imikrolo yaseYiputa nemigaqo yayo eye yaphathwa kakuhle. Ubuso bakhe bubonakalisa ukudaneka, ngenxa yeengxaki zezopolitiko ezavela kulo mzi.
Babuyela kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseYiputa emile okwetyhubhu, imilenze ibanjwe ngezandla ukuze ibe ngumzimba omnye. Eli candelo lifikelela kwinqanaba eligxininisa imilenze kuphela, liphucula izandla okanye libonise nje ubuso ngokubanzi. Ngaba uyazi yonke into malunga ne Ubugcisa beKinetic? Ukuba akunjalo, luluvo oluhle ukufunda yonke imiba yenkcazo.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo woBukumkani obutsha
Yintyatyambo entsha kwinto equlethwe ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseYiputa, ikomkhulu lawo ibiyiThebes. Iimilo ziyekile ukutshajwa kwakhona ukuze zibukeke ngokwendalo. Enkosi kolu nxibelelwano lusekwe kunye nenkcubeko yase-Asiya kumaxesha amva nje, baqonda ukuba kwindalo kukho imvakalelo yobuhle okanye ehambelanayo.
Umbala wolusu lwezifundo wayeka ukuba nomdla. Lo mba ucatshangelwa ngenxa yempazamo. Ke ngoko, amadoda nabasetyhini baya kujongeka ngakumbi. Omnye umkhwa owongezwayo ubukhulu bemisebenzi, emikhulu kunesiqhelo, ngenxa yencasa ebalaseleyo yooFaro.
Umfanekiso we-Amenophis III
Iphawulwe ukuhombisa nayiphi na itempile apho imiselwe khona, nangona okwangoku ikhona kwiMyuziyam yaseYiputa eCairo. Umdla oquka lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo waseYiputa ngumbala wokuzisola adla ngokuboniswa bubuso bakhe xa kusitha ukukhanya kwelanga kuwo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuwohloka ngokuhamba kweminyaka kwabangela ukuba olu phawu luphulukane ngokupheleleyo.
UKumkanikazi uHatshepsut
Igranite epinki yimathiriyeli ekrwada eyinxalenye yalo mfanekiso ufunyenwe kwiMyuziyam yaseJiphutha eCairo. Ukuphela kwentombi yeTutmosis I kunye no-Ahmosis. Umfazi wayeyinxalenye yobukhosi be-XVIII, waba yindlalifa yodwa kwithamsanqa elilawulwa ngumyeni wakhe ongasekhoyo.
Eyona nto itsala ingqwalasela enkulu kukuba amagcisa eplastiki ayenawo okuguqula ubuso bakhe bube yinto yobudoda ngakumbi (nokuba enentshebe encinci esilevini).
Ubuso buka-Akhenaten
U-Akhenaten ubhekisela kuKumkanikazi u-Amenophis IV. Ngethuba lokuhlala kwakhe, ubugcisa bomfuziselo buthatha umtsi obalulekileyo ekuguquleni imizimba, njengokuba ikhona kwimizekelo yangaphambili yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseYiputa. Ngoku ikomkhulu layo bubugcisa beArmaniac. Ukuba ukubonakaliswa okukhankanywe ngasentla ngumzekelo wendalo, abaculi belo xesha babexhalabele ngakumbi ukuphumeza iziphumo ezinkulu.
Iinkolelo zenkcubeko zazisekelwe ekunquleni uThixo omnye, kukho umfanekiso ka-Amun okanye ka-Aton kuphela owayenqulwa phakathi kwabo bonke ababekho. Enkosi kwesi sithuba sethutyana, uKumkanikazi u-Amenophis IV wayeka ukuba lihlelo lokugxila ku-Aton, usolusapho omtsha.
Ngokuphathelele ubuso bakhe, uyayigcina loo nto ye-Negroid yooFaro bamaxesha angaphambili. Yaqala ukubonakala kwenye yeetempile ezininzi ezakhiwa ngu-Aten. KwiMyuziyam yaseYiputa eCairo ngumfanekiso kakumkanikazi, ecaleni komzimba okhubazekileyo kaFaro.
Intloko yeNefertiti
Wayengowendlu ka-XVIII, engumfazi wokuqala owaziwayo ka-Akhenaten. Ubukho balo mfazi butshintshe iiparadigms ezithile ukuvuselela ubuhle kunye nomanyano lwesibini ukuba sibe ngabathandanayo. Wayesoloko ejongeka njengeyangoku kulawulo lwakhe, enoncumo oluncinane oluzotywe ebusweni bakhe. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, iimpawu zakhe zithatha umlinganiswa obhityileyo, onengqondo, kunye neprofayili enomtsalane.
Imbali ye-Nefertiti iyaqhubeka ukuba ngumbuzo kubo bonke abaphandi benkcubeko yaseYiputa. Ukumkanikazi wanyamalala engakhange afumane mkhondo. Ukuya phambili, wanyamalala kuzo zonke iipapyri zembali malunga nemisebenzi yakhe ngexesha lokulawula kwakhe. Mhlawumbi wafa kabuhlungu, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba umyeni wakhe angavunyelwa ekuhlaleni ukuba abize igama lakhe.
Ukuthetha ngomzobo wakhe waseYiputa, umbhali wawo unokuba nobudlelwane bothando obuyimfihlo kunye naye. Ngesi sizathu, impatho engaqhelekanga eyafunyanwa kuye isithunzi sakhe. Uhlala emhle, encumile kwaye enentlonipho enkulu kumntu wonke. Kwelinye icala, ubuso bomyeni wakhe busoloko bubonakala busisiphene ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba zibaxo.
Kukho omnye umfanekiso oqingqiweyo we-Nefertiti ngaphandle kwentloko, kodwa ngokukhululeka okulungileyo emzimbeni ukuphakamisa ukulinganisa kwe-aesthetics yomzimba wakhe. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ukumkanikazi uye wakhonza njengenkuthazo abafazi abaninzi kamva ukuhlangula ubuhle umzimba wakhe kunye nobuso entle, ukuba uyathanda.
Umelo lwe Meritatón intombi ka Amenophis IV
Ukuba kukho into enokuthiwa ngayo malunga nalo mzobo waseYiputa, kukugqithiswa ukuba obu buso bubonisa, kungekhona nje ngenxa yokuguqulwa kokakayi, kodwa nangenxa yesilevu esiphawulweyo. Uncedo luphinde lube ngumlingiswa oyintloko kulolu hlobo lomsebenzi, ukubonisa imiba yemihla ngemihla efunyenwe yinkundla kaFaro ukususela kwisiseko sayo.
Ukuthi, uphawu lwe-anatomical lwemizimba luneziphene. Iyunithi yokuqulunqa ifika kunye neqhinga elithile: ukwandisa iintamo ukwenza ubuso. Icandelo lentsapho ligxininiswe kwimibandela yoncedo, ebonisa yonke intsapho ka-Amenophis IV kunye nabo bonke abantwana baseNefertiti.
I-Tutankhamen
UnguFaro wokugqibela we-XVIII yobukhosi, ngexesha elifanayo apho uKumkanikazi uNefertiti wayephila. Enye yeentanda-bulumko zakhe eziphambili yayikukugcina isithethe sokunqulwa kothixo omnye (kwimeko yakhe, yena ngokwakhe njengegunya lembeko). Uninzi lweengcamango zakhe zathatyathelwa indawo ngabemi bamaJuda njengoko inxulumene nenkqubo yabo yonqulo namhlanje.
Ekufikeni kukaMoses kwibutho laseYiputa, kwabakho ukungavisisani ngokuphathelele iinkolelo. Uxinzelelo olunjalo lwaguqula ukuqhubela phambili kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseYiputa yaya kwisikolo samandulo saseTheban. UTutankhamun wafumana isiphelo esilusizi ngabefundisi ababexhasa unqulo loothixo abaninzi. Ingcwaba lakhe liye laba lelinye lambalwa eliye lafunyanwa linjalo, ngenxa yesi sizathu kukho izinto ezininzi zophando ngokuphathelele uFaro.
Ekugqibeleni wayehlala efuna ukuba phantsi kwamacala omabini, kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwamangcwaba amaninzi atshatyalaliswayo kwisikolo saseThebes kumakholwa athembekileyo e-monotheism. Ababingeleli ababulala uFaro babenamandla aneleyo okubuyisela unqulo oluninzi kunye nezibane zabo zonke.
Ukususela ekuzalweni wayenokukhubazeka ngokomzimba okanye kunoko ukukhubazeka kunyawo lwakhe lwasekhohlo ngenxa ye-osteoporosis. Ngenxa yeso sizathu wayesoloko ehamba exhaswa ngeentonga, engomnye wooFaro abancinane bomnombo wakhe.
I-1922 ngunyaka obalulekileyo ngoncedo lomlinganiswa obalaseleyo ophawule imbali yangoku yeTutankhamun enkosi ngokufunyanwa kwengcwaba lakhe eliphantse liphelele. UHoward Carter yinxalenye yeencwadi ezinkulu zembali yehlabathi ngokuzalisekisa lo msebenzi awuphathiswe nguLord Carnarvon.
Nganye kwizinto ezifunyenwe engcwabeni lakhe malunga neminyaka engama-5000 ubudala. Imaski yakhe ngoku ikwiMyuziyam yaseYiputa eCairo, ivusa umdla wabo bonke ababukeli ukuba babukele lo mboniso.
Ngenxa yoku kufunyanwa, abaninzi ababandakanyekayo kulo msitho bafa ngenxa yeemeko ezingaqhelekanga. Kumakholwa e-karma, badibanisa ukufa kunye nesiqalekiso sikaFaro ngokungcolisa ingcwaba lakhe ngekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Inxalenye yazo zonke izixhobo ezinxulumene neTutankhamun ziye zahamba kude kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngenxa yokuba i-pharao enembali ende, kwanabo bangayazi i-sculpture yaseYiputa (inxalenye enkulu eyenziwe ngamaplanga e-polychrome) bavakalisa ubukho bengubo nganye ehambelana nalo mlingiswa.
I-Egypt yanika isigunyaziso sokutyhila zonke iimbonakaliso ezinxulumene neTutankhamun. Imyuziyam yaseLouvre yindawo yokuqala yokuxabisa kakhulu zonke iimpahla ezize nazo zivela kuFaro.
Ukusukela ngo-1979 ukuya ku-2005 akukho miboniso mitsha yenziwayo kwiziseko ezingundoqo ezinjalo. Umba oqinisekileyo zizigidi zabatyeleli eyathi yaziswa yiMyuziyam kwiminyaka yokuqala yalo mboniso.
Esi sigqubuthelo sobuso sikaFaro sikhenkethe ihlabathi ngokubonisa igolide elaminated, eyakhiwe ngesilivere namatye anqabileyo.
Yayikwingcwaba lesithathu lomlawuli. Iyinxalenye yelifa lembali kunye nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseJiphutha onconywa ngumntu wonke. Ngaba uyazi ukuba uphuhlise njani i Imbali yobugcisa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku? Musa ukuyeka ukuyifumana.