Zonke izilwanyana zinokubandezeleka okanye zibambe isifo, iinkukhu azikhululwa kwezi meko, izifo zenkukhu Ziyosulela kakhulu kwezinye izilwanyana. Siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda ukuze ufumanise ukuba ziyintoni na.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zezifo zenkukhu
Okokuqala kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo kakhulu ukuba zeziphi iimpawu eziboniswa yisikhukukazi kwaye ke siya kwazi ukuba sisifo, iimpawu ezinokuthi zibekho:
- Ukunqongophala kokutya kunye nokusela ulwelo oku kungathetha ukuba sisifo esiyingozi, kunye naxa besela amanzi ngokugqithisileyo.
- Ukugxothwa kolwelo lwe-mucous emlonyeni kunye namehlo, olu luphawu oluqinisekileyo lokuba isikhukukazi sinomkhuhlane.
- Yenza ingxolo xa uphefumla efana naleyo yenziwa ngumntu ohlaselwa sisifuba.
- Ukukhohlela, uphawu oluqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izilwanyana kunye nabantu.
- Ukuba iinkukhu zizalela amaqanda, oko kuthetha ukuba zilungile, nangona kunjalo, xa zingakwenzi, zidla ngokuba neentsingiselo ezimbini, enye yazo kukuba isikhukukazi siyagula kwaye okwesibini kukuba amaqanda awakwazi ukuxhasa ubomi. inkukhu kwaye ngenxa yeso sizathu bayeka ukubeka iinkukhu
- Indle yeenkukhu inevumba elithile kwaye inamanzi, kuba umjelo apho ilindle kunye nomchamo uphuma khona, obizwa ngokuba yi-cloaca, wenza ilindle lazo liphume ngolu hlobo kwisikhukukazi, nangona kunjalo, xa ivumba linamandla nangaphezulu. ulwelo, isikhukukazi sisenokuba sinesifo.
- Ukuba isikhukukazi siyasebenza kwaye uyasiqaphela ukusuka komnye umzuzu ukuya kwesinye ukuba silele nje, isilwanyana esihluphekileyo sinesifo.
- Ngokuxhomekeke kwisifo banokuqalisa ukuphulukana neentsiba.
- Iintsiba ziqala ukuphulukana nomthamo wazo
- Iinkukhu zidla ngokuvuselelwa ngombona, njengezinye iindidi zeentaka, kodwa xa zingasabeli koluvuselelo, luphawu olucacileyo lokuba ziphethwe sisifo.
- Ukuba iqala ukufihla ukukhanya kwelanga okanye ubukho babantu.
- Ukuba ubona ukwehla kobunzima obuqhubekayo, khumbula ukuba isikhukukazi sisilwanyana sasefama, ngokuqhelekileyo sinzima kancinci, esinobunzima obungekho ngaphezulu kweekhilogram ezine.
- Ingxaki yokuhamba okanye ukugcina ibhalansi yakho.
- Uxinzelelo lokuba neqhude kwi-henhouse edla ngokumkhwela imini yonke.
Ezinye iinkukhu zikholisa ukuqala ukulahlekelwa ziintsiba rhoqo kwaye oku akubangelwa sisifo, kungenxa yokungondleki kakuhle okanye impatho embi evela kwezinye iinkukhu.
Izifo zeenkukhu zasemva kwendlu
Xa iinkukhu zigula, zihlala ziveza iimpawu esizichaze apha ngasentla, nangona kunjalo, iinkukhu zasekhaya zihlala zifumana isifo esithile kwaye ukuba azikho kwindawo ekwanti, zisenokosulela izilwanyana ezihlala ekhaya ngesi sifo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuba isikhukukazi esinye siyagula, zonke ezinye ziya kuthwaxwa sesi sifo.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kufuneka basoloko bekuphepha ukudibana nezinye izilwanyana kunye neenkukhu kwaye bazigcine kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo.Ukuba awunayo indawo eyaneleyo yokuba nefama yenkukhu, kungcono ukuba ungabi nazo.
izifo zeenkuku
Ngamanye amaxesha izifo zidla ngokusukela kwixesha lokuzalwa kwamantshontsho, ngezantsi, siya kuchaza ngendlela echanekileyo ezinye izifo ezinokuthi iinkukhu zibe nazo xa zizalwa:
Isifo sikaMarek
Esi sifo senziwe ziintsholongwane ezininzi ezidla ngokusuleleka kakhulu kwaye xa zidibene kwisilwanyana esincinci njengenkukhu, zibangele ukukhubazeka, amathumba, ukukhubazeka kunye nokufa. iifama zeenkukhu.imveliso, kuba kwihoko yenkukhu eyenziwe ekhaya umnini weenkukhu akadli ngokuthatha intshontsho alise kugqirha wezilwanyana ukuze afumane isitofu sokuthintela esi sifo.
Yintoni ekhuthazwayo kwiinkukhu ezenziwe ekhaya kukugcina ucoceko olufanelekileyo, ukucoceka kubalulekile ukulwa nesi sifo kunye nokugcina amajoni akho omzimba aphezulu, ekubeni ingenalo unyango okanye unyango lokunciphisa iimpawu.
ICoccidiosis
Esi sifunxi-gazi esihlala emathunjini enkukhu siyenze ife, esi sifo sinelona qondo liphezulu lokufa kweenkukhu, iimpawu zaso kulula ukuzibona kuba inkukhu iqala ukukhupha ilindle ngegazi kunye nevumba elinamandla kakhulu.
Kwangokunjalo, inokubangela umqobo kwindlela yokwetyisa, ibangele ukuba ilindle lenkukhu life, kuba ingenawo omnye umjelo wokulikhupha.
Ukuba esi sifo siyanyangeka, kufuneka bacoce isisu senkukhu kwaye banike ukutya okulula ukuze inkukhu ikwazi ukwenza isisu kwakhona.
Intamo elukhuni
Esi sisifo esinxulunyaniswa nesifo iMarek’s kumantshontsho, kuba njengoko isithi ivelisa ukukhubazeka, i<em>torticollis kwiinkukhu kukukhubazeka kwentamo yenkukhu nto leyo eyenza zibe buhlungu kakhulu.
Ngenxa yokungakwazi ukugcina iintamo zabo zithe tye, iinkukhu ziya kwenza iintshukumo ezizenzekelayo njengokuhamba umva, oku akubangelwa yisifo sikaMarek kuphela, kunokwenzeka nakwiinkukhu ukuba zinevithamini B encinci emzimbeni wazo, ithuku lesilwanyana uya kunyanzela unina nokuba nguyise ukuba amkrwece afe.
Izifo zofuzo
Phakathi kwezi zifo zilifuzo, esona sixhaphakileyo seso sibangela ukuba inkukhu izalwe inomlomo ogoso okanye inesiphene ngendlela yokuba neqhuma, esi sifo sikholisa ukuchaphazela kakhulu xa ikhula ekubeni intshontsho, nangona izalwa inamaqhuqhuva. akubangeli ntlungu kubo. Njengoko inkukhu ikhula kancinci, inokuba nengxaki yokutyisa nokuphefumla.
Olu tshintsho lunokuvela emilenzeni yenkukhu, kulula kakhulu ukubona isifo kwinkukhu, kuba ukuba isemlonyeni uya kukwazi ukuyiqwalasela ngokulula kwaye ukuba isemilenzeni, uya kuqaphela ukuba inkukhu ayikwazi ukuphakama okanye ukuhlala.
Ezi zifo zinokuvela rhoqo xa kukho iingxaki zokufukamela, nangona kunjalo, ukuba intshontsho likhathalelwe ngokufanelekileyo, liyakwazi ukuphila.
Izifo zokuphefumla
Ezi zezona zixhaphake kakhulu kwaye kungenxa yokuba iinkukhu zibanda kakhulu, khumbula ukuba zichitha ixesha kwiqanda eliqanduselwe ngunina, lifumana ubushushu balo, xa lizalwa kwaye lahlukana ngoko nangoko kunina, inkukhu ithanda ukuba nayo. uphethwe yingqele, kwinkukhu ukuba nengqele inokugula sisifo sokuphefumla.
Umbono woku kukuba inkukhu inokuba kwindawo efudumeleyo kuba ayinayo i-airways ekuzalweni kwayo. Konke oku kuthetha ukuba izifo ziya komelela kwintshontsho kunesikhukukazi okanye kwiqhude.
Izifo zamehlo enkukhu
Iinkukhu zinezivamvo ezimbini kuphela ezikhule kakuhle, ukubona kunye nevumba, zombini zinokuchaphazeleka ngamandla yi ammonia, iammonia yityhefu ekhutshwa ziinkukhu ngomjelo ophantsi komhlaba ohambisa amanzi amdaka kwaye ulawulo lwayo luya kuxhomekeka kucoceko olusetyenziswa kwindawo ezikuyo.
Njengoko bonke ubumdaka obudityaniswe nelindle buvelisa iintsholongwane nezifo ekunzima ukuzilawula kuzo zonke iindidi zezilwanyana nakubantu, esi sifo sinokubangela ukuba nayiphi na intaka ibe yimfama.
Basenokuthi baphathwe sisigulo seconjunctivitis esibangelwa yile nto besiyikhankanye ngaphambili, ubumdaka okanye izinto ezinxulumene nokungondleki kakuhle, nangona kunjalo, iimpawu zamehlo zikhona kwizifo ezininzi zenkukhu.
Izifo zenkukhu: Ingqakaqha
Esi sifo sikholisa ukuba ndlongondlongo ngokwemiqathango Iintlobo zeentaka ekhaya, njenge:
- Izikhukukazi
- iiturkeys
- Amahobe
Iimpawu zidla ngokuvela kwimibhobho yokuphefumla kunye nakwindlela yokwetyisa kwaye inokubangela ukufa kwayo nayiphi na intaka ekhankanywe ngasentla, unobangela wesi sifo yi-double strand ye-DNA eveliswa yintsholongwane enkulu, le ntsholongwane inegama. avipoxvirus kwaye nangona ingachaphazeli abantu, le ntsholongwane iyatshintsha-tshintsha indlela yokuhlasela iintaka, xa kukho ubhubhani le ntsholongwane idla ngokunwenwela kwiintlobo ezininzi zeentaka, nangona kunjalo uyazi ukuba zomelele kunezinye ezinye ziyalawuleka ezinye ziphelela nje ubomi. yentaka eyosulelekileyo.
Le ntsholongwane inokumelana namaqondo okushisa aphantsi, iindawo ezinobutshaba, nokuba i-dissection yesilwanyana, kwaziwa ukuba nangemva kokuba intaka ifile iyakwazi ukusuleleka kakhulu kwaye ingadlula kude kube nokubola kwayo ngokupheleleyo.
Inokusasazwa ngokuvezwa kweembrane okanye ngokudibana kwamanxeba amancinci esikhumbeni ngentsholongwane, ngokusisiseko xa iintaka zidla amanxeba, xa zibona enye egulayo kwaye ngale ndlela le ntsholongwane isasazeka, nayo enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo. Indlela eqhelekileyo yosulelo yingcongconi, enokuthi ilume ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye yosulele intaka.. Esi sifo sikholisa ukuvela xa iintaka zivalelwe, nangona kunjalo, kukho ukwanda okukhulu njengoko iintaka zinosulelo ngexesha elinye. ixesha
Amaxhoba okusasazeka kwale ntsholongwane ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ziintaka ezihlala zifuduka, zidla ngokuyithwala le ntsholongwane imigama emide, zisulele zonke iintaka ezisendleleni yazo.
Iintaka ezidla inyama zidla ngokuba zezona zichaphazeleka kakhulu yile ntsholongwane kwaye kungenxa yokuba zitya inyama efileyo yaso nasiphi na isilwanyana kwaye ukuba yinyama efileyo eyosulelekileyo, nayo inokusulelwa sesi sifo.
Ukusabalalisa kwayo kuhambelana neendawo apho kukho ubuninzi beemiyane, ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba yiyiphi ixesha lonyaka elinokuthi libonakale. Ichaphazela iinkuku ngendlela engathanga ngqo ekubeni zingabhabhi, ngoko ke ityathanga lazo losulelo ziingcongconi ezitsalwa ngamanzi amileyo, athi wona, kunye nenkunkuma yenkukhu, enze iammonia eyenza nzima kwaye ibangele ezinye izifo.
Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokusasaza esi sifo, enye ikwiimaleko zesikhumba kwaye enye ikwindlela yokuphefumla, kwiimaleko zesikhumba ezinokuthi zisuleleke okanye zibonakaliswe yi-detachment yeentsiba okanye kumanxeba emilenzeni, umlomo , ujikeleze amehlo kunye nasemaphikweni, xa esi sifo sibuyela kwaye sivumela intaka ukuba iphile, idla ngokushiya amanxeba okanye izilonda kuwo kwaye oku kungenxa yokuba ziqala ukuvula okanye ukwenza amadyunguza ukuze akhuphe esi sifo.
Izinga lokufa lidla ngokuba liphantsi, kuba intaka ngokwayo iya kukwazi ukukhupha sonke isifo ngala madyungudyungu ebesele ekhankanyiwe, xa intaka isifa kungenxa yokuba esi sifo sasenziwa nzima zezinye izifo ezosulelayo kunye nezosulelayo.
Xa isifo sisenzeka kwindlela yokuphefumla sidalwa njengethumba elincinane elityheli, elingavumeli ukuba liphefumle kwaye litye ukutya, xa lithe losulelwa ngolu hlobo isifo siba sibi kakhulu kwaye i-50% yeentaka ziyafa kwaye lo ngumfanekiso owenzeka kakhulu kwiinkukhu.
Olona nyango lusele lusebenze ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwiintaka zasekhaya, ezifana neenkukhu, ezikwahlulwe njengezilwanyana zasefama, nguvitamin A. Kukwakho nesitofu sokugonya ezi zilwanyana ukuthintela ukwanda kwesi sifo.
Dermanyssus galinae kunye nezinye iingolwane kwiinkukhu
Yintakumba efunxa igazi efana neentakumba okanye amakhalane ezinjeni kunye Iikati zeSiameseNangona kunjalo, le mite ibomvu ithathwa njengenye yezifo zenkukhu njengoko ihlasela kuphela ebusuku xa isikhukukazi siphumle.
Idla ngokuhlala iintsuku ezintlanu kuphela zobomi, kodwa kwezo ntsuku zintlanu isasazeka ngendlela engenakubalwa kwaye nakwelo xesha inokungcolisa ihoko yenkukhu yonke, emini idla ngokuzifihla kuba ayichasi, indlela yodwa. ukukhupha ezi nkwethu kukugcina indawo icocekile ukuya kutsho kwikona yokugqibela.
Olona nyango lunokuthi lubekho ngaphandle kweendleko zesi sifo luthuli, lugxotha amangolwane kwaye lukhusela iinkukhu, le mite ayichaphazeli iintaka kuphela, inokuchaphazela nezilwanyana ezanyisayo, inokunyangwa nangee-acaricides Ungazifumana nakweyiphi na indawo. ivenkile yezilwanyana.
Ukulunywa kwentshontsho kwinkukhu kunokubangela ukhoko oludla ngokuzigqobhoza ngokwalo kwaye lophe, unokuqaphela kwakhona ukuba unale ngolwane ehokweni yenkukhu ukuba inkukhu inamabala abomvu esikhumbeni ngenxa yokulunywa.
Igawuthi ye-Visceral okanye i-avian urolithiasis
I-Visceral gout sisifundo esibandakanya amalungu amaninzi abalulekileyo, njengentliziyo, oku kubangela umonakalo wezintso kwaye kunokubangelwa ngamatye athile achaphazele izintso kunye ne-ureter yentaka, ngenxa yoko, inxalenye echaphazelekayo yezintso iqala. ukukhula ukugcina umsebenzi wayo kwaye kubangela ukuvuza kwe-visceral.
Iintaka zinokuba neempawu ezimbalwa zesi sifo kwaye zife ngeentsuku ezimbalwa, nangona kunjalo sesinye sezifo zenkukhu ezinokufa okuphezulu, ekubeni ukuxilongwa kwayo kusemva kwexesha, kuba iimpawu zivela emva kwexesha kakhulu, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isikhukukazi esingenazintso sifa emva kweeyure ezingamashumi amathathu anesithandathu emva kokugula, njengokuba ebantwini, izintso zenza imisebenzi ethile kwiintaka nakwiinkukhu, ngakumbi kuzo zinemisebenzi emithathu:
- Gcina ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zegazi.
- Susa inkunkuma yemetabolism kunye netyhefu enokuthi isikhukukazi siyiginye okanye siyichithe.
- Ukuvelisa iihomoni zeeseli ezibomvu zegazi.
Unobangela wokuvuza kwe-visceral inokuba yi-calcium egqithisileyo kwaye oku kwenzeka ikakhulu kwiinkukhu ezizalelayo, xa zisetyenziswa kwiifektri, enye inokuba yi-limestone, eveliswa kukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-calcium, nangona kunjalo, ngenye indlela kuba ifunyenwe kwisohlwayo. umgubo onokuthi usiwe kubo ngombona.
Iphosphorus ngomnye unobangela wesi sifo kwinkukhu, kuba ineasidi ejika umchamo wenkukhu ube neasidi kwaye ibangele ukuba kuvele amatye ezintso, i-sodium bicarbonate ethi ngamanye amaxesha itye inkukhu eqokobheni leqanda ngexesha lokukhulelwa. ukuqanduselwa kwentshontsho kwaye oku kungenxa yesiphumo soxinzelelo, kunokutshintsha ukuthontsiza nokuvala.
Ukusetyenziswa kancinci kwamanzi kunokonakalisa ukusebenza kwezintso ngokunjalo nasebantwini, njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ukunqongophala kwevithamin A kunokubangela izifo ezininzi kwiinkukhu, nangona kunjalo oku akwenzeki ngenxa yemfuno ephezulu yevithamin A, iilabhoratri sele ziqalisile ukuvelisa. Zininzi kwaye ezi zivavanywa kunye neenkukhu ukuze kubonwe ukuba zifunyaniswe ngokuchanekileyo, iprotein engaphezulu nayo inokuba negalelo lama-30% ekuvuzeni kwe-visceral.
Kukho isitofu sokugonya esinceda ekuthinteleni iingxaki zesi sifo, nangona kunjalo, xa sifunyaniswe kusemva kwexesha ukuba singasibeka. Ngendlela efanayo, ngamanye amaxesha kunokubonwa ukuba esi sifo sinokuvela njani kwezinye izifo zeenkukhu ezosulelayo, njenge:
ibronchitis esosulelayo
Isifo esosulelayo kwaye sinwenwela ngokukhawuleza kwiintaka, sibeke emngciphekweni inkqubo yazo yokuphefumla, kodwa ke sonakalise inkqubo yokuzala, yokwetyisa kunye neyomchamo, lonto ibangela ukusilela kwezintso apho ukuvuza kwe visceral ziveliswa ngokuzenzekelayo.
I-Avian nephritis
Yintsholongwane enokubangela ukuvuvukala okubukhali kwizintso kunye nesibindi kwaye ngaloo ndlela kubangele ngokukhawuleza ukuvuza kwe-visceral. Esi sifo sixhaphake kakhulu eYurophu naseAsia.
Umkhuhlane weentaka okanye umkhuhlane weentaka
Sisifo esihlasela kakhulu iintaka kwaye abona bantu banokuthi bosuleleke ziinkukhu kunye neentaka zasemanzini, nangona isaziwa nokuba ngamanye amaxesha iye yatshintsha kwaye inokosulela izilwanyana ezanyisayo nakubantu, lo mkhuhlane ufunyenwe okokuqala kwi I-Italiya ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku isasazwe kwaye ibonakaliswe kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathi.
Yintsholongwane yomkhuhlane kwaye ibulala kakhulu kwaye ihlelwa ngokweendidi ezintathu:
- Uhlobo A: Yiyo esasazeke kwiintaka kuphela.
- Uhlobo B kunye no-C: Kuxa iguquka kwaye iyosulela kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo kunye namadoda.
Esi sifo sisuleleka kakhulu kwaye sinezinga eliphezulu lokufa kweentaka nakwindoda, kuphela ukuba oku sele bekwazi ukuyilawula kancinci kwaye kukho izitofu zokugonya kulo mkhuhlane, ukosuleleka kwawo kwenzeka kakhulu kwiintaka zasemanzini , nazo zinokusasaza kuba zizintaka ezifudukayo, yiyo loo nto iye yasasazwa kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye yanda.
Ngonyaka ka-2005 kuye kwaziwa ukuba sele kuza kuba sisibetho sehlabathi kwaye kukho uthintelo lwezempilo lwehlabathi, nangona kunjalo, kwakukho amazwe amaninzi ayeshiywe ngaphandle kolu mngcipheko njengoko umkhuhlane ungafikanga, oku malunga noluntu. ; kwiintaka ixhaphake kakhulu kwaye kunokuthiwa sisifo esinokosulela kwiintaka ezizizigidi ezinesiqingatha yonke imihla.
Njengoko uyazi, esi sifo kwinkukhu siyingozi ngakumbi, kuba yenye ye Izilwanyana zasekhaya ehlala inxibelelana nabantu kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu kulindeleke ukuba umkhuhlane weentaka ngaxa lithile ube sisifo esiyingozi kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela, njengoko uqhambuko luqhubeka lubonakala kwihlabathi liphela nanamhlanje ukuqhambuka kwesi sifo eTshayina, okwakhawuleza ilawulwa enkosi kwisitofu sokugonya, esadalwa ngonyaka ofanayo ukuba le ntsholongwane yafunyanwa.
Izifo zeenkukhu ezichaphazela abantu
Ezi zifo zenkukhu zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba zizifo ze-zoonotic, ezisasazwa ngokudibana nomhlaba ongcoliswe lindle okanye, ngokusilela ukuba, ngomoya okanye ngendlela yokuphefumla, kukho izifo ezithathu kuphela ezinezehlo eziphezulu, ezinokuchaphazela iintaka kunye nabantu kwaye bazi:
- umkhuhlane weentaka, njengoko sesichazile ngaphambilana, sisifo esosulelayo kakhulu yaye siye satshintsha saza sasulela abantu, sisenokuchaphazela abantu abakhulileyo, amabhinqa akhulelweyo nabantwana, abanenkqubo yokuzikhusela yomzimba ebuthathaka.
- Isifo saseNewcastle, oku kunokubangela i-conjunctivitis epholileyo kumntu, xa ebamba indawo engcolileyo aze adlulise isandla sakhe ebusweni bakhe.
- Salmonella, esi sifo asiqhelekanga kwinkukhu, kodwa ilindle layo emaqandeni kunokubangela esi sifo emntwini, ukuba akalihlambi iqanda ngaphambi kokulipheka.
Kukho nezinye izifo zeenkukhu ezidla ngokugqithiselwa ebantwini, kodwa iimeko azikhange zibe mandundu kwaye azizange zigalelwe amafutha ngomzimba olawula izifo kwihlabathi jikelele. Indlela yokuphepha zonke ezi zifo kukugcina ucoceko kunye nokucoceka kuzo zonke iindawo apho izilwanyana zigcinwa khona.
