Enye yeenkcubeko zakudala ezivelisa umdla kakhulu iseyi-Egypt yaMandulo, igcwele iimfihlakalo, izithethe kunye nolwazi, baba negalelo kwihlabathi kungekuphela nje ubume bezakhiwo kunye nompapiri, babephakathi kwabokuqala ukwenza inkqubo yokubhala. Yazi yonke into enxulumene nezinto ezintle ukubhala kwaseYiputa!
ukubhala kwaseYiputa
Ukubhalwa kweYiputa kuqale malunga ne-3000 BC, inkqubo entsonkothileyo kunye neyakudala eye yafumana utshintsho oluninzi kunye nohlengahlengiso kwimbali. Kuye kwaba yinto enomdla kunye nokufundwa kweengcali ezininzi, nangona kunjalo kwaze kwaba yi-1822 ukuba uJean-François Champollion watyhila imfihlelo yokuba ezi mpawu zigcinwe.
UChampollion, umbhali-mbali ongumFrentshi ochazwa njengomseki we-Egyptology, nguye owahlalutya waza watolika umbhalo waseYiputa, egxininisa kuhlalutyo kunye nokufunda ilitye le-Rosetta.
Enye yezona ndlela zidumileyo zokubhalwa kwamandulo kwaseYiputa yaziwa ngokuba yi-hieroglyphs okanye imizobo engcwele kwaye yaphuhliswa ngaphambi kwexesha le-dynastic yokuqala, phakathi kwe-3150 kunye ne-2613 BC, nangona kunjalo ayisiyiyo yodwa uhlobo.
Abaphengululi abaninzi bathi ingcamango yokubhala yavela eMesopotamiya yaza yasasazeka kwiYiputa yaMandulo ngorhwebo. Nangona utshintshiselwano lwenkcubeko oluqhubekayo lugcinwe phakathi kwemimandla yomibini, akukho nto ibonisa ukuba i-hieroglyphs yaseYiputa inemvelaphi yayo kwenye inkcubeko, i-Egypt ngokupheleleyo.
Okwangoku akukho bungqina bemibhalo kunye nala ma-hieroglyphs, achaza iindawo ezingezizo zaseYiputa okanye izinto, kwaye ii-pictographs zokuqala zaseYiputa azinabudlelwane neempawu zokuqala ezisetyenziswe eMesopotamiya.
Ixesha ikwenze echaza le mibhalo yokuqala inemvelaphi yamaGrike, ukubhekisela ekubhaleni kwabo amaYiputa asebenzisa eli gama medu-netjer ithetha ukuthini amazwi kaThixo, ekubeni baqinisekisa ukuba uThoth, ababemgqala njengothixo omkhulu, wayebanike umbhalo.
Imvelaphi yothixo omkhulu ineethiyori ezininzi. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo zamandulo zamaYiputa, ekuqaleni kwexesha, uThoth, umdali wakhe, wathabatha intaka ebizwa ngokuba ling’ang’ane waza wabeka iqanda lendalo eliqulethe yonke indalo.
Elinye ibali lamandulo lisixelela ukuba, ekuqaleni kwexesha, uthixo onguThoth wavela emilebeni yothixo welanga uRa yaye elinye libonisa ukuba wavela kungquzulwano olukhulu phakathi koothixo uHorus noSet, abamela amandla ocwangco nesiphithiphithi.
Inyaniso kukuba, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ivela phi na, onke amabali amandulo abonisa ukuba uthixo omkhulu uThoth wayengumnini wolwazi oluninzi, enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ngamandla wamagama.
UThoth wanika abantu olu lwazi ngokukhululekileyo, nangona kunjalo, eso sipho sasimele uxanduva olukhulu ekwakufuneka baluthathele ingqalelo kakhulu, kuba amazwi anamandla amakhulu.
Kuba amaJiputa, amazwi anokwenzakalisa, aphilise, akhe, aphakamise, atshabalalise, agwebe, ade amvuse kwabafileyo. Ezinye ii-Egyptologists zibonisa ukuba, kule mpucuko yamandulo, ukubhala kwakungenayo injongo yokuhlobisa, ngoko ayizange isetyenziswe kwiincwadi okanye iinjongo zorhwebo.
Umsebenzi wabo ophambili, kwaye mhlawumbi owona ubalulekileyo, yayikukusebenza njengesixhobo sokuvakalisa iikhonsepthi ezithile okanye iziganeko abafuna ukuzenza zibe yinyani. Oko kukuthi, kwiYiputa yaMandulo kwakukholelwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ngokubhala into ngokuphindaphindiweyo nangomlingo, oku kunokwenzeka.
AmaJiphutha amandulo ayeqonda ukuba esi sipho sivela kuThoth yayingekuko nje ukuzibonakalisa, kodwa ukuba ngokoqobo igama elibhaliweyo linokuguqula ihlabathi ngamandla aqulethwe kuwo. Kodwa kwakungeyonto ilula kangako, kuba ukuze la mandla akhululwe kwaye oko kubonakaliswe kunye nawo kwakunokwenzeka, esi sipho sasifanele siqondwe, kuphela emva koko sinokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo.
Ukudalwa kokubhala kwaseYiputa
Naxa uluntu lwafumana inkqubo yalo yokubhala kwaThoth, kuba kumaJiphutha umhlaba wawuyimpucuko yawo, kwafuneka ukuba bazifunele ngokwabo ukuba esi sipho siquka ntoni na kwaye ngaphezu kwayo yonke indlela yokusisebenzisa.
Ngexesha eliphakathi kwe-6000 kunye ne-3150 BC, xa kuqikelelwa ukuba yayiyinxalenye yokugqibela yexesha langaphambi kwe-predynastic eYiputa, iisimboli zokuqala zibonakala zibonisa iikhonsepthi ezilula, ezinjengokuchonga indawo, umntu, isiganeko okanye into.
Ubungqina bokuqala bobukho bokubhala eYiputa luluhlu olunikezelayo emangcwabeni ngeXesha lokuQala leDynastic.
KumaYiputa amandulo, ukufa kwakungesosiphelo sobomi, yayiyinguqulelo nje, ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye, ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye. Bathi abafileyo babephila kubomi basemva kokufa yaye bathembele kwabaphilayo ukuba babakhumbule baze babanike iminikelo yokutya neziselo ukuze bazixhase.
Yayibizwa ngokuba luLuhlu lweMinikelo kwaye yayiluluhlu lweminikelo eyayiza kunikelwa kumntu othile kwaye ibhalwe eludongeni lwamangcwaba abo okanye i-stelae, eqingqiweyo okanye epeyintiweyo. Ngokubanzi, ukutya ngokweencasa kunye namasiko omntu ofileyo abekwe.
Olu luhlu lweminikelo lwaluhamba kunye neefomyula zeminikelo, esinokuyichaza njenge-spell okanye amagama aya kuguqula ngomlingo olu luhlu olubhaliweyo lweminikelo ibe yinyani, ukwenzela ukuzonwabisa komntu oshonile.
Umntu owenze izenzo ezikhulu, owayekwisikhundla esiphakamileyo segunya, okanye owayekhokela amajoni ukuba aphumelele edabini, wayefanelwe yiminikelo emikhulu kunomntu ongazange enze okuncinane ngentelekiso ngobomi bakhe.
Kunye nolu ludwe kwakukho isiqwenga esifutshane esasibonisa ukuba wayengubani loo mntu, into awayeyenzile, nesizathu sokuba ayefanele enze iminikelo enjalo. Olu luhlu kunye ne-epitaphs bezinqabile, bezibanzi ngokubanzi, ngakumbi ukuba umntu oswelekileyo unolawulo oluthile.
Uludwe Lweminikelo lwalusiya lusiba lude yaye lufuna ngamandla, de kwavela uMthandazo weminikelo, owawuthabathel’ indawo uludwe olwalusele lusiba nzima ukululawula.
Kucingelwa ukuba lo mthandazo ekuqaleni ibingumthandazo othethwayo. Yakuba ibhaliwe, yaba yinto esisiseko apho imibhalo yengcwaba kunye nemiboniso yayilungelelaniswe.
Kwenzeka into efanayo ngoluhlu olungapheliyo lwezikhundla kunye nezihloko zamagosa, baqala ukuwaphuhlisa kwiingxelo ezimfutshane kunye nento esiyaziyo njenge-autobiography yazalwa.
Zombini i-autobiography kunye nomthandazo zithathwa njengemizekelo yokuqala yoncwadi lwaseYiputa, olwenziwa kusetyenziswa umbhalo wehieroglyphic.
Nangona kunjalo, kusekho ithuba lokuba injongo yokuqala yokubhala yayiza kusetyenziselwa urhwebo, ukuhambisa umbulelo kuyo ulwazi malunga nempahla, amaxabiso, ukuthengwa, njl. E-Egypt baye benza kwaye basebenzisa iintlobo ezintathu zokubhala:
- I-Hieroglyphic, kucingelwa ukuba yayiyeyokuqala ukuphuhliswa kwaza kwasetyenziswa ngamaJiphutha ukusuka kwinqanaba langaphambi kwedynastic ukuya kwinkulungwane yesine.
- I-Hieratic: enxulumene nokubhalwa kwe-hieroglyphic, ibingumbhalo olula, ohambelana kakhulu kwaye wenza lula i-hieroglyphs, esetyenziswa ikakhulu kwimibhalo yolawulo neyenkolo. Yayisetyenziswa phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neyesi-XNUMX BC.
- iDemotics; ehambelana neXesha lokugqibela laseYiputa, inqanaba lokugqibela le-Egypt yaMandulo. Yayiyinkqubo yokubhala eyayilawula malunga no-660 BC, isetyenziswa ikakhulu kuqoqosho noncwadi.
Umpapiri waseYiputa, i-inki nokubhala
Ukuphuhliswa nokuvela kweenkqubo zabo zokubhala kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuveliswa kwe-papyrus ne-inki, oku kungomnye wegalelo elibalulekileyo kwinkcubeko yaseYiputa.
I<em>Papyrus sisityalo esiyinzalelwane yaseYiputa, sikhula kakhulu elunxwemeni lomNayile Ngaphambi kokuveliswa kolu xwebhu olwalusebenza njengenkxaso yokubhala, lwalusenziwa kumacwecwe odongwe nasematyeni, nto leyo eyayingenakwenzeka kakhulu, ekubeni yayidilika kunye nezinye. yayinzima kakhulu kwaye kunzima ukuyiqingqa.
Kodwa umpapiri wenza umahluko omkhulu, njengoko babefuna ibrashi ne-inki kuphela ukuze babhale amagama abo, izinto ababenokuzisa ngokulula naphi na.
I-inki kunye ne-papyrus zazigqalwa njengemveliso yoguquko eyashiywa ngamaJiphutha amandulo kuzo zonke iinkcubeko, isiseko esisisiseko sonxibelelwano olubhalwe ngesandla.
Uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kokubhalwa kwe-hieroglyphic yaseYiputa
I-Hieroglyphics yaphuhliswa ukusuka kwi-pictograms yamandulo, eyayiyimiqondiso kunye nemizobo emele iikhonsepthi ezifana nomntu okanye isiganeko. Ekudalweni kwale nkqubo yokubhala, amaJiphutha anikela ingqalelo kwindawo ahlala kuyo aze athathe izinto eziqhelekileyo, izilwanyana, izityalo, njl.njl., ukwenza iimpawu zabo.
Nangona kunjalo, ezi pictograms ezazisetyenziswa ngabantu ekuqaleni zaziqulethe ulwazi olulinganiselweyo.
Ngokomzekelo, unokuzoba umfazi, umthi kunye nentaka, kodwa kwakunzima kakhulu ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuhambisa uxhumano lwabo. Ukubhalwa kwemifanekiso yokuqala kwakungenayo amandla okuphendula imibuzo emininzi enxulumene namanani amathathu, kuba umfazi wayekufuphi nomthi, wabona intaka, wayezingela, njl.
AmaSumer kwiMesopotamiya yamandulo aqonda lo mda ekusebenziseni iipictograms kwaye aqulunqa inkqubo yokubhala ephezulu malunga ne-3200 BC kwisixeko sase-Uruk.
Ngenxa yalo mbandela, ithiyori yokuba umbhalo waseYiputa waphuhliswa ukusuka kumbhalo waseMesopotamiya akunakwenzeka, kuba ukuba kunjalo amaJiphutha ayeya kufunda ubugcisa bokubhala kumaSumerians, edlula inqanaba leepictograms, eqala ukusuka kanye kunye nokudalwa kweSumer. iigramafoni, iisimboli ezimele izandi.
AmaSumer afunda ukwandisa ulwimi lwawo olubhaliweyo esebenzisa imiqondiso emele ngokuthe ngqo olo lwimi, ukuze ukuba ayefuna ukudlulisela inkcazelo ethile ethile akwazi ukuyenza ngokupheleleyo nangomyalezo ocacileyo. AmaJiphutha aphuhlisa le nkqubo inye, kodwa afaka iilogograms nee-ideograms.
Kucingelwa ukuba isiseko sokubhalwa kwe-hieroglyphic yaseYiputa yayiyi: iphonogram, ilogogram, i-ideogram kunye ne-determinative. Ngoko makhe sifunde ngakumbi malunga nabo:
1-Ifonogram okt iisimboli ezimele izandi kuphela. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeephonogram eziyinxalenye ye-hieroglyphs:
- Iimpawu ezisecaleni okanye ezinobumba: ezi zimele ikhonkco okanye ixabiso lesandi.
- Iimpawu zamacala amabini, ezisebenza njengoonobumba ababini.
- Iimpawu ezimacala amathathu ziphinda zivelise oonobumba abathathu.
I-2-Logogram, ngunobumba obhaliweyo ofuzisela igama okanye ibinzana, zinxulunyaniswa ngakumbi neentsingiselo kunezandi kwaye zidla ngokuzikhumbula.
I-3-Ideograms, eziyimiqondiso emele ingcamango okanye ingcamango, oko kukuthi, idlulisela ngokucacileyo umyalezo othile, njenge-emojis yangoku evumela umntu ofunda umyalezo ukuba azi isimo sengqondo somntu onobuso obunomsindo. , ukuba uyaqhula ngobuso obuhleka iinyembezi okanye ukuba imozulu yendawo inelanga okanye imvula.
I-4-Determinatives: zii-ideograms ezisetyenziselwa ukubonisa into emele yona, ekubeni eminye imifanekiso okanye imiqondiso yayinentsingiselo engaphezu kwenye. Ii-Ideograms zihlala zibekwe ekupheleni kwegama, ziluncedo ngeendlela ezimbini:
- Ivumela ukucacisa okanye ukucacisa intsingiselo yegama elithile, ekubeni kukho ezinye ezifanayo, eziphantse zifane.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuvumela ukubonisa ukuba elinye igama liphela kwaye elinye liqala phi.
Ukubhala usebenzisa i-hieroglyphs kwakunokubaluleka okunokuthi kubhalwe ngendlela efunwayo, nje ukuba ibonakala icocekile kwaye intle kwinqanaba lobuhle, oko kukuthi, inokubhalwa kulo naliphi na icala ukusuka kwesobunxele ukuya ekunene, ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu kunye nobubi. kumacala omabini.
Xa usenza imibhalo emangcwabeni, kwiitempile, kwizindlu zobukhosi, njl., into ebalulekileyo yayikukuba wenze umsebenzi omhle kwaye kule nto, bhala ngendlela efanelekileyo kakhulu indawo ekhoyo.
Luphawu lokubhalwa kwe-Egypt ukuba ilawulwe yi-aesthetics, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, ngokubeka i-hieroglyphs eqokelelwe ngoxande, ngoko ke imiqondiso yandiswa okanye iyancitshiswa ukuze ihambelane neqela, ngokuthe nkqo okanye ngokuthe tye, inika inkangeleko elinganayo kumbhalo.
Kwezinye iimeko babeya kuguqula ulandelelwano lweesimboli ukuba bavakalelwa kukuba i-aesthetic kunye noxande olulinganayo lunokubonwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lulandelelwano olungalunganga.
Nangona kunjalo, isivakalisi sinokufundwa ngokulula, sikhokelwa lisikhokelo apho iiphonogram zijoliswe khona, ekubeni imifanekiso ihlala isekuqaleni kwesivakalisi, umzekelo, ukuba isivakalisi kufuneka sifundwe ukusuka ekunene ukuya kwesobunxele, izilwanyana okanye umntu. abantu, baya kujoliswa okanye bajonge ngasekunene.
Kubantu abanolwazi ngolwimi kwakungeyonto intsonkothileyo, kanye njengokungabikho kweempawu ezifuzisela isikhamiso, ezi zaziqondwa kwabo babeluqonda ulwimi oluthethwayo. AmaYiputa ayekwazi ukufunda umbhalo wehieroglyphic, kwanaxa oonobumba bengekho kwesi sivakalisi, kuba ayebaqonda.
Ialfabhethi yokubhala ye-hieroglyphic yaseYiputa iqulathe amashumi amabini anesine oonobumba abasisiseko, kodwa bekukho iisimboli ezingaphezu kwamakhulu asixhenxe ezahlukeneyo ezongezwayo kwisivakalisi ukucacisa okanye ukucacisa ukuba oonobumba bazama ukudlulisela ntoni na. Ukuze abhale ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo ngokuchanekileyo, amaYiputa kwakufuneka ayicengceleze aze ayisebenzise kakuhle le miqondiso.
Eli nani likhulu lemiqondiso lalikho kwaye lalisetyenziswa phambi kwealfabhethi, yiyo loo nto, nangona inokuba yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu ngenxa yobuninzi beesimboli, ayinakukhutshelwa ngaphandle ngenxa yezizathu zonqulo.
Khumbula ukuba ukubhala, kule meko i-hieroglyphs, kwakujongwa njengesipho esivela kuthixo wobulumko uThoth, ngoko ke ukuyeka okanye ukuyilungisa kwakucazululwa njengokunyelisa, kwaye kukwamela ilahleko engakholelekiyo, kuba imiyalezo yemibhalo yakudala yayiza kuphulukana nentsingiselo kunye nokuqonda. .
Uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwescript esibhalwe phantsi
Xa sicinga ngendlela ekumele ukuba kwakunzima ngayo kumbhali ukubhala ngoonobumba abatsobhileyo, akumangalisi ukuba kwaveliswa enye inkqubo yokubhala ekhawulezayo nelula.
Ubhalo olwaziwa njengoludwe lwembali okanye olungcwele, lwaluyilwe ngabalinganiswa abanokuthi bagqalwe njengokwenziwa lula kwehieroglyphs kwaye kwaphuhliswa ngexesha lamandulo labalawuli.
Ubhalo lweHieroglyphic, olusele luphuhliswe ngokuqinileyo, lwaqhubeka lusetyenziswa kwiYiputa yamandulo, lusisiseko sazo zonke iindlela zokubhala kamva, kodwa lugcina indawo yalo elilungelo xa kufikelelwa kumbandela wokubhala ngokumiselwa kwezikhumbuzo neetempile.
I-Hieratic yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwiimibhalo zonqulo, emva koko kwezinye iindawo ezibandakanya ulawulo lwezoshishino, iincwadi zomlingo kunye nobugqi, iileta zomntu kunye nezoshishino, iirekhodi zenkundla kunye nezomthetho kunye namaxwebhu.
Olu hlobo lokubhala lwaseYiputa lwalusenziwa kwipapyrus okanye kwiingceba, ematyeni nakwimithi. Ekuqaleni yayinokubhalwa ngokuthe nkqo kwaye ngokuthe tye, nangona kunjalo ukusuka kwi-XII Dynasty phantsi kwe-regency ka-Amenemhat III, kusekwa ukuba inkqubo ye-hieratic yabhalwa ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwesokudla ukuya kwesobunxele, ihluke kwinkqubo ye-hieroglyphic.
Malunga nonyaka wama-800 BC, iye yanoguquko oluthile, yaba sisikripthi esibukhali esibizwa ngokuba yi-hieratic engaqhelekanga. Iskripthi se-hieratic satshintshwa malunga ne-700 BC yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-demotic script.
Ukuphuhliswa nokusetyenziswa kobhalo lwedemokhrasi
Ukubhalwa kwedemo-demotic, okanye imibhalo edumileyo, yayisetyenziselwa zonke iintlobo zeenjongo, ngaphandle nje kokubhala imibhalo ebalaseleyo ematyeni, eyayisabhalwa ngokubhalwa kwemibhalo.
AmaJiphutha amandulo abiza iskripthi sedemotic sekh-shat okanye eso sisetyenziswa kumaxwebhu, sesona sisetyenziswa kakhulu nesithandwayo kwiwaka leminyaka ezayo.
Isetyenziswe kuzo zonke iintlobo zemisebenzi ebhaliweyo, olu hlobo lweskripthi saseYiputa luvela kwingingqi ye-Delta ye-Egypt esezantsi kwaye yasasazeka ngasezantsi ngexesha le-1069th yobukhosi beXesha leSithathu eliPhakathi phakathi kwe-525 kunye ne-XNUMX BC.
I-Demotic iqhubekile isetyenziswa ngexesha lasemva kweXesha laMandulo laseYiputa phakathi kwe-525 kunye ne-332 BC kunye nePtolemaic Dynasty phakathi kwe-332 kunye ne-30 BC, kamva kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-Egypt yaseRoma, i-Demotic yathatyathelwa indawo ngumbhalo weCoptic.
Uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kombhalo weCoptic
I-Coptic yayisisikripthi samaKristu ase-Egypt, ngokusisiseko bathetha iilwimi zaseYiputa kwaye babhala besebenzisa ialfabhethi yesiGrike, kunye nezongezo ezithile ezivela kwi-Demotic script. La maqela ayesaziwa ngokuba ngamaCopt.
Kwialfabhethi yesiCopt kukho oonobumba abangamashumi amathathu anesibini, amashumi amabini anesihlanu aphuma kwiileta ze-Hellenic, ezinemvelaphi yombhalo we-hieroglyphic wase-Egypt, kwaye isixhenxe esiseleyo siphuma ngqo kwiscript yedemotiki yaseYiputa. Ukuxelisa iskripthi seGrisi yakudala, iCoptic ibhalwa kuphela ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene.
Yaziswa eYiputa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesibini ngaphambi kukaKristu, inobungangamsha bayo kwinkulungwane yesine. Namhlanje iCoptic ihlala isetyenziswa kwiCawe yamaCopt ukubhala iitekisi zeliturgical.
AmaCopt afaka izikhamiso ezifumaneka kulwimi lwesiGrike ekubhaleni kwawo, nto leyo eyenza intsingiselo icace kuye nabani na ofunda imibhalo yawo, kungakhathaliseki ulwimi lwakhe lomthonyama.
Umbhalo wesiCopt wawudla ngokusetyenziswa ukukopa nokugcina uthotho lwamaxwebhu abalulekileyo, awayeguqulelwe ukusuka kulwimi lwawo loqobo ukuya kolu lwimi. Ubukhulu becala amaxwebhu aguqulelwe kwisiCopt ayenxulumene nenkolo, iincwadi zeTestamente eNtsha yobuKristu kunye nezinye iivangeli ezamkelwa zezinye iinkolo.
Ukongezelela, kwaba luncedo ekuqondweni kwe-hieroglyphs, kuba ibonelele izitshixo ezithile kwizizukulwana ezilandelayo.
Imbali yealfabhethi yesiCoptic inokunxulunyaniswa nePtolemaic Dynasty, eyaqala ngo-305 BC kunye noPtolemy I Soter jikelele kwaye yafikelela kuvuthondaba ngoPtolemy XV Caesar ngo-30 BC. Ngeli xesha, isiGrike siqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwimibhalo esemthethweni. Ukongezelela, imibhalo yedemokhrasi yaqalisa ukubhalwa kusetyenziswa oonobumba besiGrike.
Imibhalo emininzi yakudala yakhutshelwa kwinto ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiOld Coptic kwiinkulungwane ezimbini zokuqala zobuKristu. Ziqulathe imibhalo ye-Egypt, ebhalwe ngoonobumba be-alfabhethi ye-Hellenic kunye noonobumba be-Demotic, eyenze ukuba kwenzeke ukuphinda kuveliswe izandi ezithile zeCoptic.
Xa ubuKristu basekwayo njengenkolo esemthethweni yase-Egypt, iinkolo zemveli zama-Egypt amandulo zavalwa kwaye zathintelwa, zibangela ukunyamalala okuqhubekayo kokubhala kwe-hieroglyphic kunye nokubhalwa kwedemotiki kamva, ukuseka iCoptic njengenkqubo yokubhala evunyiweyo yicawe yobuKristu. .
Ukunyamalala kokubhala kwaseYiputa
Iithiyori ezininzi kunye neengxoxo zibonisa ukuba intsingiselo ye-hieroglyphs yanyamalala kuphuhliso lwamaxesha okugqibela embali yaseYiputa, njengoko ukufundwa nokubhala kwezi mpawu kwasuswa kwezinye iinkqubo ezilula kwaye abantu balibala ukufunda nokubhala.
Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluninzi lubonisa ukuba i-hieroglyphs yayisetyenziswe ngokwenene de kube yi-Ptolemaic dynasty, iqala ukulahlekelwa ukubaluleka ngokubonakala kobuKristu, ngexesha lokuqala lamaRoma.
Nangona kunjalo, kuyo yonke imbali yaseYiputa kwakukho amaxesha amafutshane kakhulu apho ukusetyenziswa kokubhalwa kwe-hieroglyphic kwaqaliswa kwakhona, de ihlabathi lamaJiphutha latshintsha ngeenkolelo ezintsha zonqulo.
Ngokusetyenziswa kombhalo weCoptic, owangena kwimodeli entsha yenkcubeko eyayithatha indawo yenkcubeko yaMandulo yaseYiputa, i-hieroglyphs yalityalwa kwaye yabhanga ngokupheleleyo.
Ebudeni bohlaselo lwama-Arabhu ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu, akukho mntu uhlala kumazwe aseYiputa wayeyazi into eyayithethwa yile mibhalo-ngqangi.
Kamva, xa uphononongo lwaseYurophu lwaqalisa ukuquqa kweli lizwe malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX emva koKristu, abazange baqonde ngokufanayo namaSilamsi, ukuba inani elikhulu lemiqondiso yayilulwimi oludala kakhulu olubhaliweyo.
Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yeXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo, yonke into eyayinokufunwa ngabahloli bamazwe baseYurophu yayikukuba i-hieroglyphs yayizisimboli zemilingo, inkcazo eyafikelelwayo ngomsebenzi wesazi saseJamani uAthanasius Kircher.
UAthanasius Kircher wawulandela nje lo mzekelo waza wabelana ngeengcamango zababhali bamandulo bamaGrike, nabo ababengayazi intsingiselo yokubhalwa kwemibhalo-ngqangi, becinga ukuba yayiyimiqondiso nje emele ingcamango ethile. Egxininise kulo mzekelo uphosakeleyo, wazama ukucacisa umbhalo waseYiputa, okubangele ukusilela.
Nangona kunjalo, yayingenguye yedwa, abanye abaphengululi abaninzi baya kuzama ukucacisa intsingiselo yale mifuziselo yamandulo yaseYiputa, kodwa akukho namnye owaphumelela njengoko babengenaso isiseko sokuqonda ukuba basebenza ngantoni,
Kwanaxa zazibonakala zichonga ipateni kwizicatshulwa, kwakungekho ndlela yokwazi ukuba ezo pateni zinokuguqulelwa njani na.
Nangona kunjalo, malunga nomnyaka we-1798 emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu, ngexesha lokuhlaselwa komkhosi kaNapoleon kumazwe aseYiphutha, u-lieutenant wafumana iRosetta Stone. Le ndoda yakubona ukubaluleka kokubaluleka kwale relic kwaye yatshintshelwa eCairo, kanye kwiziko laseYiputa elasekwa nguNapoleon ekuqaleni kwephulo lakhe kweli lizwe.
Ilitye laseRosetta sisibhengezo ngesiGrike, hieroglyphics, kunye nedemotics yolawulo lukaPtolemy V, owayelawula ukusuka ku-204 ukuya ku-181 BC.
Imibhalo emithathu kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokubhala idlulisela ulwazi olufanayo, ilandela ingcamango yePtolemaic yentlalo yeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. Nabani na ofunda isiGrike, i-hieroglyphics, okanye i-demotic uya kuqonda umyalezo obhalwe kwilitye le-Rosetta.
Nangona kunjalo, iingxabano phakathi kweNgilani neFransi zanda, ukulibaziseka njengoko kulindelwe ubomi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, umzekelo umsebenzi wokucacisa i-hieroglyphs ngoncedo lwamatye ulibazisekile.
Ngokoyiswa kwamaFrentshi kwiimfazwe zeNapoleon, iRosetta Stone yafuduswa isuka eCairo yasiwa eNgilani kwaye izifundo kunye nohlalutyo lwalo lwaphinda lwaqala.
Abaphandi abajongene nokuhlalutya kunye nokucacisa le nkqubo yokubhala yamandulo baqhubeka besebenza ngokusekelwe kwizifundo zikaKircher kunye nokutsalwa, basebenza kwaye bavezwa ngendlela eqinisekisayo.
Isazinzulu esiliNgesi uThomas Young, obambisene kumsebenzi wokuchaza i-hieroglyphs, bacinga ukuba bamele amagama kwaye badityaniswa ne-Demotic, Coptic kunye nezinye izikripthi zamva.
Umsebenzi omncinci waqatshelwa kwaye waqwalaselwa ngugxa wakhe kunye nembangi yakhe, isazi sefilosofi uJean-Francois Champollion, owathi malunga ne-1824 AD wapapasha uphando lwakhe malunga nokuchazwa kwe-hieroglyphics yaseYiputa.
Le philologist iya kuhlala inxulumene neRosetta Stone kunye ne-hieroglyphs, ekubeni nguye owabonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba le miqondiso yamandulo yaseYiputa yayiyinkqubo yokubhala eyenziwe ngeephonogram, iilogograms kunye neengcamango.
Kwanaxa ingxabano phakathi kwabaphengululi babini yayizinzile, izama ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani oye wafumanisa eyona nto ibalulekileyo yaye ngoko ke ngubani ofanelwe yingqalelo enkulu kunye nokufaneleka, imeko leyo izifundiswa ziyigcinayo namhlanje, igalelo labo bobabini kulo mmandla.
Umsebenzi omncinci wabeka iziseko apho uChampollion aphuhlise uphando lwakhe kwaye wafumana iziphumo ezilindelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ayinakuphikiswa ukuba yayingumsebenzi kaChampollion othe ekugqibeleni waqhekeza inkqubo yamandulo yokubhala kwaye wabhenca inkcubeko nembali yaseYiputa eluntwini.
UJean Francois Champollion
Eyaziwa ngokuba ngumseki we-Egyptology, lo mbhali-mbali waseFransi wazalwa ngoDisemba 23, 1790 kwidolophu encinci eyaziwa ngokuba yiFigeac. Unyana kaJacques Champollion noJeanne-Françoise Gualieu, wayengoyena mncinane kubantwana abasixhenxe.
Wafunda kwiLyceum yaseGrenoble, iziko elinenkqubo yohlobo lwasemkhosini ngenjongo yokunikela ngemfundo yodidi lokuqala neyunifomu, njengoko yasekwa yimithetho yamaNapoleon malunga nowe-1802. kweli ziko, waphumelela ngo-1807.
Lo mfundi unenzondelelo yeelwimi zamandulo kunye nenkcubeko yaseYiputa wafumana iPh.D. kwiMbali yaMandulo kwiDyunivesithi yaseGrenoble.
Umsebenzi wakhe wobomi yayikukuba acazulule i-hieroglyphs yaseYiputa kwaye ngo-1824 wapapasha incwadi. Isishwankathelo senkqubo ye-hieroglyphic yamaYiputa amandulo, umsebenzi ocacisa le nkqubo inzima yokubhala.
Ebudeni bonyaka we-1826, wonyulwa njengomgcini wengqokelela yaseYiputa yemyuziyam yaseLouvre, ephethe ukukhetha kunye nokuqokelela izinto zakudala zemiboniso awayenoxanduva lokuyilungiselela, kunye nemida ebekwe yimyuziyam.
Ngowe-1828 wayeyinxalenye yohambo lwakhe oluya eYiputa, olwaluyilwe ngamagcisa, abachwephesha bokuzoba, abayili bezakhiwo kunye nezinye iingcali zase-Egypt, ibe lelona xesha watyelela kulo eli lizwe alithandayo nazinikele kulo ubomi bakhe. Watyelela iindawo ezifana neCairo ukuze abone iipiramidi kunye neNubia apho wayexabisa khona iitempile zaseRamesside.
Ndinandipha malunga neenyanga ezilishumi elinesibhozo kumsebenzi wasentsimini kumazwe aseYiputa, ndibuyela eFransi ndidiniwe yaye ndinempilo enkenenkene. Kwikota yokuqala yonyaka we-1831, wafumana ukuqeshwa kwakhe njengoNjingalwazi we-Archaeology kwiKholeji yaseFransi.
Wafa eneengxaki ezininzi zempilo ngoMatshi 4, 1832, engakhange akwazi ukugqiba oko wayecinga ukuba ngumsebenzi wakhe omkhulu. igrama yaseYiputa, eyathi kamva yagqitywa ngumkhuluwa wakhe uJacques-Joseph njengesikhumbuzo kwinkumbulo yakhe.
Siyakumema ukuba uqhagamshelane namanye amakhonkco anomdla kwibhlog yethu: