Izifo zeTomato, Izinambuzane kunye noNyango

Izifo zeTomato yenye yeengxaki eziphambili zabantu abalima okanye abakhathalela amasimi. Yingakho sikumema ukuba ufunde eli nqaku apho izinambuzane kunye nezifo ezahlukeneyo ezihlasela izityalo zetamatato zichazwe, ukuthintela kwazo kunye nendlela yokuphelisa obu bubi ngendlela yendalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso zamachiza.

Izifo zeTomato

Izifo ze-tomato yenye yezona zinto zixhalabisayo kwii-horticulturists. Yiyo loo nto imfuneko yokuqonda kwangethuba ukuba luhlobo luni lwearhente ehlasela isityalo kwaye ngaloo ndlela ikwazi ukusebenza ngexesha ukuze kuxhamle izityalo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi yeyona nto ifanelekileyo, kodwa oku kuzisa iziphumo zokubambisa, ekubeni ukugqithisa kweekhemikhali, ngaphandle kokudala ukuchasana, ukunyanzeliswa kokusetyenziswa kwe-pesticides ebanzi, isiqhamo siyangcoliswa kwaye emva koko sidliwe. abantu, ezizisa iziphumo kwimpilo yexesha elide.

izinambuzane kwitumato

Kukho inani lezifo ze-tomato kunye nezinambuzane ezihlasela ngokugqithiseleyo, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuba abantu abaphethe ukulima okanye ukunyamekela amabhoma bayazi ngokweenkcukacha kwaye ngoko bayichonge ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ngoko ke bakwazi ukusebenzisa unyango oluyimfuneko kwi-disinfection. . Phakathi kwezinambuzane ezidla ngokufumaneka kwizityalo zetumato zezi:

• Isigcawu esibomvu (Tetranychus urticae)

Luhlobo lwengolwane olukhula luphindaphindeke ngaphantsi kwegqabi. Esi sitshabalalisi sitya izityalo ezikhuliswe kwindawo ezomileyo ezinokuthi zibe yingozi kakhulu kwizityalo. Esi sitshabalalisi sincinci kwaye siphantse singabonakali si-oval kwaye sinokuvela ngemibala eyahlukileyo: i-orenji, i-yellow, i-brown, ibomvu, iluhlaza kwaye iphantse ibe mnyama. Xa zikwimo yombungu ziba neepere ezi-3 zemilenze kwaye xa isiba yinjanjana iyanda ibe ngamaqela ama-4. Kwimeko yeemazi, zinamachokoza amabini amnyama asecaleni emqolo kwaye inkunzi incinci inesisu esitsolo kunye nemilenze emide. Ngokubhekiselele kumbala, zivame ukuba zincinci.

Uxilongo:

Ukwazi ukuba isityalo singcolisekile, kuyimfuneko ukujonga ezi mpawu zilandelayo: inani elikhulu lamaqanda ezi zinambuzane zibonwa ngaphantsi kwamagqabi, kunye ne-nymphs kunye nabantu abadala ababangela ukuguquka kwebala okanye amabala aphuzi anokufikelela kwi-necrosis. , inciphisa kakhulu ukukhula nokukhula kwayo. Amachaphaza atyheli avela kumphezulu wegqabi. Unokubona kwakhona i-spider web ebakhuselayo kwi-acaricides.

•  Ibhabhathane elimhlophe (I-Trialeurodes vaporariorum kunye ne-Bemisia tabaci) 

Sisitshabalalisi esondla ngaphantsi kwegqabi, sesinye sezona zixhaphakileyo kwizityalo zetumato, ezibangela umonakalo omkhulu. Iquka izigaba ezi-3 zombungu, kwinqanaba lokugqibela iba ngqukuva kwaye ibe tyheli, kulapho ibizwa ngokuba yi-pupa, apho ithi ikhule ide ifikelele kumehlo amhlophe, abomvu, kuxa ithathwa ngokuba ngabantu abadala. Umzimba wakhe utyheli. Bathanda ukwenza ikoloniyali iindawo ezithambileyo zesityalo, zibenze buthathaka.

Uxilongo:

Iimbungu zifumaneka ngaphantsi kwamagqabi amadala, ziququzelela ukubonakala kwesibindi, eziluhlobo lwefungus olubonakala emva kokuba isityalo sihlaselwe yile nkathazo, ekhusela ukuthengiswa kwayo. Oku kubangela ukuba amagqabi aqale ukujika umbala, ajike abe tyheli kwaye abe necrotic ukuya kwinqanaba lokuwa, kunye nokuvuthwa okungaqhelekanga kwesiqhamo.

• Heliothis (Helicoverpa armigera)

Lo kuhlobo lwenundu, nekwaziwa ngokuba ngumbungu wekhaphetshu. Idlula kwizigaba ezi-6 zombungu. Zivezwa kwimilo engqukuva kunye nombala oqaqambileyo otyheli oguqukayo ubemdaka. Xa befikelela ebudaleni bajika umbala okhrimu kunye nebhanti ethambileyo emdaka kwiingcebiso. Kwimeko yeemazi zibonakala zimdaka nge-orenji kwaye iinkunzi ziluhlaza greyi. Amaqanda abo afakwe ngokwahlukeneyo kumahlumela okanye amaqabunga amagqabi kunye neziqhamo.

Uxilongo:

Imibungu ibangela imingxunya kwiziqhamo nakufuphi nezikhondo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kungenzeki ukuba ivuthwe kakuhle njengoko ithanda ukuwa phambi kwexesha. Le mibungu iyonakalisa uninzi lweziqhamo kunye nembewu, ibangela imingxunya emikhulu, yiyo loo nto iba sisitshabalalisi esinyanyekayo ngokonakalisa izityalo ezikhulu.

• Umsebenzi wasemgodini (Liriomyza spp.)

Le yimpukane ethanda ukubethelela amaphiko ayo kweyona ndawo incinci yesityalo, ibangela iigalari ngokutya kuzo. Umbungu wawo ofakwe ngaphakathi yimazi kwaye uboniswe kwimilo e-oval ecacileyo, ethi kamva ijike ibe mhlophe ide ifike kwi-ocher yellow, idlule kwi-metamorphosis (i-pupa) ukuya kwinqanaba lokugqibela. Iinkunzi zincinci kunemazi, azixhotyiswanga ngendlela yokwenza imingxuma, ngoko ke iimazi zenza umsebenzi ukuze inkunzi ikwazi ukondla kamva.

Uxilongo: 

Kukho ukulunywa okwenziwe ngabavukuzi abadala ukufaka imibungu, ukwenza iigalari ezinkulu ezinqanda ukuvuthwa kunye nokuchithwa kwezityalo. Ezi galleries zibonakala kwindawo engaphezulu yamagqabi, nangona zingabonwa nangaphantsi, ethi kamva ibe necrotic, inciphisa ngokuphawulekayo umthamo wephotosynthetic kwaye ivumela ukungena kwefungi kunye neebhaktheriya.

• Zintwala (Aphis gossypii kunye noMyzus persicae)

Olu hlobo lwezinambuzane alunxulumananga nentakumba, igama layo linxulunyaniswa nento yokuba zimunca incindi yesityalo. Banamandla amakhulu okwenza ukuba ibe yenye yezona zinambuzane zitshabalalisayo kwi-horticulture. Iimazi zi-viviparous kwaye ukuzala kwazo ku-asexual kwaye ziyakwazi ukuvelisa inzala ye-100, ngoko ukwanda kwazo kunokufikelela kumanqanaba othusayo. Inokuboniswa ngemibala eyahlukeneyo ukusuka eluhlaza, emthubi, emhlophe okanye emdaka, enikezwe ngomlomo omde ukuze ikwazi ukufunxa incindi yesityalo. Zifumaneka kwindawo eluhlaza, amasebe, iziqu kunye namahlumela athambileyo esityalo.

Uxilongo: Xa ukhupha incindi kwisityalo, ithande ukugoba okanye imibimbi. Kuveliswa uhlobo oluthile lwemolasi olukwaziyo ukugquma uninzi lwesityalo luze lutsale iimbovane ezinokuthi zisonakalisa isityalo. I-petiole ikhubazekile kwaye ikhubaza iziqhamo. Kwakhona ukutsala abanesibindi. Esi sitshabalalisi siyakwazi ukusasaza iintsholongwane ezifana ne cucumber mosaic. Esi sitshabalalisi siyanda ngakumbi ekwindla nasentwasahlobo.

• Uhambo (UFrankliniella occidentalis)

Ikwaziwa njenge spider mite, luhlobo oluncinci. Ikhula ngokwamanqanaba amabini kwaye ikhule phakathi kwezicubu zezityalo, iziqhamo kunye neentyatyambo. Zibonakala zimhlophe okanye tyheli eziluthuthu kwaye xa sele zikhulile ziba golide. Njengabantu abadala banezibini ezimbini zamaphiko. Imazi ithande ukuba nkulu kancinci kunenkunzi. Ziye zaba sisitshabalalisi esiyingozi kwizityalo zetumata, njengoko zikhupha ulwelo kwiiseli zezityalo. Ixesha layo lokuphuhlisa iintsuku ezingama-20, eziya kugqitywa ngubushushu bendalo. I-cuan inokuba phakathi kwe-20 kunye ne-30 degrees celsius.

Ukuphakama kweqondo lokushisa, ngokukhawuleza uphuhliso. Amaqanda afakwe kwi-cuticle yezicubu, aqandusela ngokukhawuleza, abe yimibungu ehamba kakhulu kwaye iqalise inkqubo yabo yokutya ngokukhawuleza.

Uxilongo:

Abantu abadala bakhetha indawo ephezulu yamagqabi, ngelixa i-nymphs ijonge ngaphantsi. Amagqabi aqala ukonakala, kangangokuba ihlumela alinakuvuleka. Ngombulelo kumathe e-thrips, amabala e-chlorotic (aluhlaza oluhlaza) aqala ukubonakala emagqabini nakwiziqhamo ezimhlophe. Ilindle lesi sibetho linokwenza isityalo nesiqhamo sibe necrotize.

• Inundu letumato (Tuta Absoluta)

Eli nundu likwaziwa ngokuba yitomato armyworm okanye i-miner, libhabhathane lepidoptera okanye ibhabhathane lasebusuku elizala ukuya kutsho kumaqanda angama-260 asuka kumhlophe abe tyheli aze emva koko ajike abe mnyama xa sele eqandusela, ajike abe luhlaza anomgca omnyama entloko. I-pupa yenzeka emhlabeni kwaye xa sele ikhulile ijika ibe ngwevu ibe mdaka kwaye ibe namanqina amancanyana agobileyo. Njenge thrips, benza iigalari ezinkulu kumagqabi, iziqu kunye neziqhamo.

Uxilongo: 

Zishiya iintsalela zelindle xa zenza iigalari, izibungu zinexesha apho ziphuma khona kwiigalari. Amabala avela egqabi. Imibungu idla kuphela iziqhamo eziluhlaza, ezisa ngenxa yezifo ze-cryptogamic, oko kukuthi, ukuvela kwefungi okanye iiparasites, ezibangela ukuba isiqhamo sibole, ekubeni imingxuma kunye nengaphakathi lijika libe mnyama.

Izifo zeVirus yeTomato

Ezi zifo zetumato zisasazwa ikakhulu ziintwala, iithrips kunye newhiteflies. Iintsholongwane ziphela zisigqiba isityalo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba singabi namveliso. Ubukhulu becala, iimpawu zezifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane ziyafana kakhulu, yiyo loo nto kucetyiswa ukuba kufundwe iilabhoratri. Apha sikhankanya ezona ntsholongwane zixhaphakileyo kwizityalo zetumata.

• I-tomato emnyama yesibetho okanye i-tomato wilt virus (TSWV)

Le yintsholongwane ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-suntan virus, isasazeka lula kwimozulu eyomileyo kwaye isasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye ixhathisa kakhulu xa ihlaselwa. Izibonakalisa kwigqabi ngezilonda ze-necrotic ezinombala wobhedu, nangona iqala ngamakhonkco e-chlorotic amnyama ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kuvela uhlobo lomzobo okhanyayo ocacileyo kwisiqhamo, nto leyo ethintela ukuba sibe nombala ofanayo ngexesha lokuvuthwa. Ukudluliselwa kwayo kuqala nge-thrips kwaye iqhutyelwa ngokulunywa kwesityalo esiphilileyo kwaye idluliselwa ukusuka kwesinye isityalo ukuya kwesinye.

• Intsholongwane yeTomato Mosaic (TMV)

Intsholongwane ye-mosaic iphakathi kwezifo eziphambili ze-tomato, ezibonisa ukuguquguquka kunye nokuguqulwa kobume, kunye nokubonakala kweendawo eziluhlaza kunye ne-chlorotic, isiqhamo siyancipha ngobukhulu, i-necrosis yangaphakathi nangaphandle; kwimeko yamagqabi athande ukugoba. Ukuqina kwayo kuya kuqinisekiswa nangokwezehlo zokukhanya kwelanga kwisityalo, ubushushu kunye nomthamo wenitrogen oqulethwe emhlabeni. Ukusasazeka kwayo kukudibana nesityalo esinesifo esinempilo, iimpembelelo zomoya okanye ngabalimi. Uxinzelelo lwayo lunokugcinwa iminyaka kwaye lusuka kwimbewu engcolileyo.

• Intsholongwane yeTomato etyheli curl, okanye icephe virus (TYLCV)

Le ntsholongwane ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-virus yecephe, ikhubaza ukukhula kwesityalo kunye nokuncipha kwamagqabi, apho i-petiole iqengqeleka kwaye isiqhamo singafiki ekuvuthweni kunye nombala uthande ukuba luthuthu. Le ntsholongwane isasazwa yi-whitefly. Xa isityalo sichaphazeleka kakhulu, asivelisi isiqhamo, kodwa ukuba kwenzeka xa isiqhamo sele senziwe, asithinteki.

• Intsholongwane ye-tomato ringspot (TRSV)

Le ntsholongwane ineendlela ezininzi kwaye yenye yezona zifihlakeleyo, isasazeka ngokulula ukusuka kwizityalo ezigulayo ukuya kwizityalo eziphilileyo ngokusebenzisa i-pollen kunye ne-dagger nematodes, uhlobo lwentshulube ekhoyo emhlabeni. La mabala angabonakala kakhulu, atyheli kude kube kuncipha ubungakanani betamatato. Le ntsholongwane ingaba khona kwizityalo ngendlela engabonakaliyo, eyenza ukulawula kwayo kwangexesha kube nzima, okwenza le ntsholongwane inganyangeki, okumele kulindeleke ukuba iphele ngokwayo.

• Intsholongwane ye-tomato ringspot (CMV)

Kule meko, izityalo esele zibonakalisa amagqabi anqabileyo, akhubazekileyo, oko kukuthi, zibonakalisa i-necrosis zombini kwisiqu kunye ne-petiole kunye nokunciphisa okuphawulekayo kwiqabunga leqabunga, elinokubangela ukufa kwesityalo. Ngokuphathelele isiqhamo, sinika imisesane etyheli esalayo naxa itumata sele ivuthiwe.

• I-Potato y virus (PVY)

Yintsholongwane yosapho lwePotyviridae. Kuthathwa njengesibini kwiqondo lokubaluleka kwezifo ze-tomato, ezibonakaliswe ngokubonisa amabala aphuzi kunye necrotic kumaphecana kwaye kwisiqhamo kukho ubungqina bokuguqulwa kwe-homogeneity yombala.

Izifo zeBacteria zeTomato

Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba iibhaktheriya zizidalwa zeprokaryotic, oko kukuthi, azinayo i-nucleus esebenzisa amanxeba kunye nokuvuleka kwendalo kwesityalo ukungena kunye nokufaka kubangela izifo ze-tomato. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kuyimfuneko ukufunda ukuchonga kwabo ukuze bahlasele ngokukhawuleza, njengoko banomthamo owonakalisayo owandisiweyo, obangela i-necrosis kunye nokubola okulandelayo, okudinga ulawulo olufanelekileyo. Ezona zifo zixhaphakileyo zezi:

• amabala ebhaktheriya (Xanthomonas campestris pv. IVesicatoria):

Sisifo samagqabi esisasazeka ngamaxesha ashushu kunye neemvula, sinciphisa umgangatho wesiqhamo. Iimpawu zayo zifana ne-bacterial freckle. Ibonakala njengechokoza elimnyama elineentsinga elikhula ukuya kutsho kububanzi obuyi-8mm ingakumbi kumda wamagqabi. Iyakwazi ukungcolisa isiqhamo kunye nembewu yaso kwaye ithanda amaqondo ashushu, ukusuka ku 20 ukuya kuma 30 degrees celcius. Isasazeka ngembewu eyosulelekileyo, ibonakala kwiveki emva kokusuleleka.

• I-Bacterial Freckle (Pseudomonas syringae p.v itumato):

Le bhaktheriya inokuhlasela nayiphi na indawo yesityalo, kodwa ithanda ukuhlala emagqabini, emva koko kwisiqu kwaye kamva kwisiqhamo. Zibonakala njengamachokoza afumileyo athi kamva abe yi-necrotic, ejikelezwe yihalo emthubi enokuthi idibanise ukwenza amabala amakhulu. Iicones ezimdaka ezitshonelweyo zikholisa ukubonakala kwisiqhamo, nto leyo eyonakalisa kakhulu itumata. Inokumelana okukhulu, okusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezifumileyo ukuya kwiindawo ezibandayo. Iimpawu zayo zivela emva kweveki yosulelo, ukusasazwa kwale bhaktheriya kunokwenziwa ngofakelo.

• Umhlaza wentsholongwane (Clavibacter michiganensis NONE michiganensis)

Esi sesinye sezifo ze-tomato, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-vascular necrosis, iyosulela kakhulu kwaye iyonakalisa. Kubonakala njengokutsha kwimida ye-lamina kunye ne-necrosis emagqabini de kube sekufeni kwesityalo. Kwisiqhamo ibonakala njengendawo eqwengayo enehalo emhlophe, njengokuba isifo siqhubela phambili sihlasela isikhondo. Ukosuleleka kwayo kunokunikezelwa ngembewu okanye ngezithole (ufakelo), wakuba umhlaba wosulelekile, intsholongwane ingena kwisityalo ngamanxeba anokubangelwa ngumoya osengcanjini okanye isiqu esisihlaselayo. Ibhaktiriya isasazeka kwindawo efumileyo kwaye ithanda ukunkcenkceshela.

• I-Potato mildew okanye ukubola emva kwexesha (I-Phytophthora infestans)

Luhlobo lwesifunxi-gazi esosulela izityalo zetumato, yintsholongwane ebangela ukuba amagqabi abe mnyama athi ekuqaleni abe namafutha kwaye ethubeni agqibe ekubeni enze necrotizing igqabi. Ibonakala kakhulu kwicala elingaphantsi ngendlela yomgubo omhlophe, kwisiqu ibonakala ngamachokoza amdaka njengakwisiqhamo, ekugqibeleni iba mandundu phezulu ibangela ukubola kwesiqhamo kunye nevumba elibi.

• Oidium (i-tauric leveillula)

I-powdery mildew okanye eyaziwa ngokuba yi-blanquilla. Esi sesinye sezifo zetomato ezibonakala njengamachokoza amhlophe apha ngaphantsi kwegqabi ezithanda ukuba necrotic embindini.. Oku kubangelwa ngumngundo onegama elifanayo, usuleleka ukusuka kwelidala ukuya kwelona gqabi lincinci. Ithintela ukuguquka kwesityalo, kubangela ukuchithwa kwamagqabi kwaye, njengenye impembelelo, ukutshiswa kweziqhamo ezivezwe kwimitha yelanga.

• I-alternariosis okanye ukugalela kwangaphambili (Alternaria solani)

Esi sifo sebhaktheriya ye-phytopathogenic ezibonakalisa kwizityalo ezihlala kwiindawo ezifumileyo ezinobushushu obuphezulu. Kule meko isiqhamo sithande ukubola, sinokuhlasela amagqabi kunye nesiqu. Amabala aphuzi avela emagqabini, aze ajike abe mdaka kwaye amaqabunga awele, iibhaktheriya ziya phezulu, izilonda zijika zibe yi-chlorotic halo. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, isiqu sinikezelwa ngobumnyama obude. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezicubu zeqabunga kunokubonwa kwisiqhamo, ngokukodwa kuchaphazela umgangatho wetamatato.

• Ukubola okungwevu okanye ukungunda (IBotrytis cinerea)

Kwimeko yale bhaktheriya esasazeka ngokukhawuleza, iyenzeka kwinani elikhulu lee-asexual spores ezibola kwaye zikhubaze iitumato. Ikholisa ukuthambisa isiqhamo apho iinwele ezingwevu zikhula, nto leyo ibonakaliso yefungus. Oko kuthambisa kuhamba kunye nefom ebolileyo kunye namanzi. Kwenzeka kwiimeko zokufuma okuphezulu. Enokunqandwa ngokubeka isiqhamo ngokuthe ngqo elangeni okanye kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kungoko sithathwa njengesifunxi-gazi esibuthathaka. Ngesi sizathu, indawo enomoya owaneleyo kunye nokuthena rhoqo kunye nokubulawa kweentsholongwane okulandelayo kunye ne-fungicides kuyacetyiswa.

• I-Cladosporiosisfulvia fulva)

Le bhaktheriya igcinwe ngokukodwa kumagqabi esityalo se-tomato, apho amabala atyheli abonwa ngaphantsi kwaye kwicala eliphezulu lijika libe ngwevu. Zisusela kumagqabi amadala ukuya kwelona lincinci, njengoko umngundo uhambela phambili, amagqabi ajike abe tyheli agqibele ngokuwa. Kwimeko yesiqhamo, iindawo zijika zibe tyheli, eziye zigqibele ngokubola. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba lo mngundo ungaphila kumagqabi omileyo afunyenwe phantsi. Yingakho kucetyiswa ukuphelisa ukhula, ukuphatha umhlaba apho imbewu entsha iya kukhula.

• I-Fusarium wilt (IFusarium oxysporum)

Lo mngundo ngowezigulo zetumato, eyona ndlela iphambili ibuna igqibe ekubeni ibulale isityalo. Ingena ngengcambu. Ukuze ufumanise le fungus, kuyimfuneko ukuyenza ngovavanyo lwebhubhoratri kuba ukubonakaliswa kwayo kufana kakhulu nezinye iifungi. Kwimeko yokuhlasela i-stem, ilawula i-necrotize iinqanawa, ukukhusela isityalo ekutya. Enye yeendlela ezisebenzayo zokunqanda esi sifo kukujikeleziswa kwezityalo kunye nokusebenzisa i-nitrous nitrogen endaweni yeammonia.

• I-anthracnoseColletotrichum spp.)

Kwimeko yale fungus, ixhaphake kakhulu ukuyifumana kwiindawo ezishushu kunye ezinomswakama, ezibonakaliswe ngamanxeba amnyama, ejikelezwe ngumbala ophuzi obonakaliswe ngokukhethekileyo malunga neentambo zeqabunga. Kwimeko yeziqhamo, oku kukhula kwitumata xa ikwixesha lokuvuthwa kwaye iimpawu zayo zibonakala xa itumato sele ivuthiwe. Amabala amnyama namanzi avela, abangela ukuthotywa kunye nokubola okulandelayo.

Ngokubhekiselele kwingcambu, ibuye ibe mnyama ngombala de ibole. Ukuze ugweme ukusasazeka kwesi sifo, kucetyiswa ukuba uhlambulule umhlaba kakuhle, amanzi kunye nokuchumisa, kunye nokususa ukhula okanye ukhula.

• Umhlwa (I-Puccinia graminis)

Olu luhlobo lomngundo oluhlaselayo uninzi lwezityalo zasegadini, ngakumbi izityalo zetumato. Ibonakala kakhulu kwimozulu yemvula nakwimozulu eshushu. Amagqabi aqala ukuveza amaqhuqhuva amancinci kumacala awo angaphantsi ajike abebomvu, orenji okanye tyheli athi ngokuthe ngcembe ajike abe mnyama. Kwinxalenye engaphezulu yegqabi, ukuguquguquka okungaphezulu kubonwa. Amagqabi achaphazelekayo aphela efa kwaye ewa, xa uhlaselo lunzima, phantse ukuchithwa okupheleleyo kwenzeka, ukuvelisa ukufa kwesityalo, kunokubonakala nakwisiqhamo.

Indlela yokuphepha izifo zeTomato

Izifo zamatamatisi zingabangela umonakalo ongenakuguqulwa, awuchaphazeli kuphela iziqhamo kodwa kunye namagqabi, iziqu kunye ne-petioles. Oku kubangelwa yintsebenziswano yeentsholongwane kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwezifo ezahlukeneyo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ulandele la macebiso alandelayo:

• Sebenzisa imbewu enempilo, ukuqinisekisa imeko enhle, gcoba emanzini atshisayo imizuzu embalwa, uze ungeze i-1% ye-sodium hypochlorite ubuninzi bemizuzu engama-40. Ungasebenzisa kwakhona i-10% ye-hydrochloric acid kwiiyure ze-10.
• Kulumkele ukutyala kufutshane namasimi ashiyiweyo.
• Ukutyala kufuneka kunkcenkceshelwe kuphela xa kuyimfuneko, kodwa xa kushushu zama ukusebenzisa iindlela zokunkcenkceshela ezigcina ubushushu busezantsi.
• Yenza izitshizi ngendibaniselwano yobhedu, i-mancozeb (i-fungicide ekhethiweyo kunye ne-high-spectrum ethintela ukubonakala kwe-fungi), i-zinc kunye nezinye izibulala-ntsholongwane ezicetyiswayo.
• Kuphephe ukusebenza xa izityalo zimanzi, oku kuya kuthintela ukwanda kwezifo.
• Lahla naziphi na izityalo ezibonisa iimpawu zesifo.
• Rhoqo sebenzisa i-Actigard, engumkhuseli wesityalo esinamandla ngokuchasene nezifo ezifana nokungunda, i-bacteriosis, efunxwa ngamagqabi kunye neziqu, isebenze isityalo ukuvelisa isiqhamo esihle. Kunconywa ukuba uyisebenzise yonke imihla ye-15 kwaye wenze isicelo sokuqala ngokukhawuleza emva kokutshintshwa. Le mveliso isetyenziswa kakuhle emva kwemini, ngaphambi okanye emva kweemvula ezilindelekileyo.
• Kucetyiswa ukutshiza ngomgubo wobisi ocoliweyo ukuthintela izityalo ukuba zingatshiswa yimisebe ye-ultraviolet.

Unyango lwendalo

Elinye lawona mahlakani alungileyo ekutyalwa kwetamatato kwiigadi zeziqhamo ezincinci kukugalelwa kwegalikhi, eyona nto ilwa ngempumelelo ne-aphid, izigcawu ezibomvu kunye nokubola. Kunconywa ukutshiza iintsuku ezintlanu ngokulandelelana ngaphambi kokutshona kwelanga okanye into yokuqala ekuseni.

Unyango lwe-nettle okanye i-horsetail slurry lusebenza kakhulu ekuphatheni i-fungi, ama-mites kunye ne-aphid, kunye nezinye izifo ze-tomato, ekubeni ukuvutshelwa kwayo kudala iibhaktheriya ezinceda ukulungisa i-nitrogen emhlabeni, ukuyijika ibe yi-organic fertilizer. Akukhuthazwa ukuba kulungiswe i-fungicide kwizikhongozelo zetsimbi ngenxa ye-rust enokuveliswa, eyonakalisa umxholo. Ukulungiselela kwayo kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe amanzi emvula, mawavulele iintsuku ezingama-20, emva koko unciphise ilitha nganye yodaka longeza iilitha ezili-15 zamanzi.

Ukhathalelo lweSityalo seeTomato ngokubanzi

Izityalo zetamatato zifuna ukunakekelwa okukhethekileyo ngenxa yesixa sezinambuzane, iifungi kunye neebhaktheriya ezinokuzifumana, yiyo loo nto kucetyiswa ukuba ujikelezise izityalo, oko kukuthi, ukuba imifuno yayilinyiwe, sebenzisa loo mhlaba kwizityalo zetomato, ngale ndlela. i-monocultures kunye nokwanda kwezinambuzane ezithile. Kwakhona kuyimfuneko ukunyamekela umhlaba kunye nesichumisi esaneleyo kunye nomswakama (ngaphandle kokufikelela izikhukhula), ezifunekayo ukuqinisa ukuzala, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezonyango eziphilayo ukuze zingachaphazeli ukuphuhliswa kwesityalo. Unkcenkceshelo luyakhuthazwa ukuba lwenziwe ngendlela yokuthontsiza ukulawula ubungakanani bamanzi olufumanayo.

Kucetyiswa ukususa iindawo ezichaphazelekayo zesityalo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko kufuneka zisuswe ngokupheleleyo. Ukuze usebenze kumasimi okanye kumasimi, izixhobo zokusebenza kufuneka zibulawe iintsholongwane kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe ukusasazeka kwezifo ezithile. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukuba akukhuthazwa ukuba utyale kufuphi ne-marigolds kuba inomtsalane kwi-aphid, ngokungafaniyo ne-basil, eyona nto i-repellent par excellence kungekuphela nje kwesi sifunxi kodwa kunye nezigcawu ezibomvu, ama-mites kunye neentshulube.

Kwakhona, ukukhusela izityalo ukuba zihlaselwe yiimbovane, unokwenza amanyathelo ekofu kwaye ngaloo ndlela unqumle indlela yabo, ungasebenzisa kwakhona i-nettle macerate kwaye ugcine isityalo singenamagqabi anesifo. Ekugqibeleni, kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwe-nitrogen okanye izichumisi kunokugqiba ukutsala izitshabalalisi ezithile eziza kutshabalalisa izityalo.

 Iinyani zeTomato ezinomdla

Ngaba uyazi ukuba iitumato zokuqala eYurophu zazingekho bomvu kodwa zityheli, yiyo loo nto bayibhaptiza njenge-apile yegolide kwaye bajonga ixesha elide njengeziqhamo ezinobuthi. Kwakukho isityalo setumata esineziqhamo ezininzi ehlabathini ezinobunzima beekhilogram ezingama-522, kunye neetumato ezingama-32000.

Ngokufanayo, i-tomato enkulu kunazo zonke ezirekhodiweyo emhlabeni zilinganisa iikhilogram ezi-3,51 kwaye isityalo esiphakamileyo safikelela kwi-19,8 yeemitha. Esi siqhamo senziwe ngamanzi angama-95% kwiindidi ezingaphezulu kwamawaka alishumi. I-tomato ayinayo injongo yokupheka kuphela, nayo ineempawu zayo zonyango, ekubeni ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwimeko yamadoda inceda ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-prostate.

Ndiyakumema ukuba ubukele le vidiyo eya kukuyalela malunga nendlela yokuphatha isityalo setamatato. Cofa umdlalo kwaye ufunde ngakumbi!

Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nezityalo, landela la makhonkco:

Iintlobo zezityalo

Ukubaluleka kweMithi

Imithi