Ukuze uqonde ukuba kwakunokwenzeka njani ukuba amaJamani (kunye noHitler), ekupheleni kwe-1944, aququzelele ukuhlaselwa okunjalo kwaye aphumeze ngokwenene, kuyimfuneko ukuhlala ngokufutshane kwimeko yenkampu ye-Allied.
Exinzelelwe nguJoseph Stalin, owayefuna ukuvulwa kwecala lesibini ixesha elide, Amazwe Amanyeneyo agaleleka eNormandy kumantla eFransi ngoJuni 1944. Inkqubela phambili yayikhawuleza kwaye ithatha isigqibo: i Ngo-Agasti 25, iParis yakhululwa, Ngelixa kwi idabi epokothweni kaFalaise, amaJamani arhoxayo ashiya i-10.000 50.000 ifile kunye namabanjwa angama-XNUMX XNUMX ubuncinane. Ngeli xesha, amahlakani nawo aye ahlala emazantsi.
"I-syndrome yokuphumelela": imeko ye-Allies ngokuchasene noHitler
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, iFransi yayikhululekile. Ikhutshelwe kude uloyiso euphoria, ngoSeptemba, i-Anglo-Americans (apho kufuneka idityaniswe i-Canadian, isiFrentshi kunye ne-Polish contingents) iqalise ukuhlaselwa ngokungakhathali kunye nemikhosi ye-airborne e-Holland, ngaphaya komlomo we-Rhine (i-Operation Market Garden), kodwa uhlaselo lusonjululwe kwilahleko emileyo kunye nenzima.
AmaJamani abuyela umva ngokufanelekileyo kwaye abambe yonke indawo. udonga lwasentshona, umgca onqatyisiweyo osuka eNetherlands uye eSwitzerland. Imfazwe ehamba ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza ijika ibe yi-a imfazwe yemfazwe, ngokungafaniyo naleyo yaliwayo, kwakhona phakathi kwamaMerika namaJamani, phakathi kowe-1917 nowe-1918. Imida neendawo zokulwa, ngokumangalisayo, ziyafana.
Xa kufika ukwindla iinzame ezahlukeneyo zokuqhawuka, ezenziwe ngamahlakani, ziqhawuka ngokuchasene nokumelana ne Amajoni axhobile kunye neziphumo zelahleko ezininzi ziqala ukuvakala: kwi ihlathi elibuhlungu, indawo yamadabi anzima kakhulu, umzekelo, amaMerika ekugqibeleni aya kuphulukana namadoda angaphezu kwama-30.000. NgoDisemba, njengoko ikhephu lokuqala liqala ukuwa, ngoku kuyacaca ukuba, ngokuchasene noko amagosa amaninzi achasene noHitler alindele kwaye aqikelele, imfazwe ayisayi kuphela ngekrisimesi.
Amahlakani achasene noHitler azithembile
Nangona kunjalo, amahlakani aqiniseke ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ngoku asele inyathelo elinye kude noloyiso kwaye asondla esi sigwebo ngokugqithisileyo ngokuzingca kunye nekratshi elithile, Oku kuchazwa bubukhulu obucacileyo ngamadoda, iindlela kunye nezibonelelo abanazo.
Yiyo kanye le mvakalelo yokhuseleko ifihliweyo ekhokelela kwii-Allies zijongele phantsi iinjongo zotshaba kwaye hayi kulo naluphi na utshaba: uAdolf Hitler usentanjeni, yinyani, kodwa imbethi manqindi ekoneni iyoyikeka ngakumbi, kuba izimisele ukudlala yonke into kuyo yonke into. IJamani nayo, ngaphandle kobunzima, ngowe-1944 isenamandla amakhulu emfazwe.
Iintshukumo zaseJamani ekupheleni kukaNovemba, nangona zingahambi zingaqatshelwa ngokupheleleyo, nangona kunjalo zichazwa yintloko yeqela. zobulumko ally, Major General Kenneth Strong, njengendlela elula yokuzikhusela. Nangona kunjalo, uStrong ayinguye yedwa onoxanduva. LUninzi lwamagosa aseBhritane naseMelika akholelwa ukuba banolawulo olunjalo kwiphulo langoku kangangokuba abacingi nokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba bahlasele iJamani..
Imiba yomkhosi: yenzelwe okanye ngokuchasene noHitler?
Kolu qwalaselo lwendalo yobuchule kufuneka songeze imibuzo yohlobo olungqongqo lwezomkhosi. Okokuqala, kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ubunzima kumatshini wolungiselelo oluhlangeneyo ukubonelela ngomkhosi omkhulu okhethekileyo, edinga isixa esikhulu sokutya, izinto zokuthuthuzela, iimbumbulu, iindlela zemoto, iindawo ezisecaleni.
Ngaphandle kwesigqubuthelo esikhulu sezixhobo zokudubula kunye neeyunithi ezixhobileyo, amaMerika awahlaseli, amaBritane (ahlala kwicandelo elingasentla, eHolland) ahlala engasebenzi kwaye engaqhubeki phambili. Ukoyiswa kweAntwerp, nezibuko layo elikhulu, ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwanceda ekusonjululweni kwengxaki., kodwa wasilela ukubuyisela amandla kuhlaselo ngokuchasene neJamani. Ke ngoko, kukho imfuneko yokwenyani yokumisa, ubuncinci ebusika, ukulungelelanisa kwakhona kwaye uzalise imikhosi yokuhlaselwa kokugqibela.
Emva koko kukho into yomntu ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo: Uninzi lwemikhosi emanyeneyo ibisoloko iphambili ukusukela ngoJuni kwaye amasebe amaninzi akwimeko embi.. Ukutshintshwa kuya kufuneka, kodwa Iiyunithi zaseMelika ezifikayo eYurophu zenziwe ngabasebenzi abancinci, abanamava, ngelixa iBritane, sele isemfazweni iminyaka emihlanu, kufuneka ikhuhle umphantsi wombhobho.
Kwimozulu embi…ubuso obubi
Imozulu embi iyonakalisa ngakumbi isimilo. Ekuqaleni imvula, ikhephu neqabaka, yenza imisele nemingxuma ingahlali. Ukongezelela, iimeko zemozulu ezimbi zithintela izithuthi, zixinge kwi barro, hamba ngokukhawuleza, singasathethi ke Inkungu que imikhosi yeRAF kunye ne-USAF yabalwi kunye nabaqhushumbisi, ubunzima babo ekulweni bubalulekile, emhlabeni.
Ngomhla we-11 kaNovemba, uGeneral Eisenhower, uMphathi oPhakamileyo weMikhosi eManyeneyo eYurophu, wabhalela uGeneral Marshall ephuma kubutofotofo bekomkhulu lakhe: » Jikelele endimthandayo, ndiya ndisiya ndidinwa yilemvula «.
Khawufan’ ucinge ke ukuba amajoni anokungena njani emingxunyeni enodaka: emanziswe kumbindi, ngaphandle kwempahla eyomileyo kangangeeveki. unyawo lomsele, imeko enesiphene eyenziwa mbi nangakumbi kukungacoceki kakuhle, ngoku kugquba, njengoko kunjalo isifo segazi. Ngobusika, abafileyo (okanye abo baya kuphulukana nelungu lomzimba) nge kubanda baya kuba baninzi. Ezi meko zikwaxhaphakile phakathi kwamajoni aseJamani, athi eneneni, ngokutya, indawo yokuhlala kunye nempahla yokunxiba, abi kakhulu.
Embindini kaDisemba, ndingahoyanga kwaphela isenzo saseJamani esizayo, UBernard Montgomery, umphathi wemikhosi yaseBritani naseKhanada, kunye I-Eisenhower Bagcina utshintshiselwano lwe-epistolary enomdla apho injengele yaseBritane ikhumbuza umphathi wakhe waseMelika ngokubheja awakwenza kwixesha elidlulileyo malunga nokuphela kwemfazwe phakathi kweKrisimesi. UMontgomery ufaka inqaku lesihlanu kunye neleta yakhe, kodwa "uIke" uphendula ngomsindo:
"Ndiseneentsuku ezisithoba, kwaye nangona kubonakala ngathi ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuba nezinye iiponti ezintlanu ngeKrisimesi, ngokuqinisekileyo awuyi kuba nazo ngaphambi kwaloo mini."
Eisenhower kunye neMonti
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-Eisenhower kunye ne "Monty" naphakathi kokugqibela kunye nezinye iinjengele zase-US ayisiyiyo eyona nto ingcono. Ngokubanzi, amaBritane namaMerika, nangona ngokuqhelekileyo imozulu izolile, abaqhelekanga kwiingxabano kunye nengqumbo.
Sele sele erhoxile kumbono wokuphinda aqale ngokukhubekisayo emva kweholide ye-1944, ii-Allies zaqala ukulungiselela imikhosi yazo kwiindawo zokufikelela ngokulula eJamani. Kwi-Ardennes, ummandla ongenakukhuseleka, owenziwe ngamahlathi ashinyeneyo kwaye aphantse afikeleleke, kuphela. I-US 1st Army, eyalelwe ngu General Courtney Hodges, kwaye yenziwe ngamacandelo adla umhlala-phantsi okanye asanda kusekwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akunakwenzeka ukucinga ngenkqubela phambili kweli candelo.
Kumyalelo ophezulu we-Allied kungcono ukugxila kwi-Cologne, ukuya emantla, kunye nommandla we-Ruhr, ukuya emazantsi, kwaye kule migca mibini ukuba bagxininise ubuninzi bemikhosi yabo.. Ngaphezu koko, bacinga ukuba, ukuba amaJamani ahlala ehlaselwe, aya kwenza njalo kumgca okhankanywe ngasentla kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kungekhona kwindawo yase-Ardennes: okokuqala, kuya kuba yinto engenamsebenzi, okwesibini, kuya kubandakanya umzamo onjalo ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo awuyi kuhamba. engaqatshelwanga.
ungaze ulujongele phantsi utshaba
Eneneni, amahlakani achasene noHitler aphinda kwaloo mpazamo inye eyawaxabisa kakhulu ngoMeyi 1940. Ukuwajongela phantsi amaJamani nokujongela phantsi icandelo laseArdennes ngokwalo, apho kwiminyaka emine ngaphambili i-Wehrmacht yezahlulo ezixhobileyo zawela njengemela e-Ardennes. ibhotela.
Ngalo lonke ixesha lokuwa, Iinkonzo zobuntlola zikaHodges zoMkhosi wokuQala azihoyanga zonke iimpawu zokukhubekisa okuzayo. AmaJamani amaninzi athinjwa kwezo veki, xa ebuzwa, athethe ngohlaselo olukhulu olucwangcisiweyo ngaphambi kweKrisimesi, kodwa olu lwazi luchithwa njengento nje ukuxhalaba. Ukwenza le meko idideke ngakumbi kuza i-Operation Griffin ekhankanywe ngasentla, eyenziwa ngamajoni aseJamani azenze abantu baseMelika.
Kuxakeke kakhulu ukuleqa i-saboteurs, ekucingelwa ukuba ayikho i-commandos ethunyelwe ngasemva kwemigca ngamaJamani ukuba abulale u-Eisenhower, ubukrelekrele base-US kunye namagosa angayiboni eyona nto yenzekayo: umngcipheko wentlekele yokwenyani usemva kwekona.
Imfazwe yaseArdennes ”: umsantsa kumahlakani kaHitler
Xa kuhlwa I-15 ngoDisemba 1944, icandelo le-Ardennes lelona candelo lizolileyo kulo lonke elingaphambili. Ubusuku buqhaqhazelisa amazinyo. Imithi kunye nophahla lweelali zaseBelgian zigqunywe ngumaleko otyebileyo we nieve. Amahlathi azole ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Kukuzola phambi kwesaqhwithi.
Ngentsasa yomhla we-16 kaDisemba, 1944, kwabakho uqhushululu olukhulu lomkhosi waseJamani phambi komgama omalunga neekhilomitha ezili-100.. Okwangoku, amagosa aseMerika, iHodges kunye noGeneral Bradley (umphathi wecandelo), balala ngokulula: bakholelwa ukuba le yibhomu elula yokuzikhusela, kungekhona ukuhlaselwa ngokupheleleyo.
Isicwangciso saseJamani sibonelela ngenkqubela phambili kumacala amathathu: kuye mantla, i 6th SS Armored Army del Jikelele 'Sepp' Dietrich ophathiswe umsebenzi ophambili, oko kukuthi, ukutyhoboza imigca yaseMelika kunye ngokukhawuleza ujolise kwi-Meuse, ukuwela e-Liège kwaye ukusuka apho ujike emantla ukuya e-Antwerp. kunye ne4 izahlulo ezixhobileyo ze Waffen-SS kunye nezinye ezintlanu infantry, Dietrich ujongene ICandelo le-99 le-Infantry yase-US, ibekwe ecaleni kwe-30 km ngaphambili: ininzi kakhulu kwiyunithi enye.
xa ubanjwe ngomothuko
Ibanjwe ngokumangalisayo, ingonelanga (malunga newaka labantu abenzakeleyo ukususela ngoNovemba), kwaye yenziwe ngamagosa kunye nababhalisi, i-99, iqiniswe yintsalela ye-General Gerow's V Corps evela emantla, ngokungalindelekanga yabeka inkcaso ekrakra kubahlaseli. amajamani. Kwanele ukucothisa inkqubela kunye nokuthintela impumelelo kwicandelo elibalulekileyo. Kuma-SS, ajongwa njengeqela eliphakamileyo lomkhosi waseJamani, isibetho esinzima kakhulu. Sele nge-20 kaDisemba, edanile ziiyunithi zakhe ezilungileyo, UHitler wadlulisela indima ephambili yomsebenzi kumkhosi waseManteuffel, obekwe embindini.
Malunga neli candelo, ibekwe kwi Schnee Eifel kummandla (uluhlu lweentlambo ezinekhephu, ezigqunywe lihlathi elishinyeneyo), zikhuselwe yi Icandelo le-106 kunye Iqela le-XNUMX labakhweli bamahashe, yawa i Umkhosi we-5 wePanzer kaNjengele Hasso von Manteuffel, okwazileyo ukugqobhoza nokungena nzulu.. Iiyunithi zaseMelika zixakeke kwaye zibuyela umva, kodwa zilwa nzima, ngelixa amaJamani nawo aphulukana namadoda amaninzi:
“Ilahleko yaseJamani yayiyintlekele. […] amajoni aseJamani ahambela phambili, ehamba embindini wendlela […] ngaphandle kwenkxaso yezixhobo. Amajoni aseJamani ebengakwazi nokumatsha okanye adubule kwaye engazi nto ngamaqhinga ahamba ngeenyawo […] Amacandelo eVolksgrenadier ayengakwazi ukwenza isenzo esisebenzayo […] Kodwa azifumana sele ehlasela abantu baseMelika abaneminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ubudala kangangoko banako» .
Amadabi amakhulu kaHitler
Ujoliso lukaManteuffel ziindlela eziphambili zendlela yaseSt. Vith kunye neBastogne. Idabi liqatha ngoko nangoko. Kwicala lasekunene, amacandelo amane aseJamani ajikeleze iirejimeni ezimbini ze-US 106th Division, ukubamba amajoni angaphezu kwama-8.000, kwinto abantu baseMelika ngokwabo abayiqaphelayo olona loyiso lukhulu olwafunyanwa kwindawo yemidlalo yeqonga yaseYurophu ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kwelinye icala, kwicala lasekhohlo, i I-LVII Panzer Corps iwela uMlambo Wethu kwaye isingise eHouffalize, kwicala le-Meuse, ngelixa lisekho emazantsi; I-XLVII Panzer Corps ibheka ngaseBastogne.
Kulo icandelo lesithathu nelokugqibela lohlaselo, umzantsi, wabekwa endaweni yoko Umkhosi we-7 kaGeneral Brandenberger, enomsebenzi wokugquma icala lasekhohlo likaManteuffel. Emva kokuwela uMlambo wethu, Izahlulo zamajoni aseJamani ahamba phambili ngeekhilomitha ezimbalwa kwaye kungekudala idibana nochaso olunzima oluvela kwi-US 9th Armored Division kunye ne-4th Infantry Division. Sele i-19 kaDisemba, uhlaselo kweli candelo lwalungathinteleki: i Enyanisweni, i-3rd Army ye-XNUMX ye-General George Patton yayiza ivela emazantsi, ithunyelwe ukuvala isithuba e-Ardennes..
Ngeli xesha, nge-17 kaDisemba, kunye neeyunithi zaseMelika zisekwimeko yoloyiko, iCandelo loku-1 le-SS Armored wazijula emngxunyeni owawuvulwe lutshaba. Ngaphezulu kwamadoda angama-20.000 kunye namatanki anamandla angama-250, kuquka amaninzi ingwe I y IIBakhokela ugqogqo ukusuka kwikholamu kaLieutenant Colonel Joachim Peiper. Owokugqibela, oyalela ngokwakhe iitanki eziphantse zibe yi-100, uceba ukufikelela ku-Huy ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwaye ukusuka apho ukuwela iMeuse, kodwa nge-70 km ukuya, kufutshane ne-Stavelot, i-American reinforcements ilawula ukubhloka kunye nokuyibeka yodwa.
Ulwaphulo-mthetho lukaPeiper
Peiper's SS, ekuhambeni kwabo ukuya eMeuse, baya kuba netyala ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi ngokuchasene namabanjwa aseMelika kunye nabemi baseBelgium, kodwa abayi kuphumelela kwiinzame zabo zokufikelela kwi-Meuse: ngaphandle kwepetroli, bashiya izithuthi ezixhobileyo, ngaphakathi kwe-26 kaDisemba uPeiper kunye namadoda akhe baya kunyanzeliswa ukuba bahambe ngeenyawo.
Ke, iintsuku zokuqala zohlaselo zaphawula impumelelo yeqhinga lamaJamani.: ukongeza kwimpumelelo kaPeiper, ngakumbi embindini, ukuqhubela phambili kwaqhubeka kwaye amaMerika arhoxa ngokubhideka okukhulu. Noko ke, ngokungafaniyo noko kwenzekayo ngowe-1940, xa amaFrentshi anikezelayo ngaphandle kokuchasa I-German Blitzkrieg ("blitzkrieg"), ngeli xesha amanani kunye nexesha elidlalwe ngokuxhasa ama-Allies.
KwangoDisemba 17, iilori ezingaphezu kwe-10.000 zithutha amadoda angaphezu kwama-60.000 e-Ardennes kwaye ngeveki u-Eisenhower uyakwazi ukuzisa amajoni angaphezu kwama-250.000 kwindawo yemidlalo yeqonga.. Ngaphezu koko, njengoko kuqikelelwa ngokubanzi ngamagosa amaninzi, u-von Rundstedt kunye noModeli ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, amaJamani akanalo izixhobo ezaneleyo zokuqhuba umzamo wabo okhubekisayo, ngoko ke ubopheleleke ukuba uqhube phantsi. Nangona kunjalo, uHitler akazange anikezele kunye namajoni amaninzi. Umyalelo weFührer kuphela "ukuhamba phambili, ukuqhubela phambili, ukuqhubela phambili."