Perkins Gilman kaThixo Yellow Wallpaper

Ukuba uthanda imincili ngokwasengqondweni, kufuneka ufunde iphepha lodonga elityheli, nguCharlotte Perkins Gilman, ibali elikrokrisayo malunga noxinzelelo lwasemva kokubeleka oluntsonkothileyo kodwa kulula ukulifunda. Iphini yokhuseleko!

Iphepha lodonga elimthubi: Ibali elingemva kweNcwadi

Iphepha lodonga elimthubi (Iphephadonga eliMthubi), libali elifutshane elisekelwe kumava ombhali waseMelika uCharlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935), owapapasha owona msebenzi wakhe udumileyo ngo-1892.

UCharlotte Perkins watshata noCharles Walter Stetson kwaye baba nentombi, kwaye ngokukhawuleza emva kokubeleka waqala ukubonisa iimpawu zokudakumba emva kokubeleka.

Bexhalabile ngempilo yombhali, baya kudliwano-ndlebe noGqr. Silas Weir Mitchell, isazi ngemithambo-luvo esaziwayo ngelo xesha owafumanisa ukuba “uphelelwe yimithambo-luvo” kwaye wacebisa unyango lokuphumla oluthetha ukuphumla ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuze anqobe ukuphazamiseka kwakhe kwi-nervous, kwafuneka ukuba ahambe kwimisebenzi yakhe yesiqhelo, abeke ecaleni ukubhala, ukufunda kwaye, ngokubanzi, enze imisebenzi embalwa kangangoko, ukuphumla ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo.

UCharlotte walandela imiyalelo kagqirha wakhe kangangeenyanga, ebhalisa akukho phuculo kwimo yakhe kunye nempilo yakhe, kwaye esiba mandundu ukusa kwinqanaba leengcinga zokuzibulala.

Ngenye intsasa, umbhali wagqiba kwelokuba uphumle ngokwaneleyo kwaye ukuba akayihoyanga imisebenzi yakhe kunye nezibophelelo zakhe uya kuphambana ngokungenathemba, ke waphinda waqalisa ukubhala kwaye waqala inkqubo yakhe yokuchacha.

Kuphela kukubuyela emsebenzini awathi wachacha kudandatheko lwakhe, ngoko wenza isigqibo sokubhala phantsi amava akhe, ukuze amabhinqa awayeneempawu ezifanayo anganyamezeleki njengaye.

Lazalwa ke ibali lika iphepha lodonga elityheli, ibali elinzima nelibuhlungu malunga nokudandatheka emva kokubeleka kunye nokungalingani kwabasetyhini ngelo xesha, apho uluntu lwama-patriarchas lucinga ukuba abafazi kufuneka baqondiswe kwaye baxhomekeke kwisigqibo sezihlobo zabo zesilisa.

Iphepha lodonga elityheli: Isishwankathelo sebali

Imbali ye iphepha lodonga elityheli ibaliswa kumntu wokuqala, ixelwe ngendlela yencoko nomfundi, ibhalwe ngemvakalelo yokuba kufundwa idayari yobuqu, efihliweyo neyalelweyo.

Ibali libaliswa ngumfazi othi, emva kokubonisa iimpawu zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, "ucetyiswa" ngumyeni wakhe, ongugqirha ngokomsebenzi, ukuba ahlale yedwa kwigumbi lakhe ekuphumleni okupheleleyo ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo.

Xa ukungasebenzi kungancedi, i-protagonist yebali iqala ukugxila kwi-wallpaper etyheli efileyo kwigumbi ahlala kulo ngexesha "lonyango" lwakhe.

Kwiinyanga ezintathu ezidlulayo ekuvalelweni kwakhe kwindlu yendlu, apho umyeni wakhe kunye nodadewabo womyeni wakhe (angamthembiyo) banyamekela yonke into, i-protagonist ithetha nathi ngokucacileyo ngomyeni wakhe, umntwana wakhe osandul 'ukuzalwa kunye nomntwana. malunga nobomi bentlalontle obungaqhelekanga.

Isakhiwo sebali sihlala sisitshintsha isingqisho, sisishiya sinoluvo lokungaqhubeki olusisondeza kumbhodamo wengqondo ahamba nawo umlinganiswa oyintloko, nto leyo esinyanzela ukuba sive ukubhideka kwakhe kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba.

Umfundi ubona imvakalelo yokuvalelwa kunye nombalisi kwindawo encinci kunye ne-claustrophobic "yokuzimela" kwalo mfazi (esingamazi igama lakhe), ejikelezwe kwiphepha elityheli "apho kukho amehlo amabini amnyama ajonge kuwe ejonge phantsi".

Kancinci kancinci, umfundi ubona ukulahleka ngokuthe ngcembe kwesazisi sombalisi, oqala ukufumana imibono yabasetyhini abavaleleke kwiphepha lodonga.

UCharlotte Perkins Gilman: Umfazi ngaphambi kwexesha lakhe

Umbhali we iphepha lodonga elityheli, UCharlotte Perkins Gilman, wayengumfazi ngokungaqhelekanga ngaphambi kwexesha lakhe, ozimeleyo kunye nokuzithemba, okwamncedayo ukuba anqobe ukudakumba kwakhe kwaye enze izigqibo ezilungileyo ebomini bakhe.

Umbhali wayesoloko engumkhuseli owomeleleyo wamalungelo oluntu abasetyhini kwaye kumsebenzi wakhe ubonakalisa iinkolelo zakhe eziqinileyo ngokuchasene nolawulo lwamadoda kuluntu loosolusapho olwalukho eUnited States.

Ngo-1888, uCharlotte wagqiba ekubeni aqhawule umtshato nomyeni wakhe aze afudukele eCalifornia kunye nentombi yakhe ukuze aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala kwaye azinikele ngokupheleleyo kumnqweno omkhulu wobomi bakhe, ukubhala.

UCharlotte wazalelwa eHartford, eConnecticut, nge-03 kaJulayi, 1860 kwaye umsebenzi wakhe unamabali, iinoveli, imibongo, izincoko, ukwagqamile njengomhlohli kunye nomhleli woncwadi lweveki "The Impress".

Ngowe-1934, emva kokufa komyeni wakhe wesibini, uHoughton Gilman, uCharlotte wafunyaniswa enomhlaza wamabele onganyangekiyo, ngoko wagqiba kwelokuba afudukele ePasadena nentombi yakhe nabazukulwana bakhe.

Njengomthetheleli owomeleleyo we-euthanasia kubantu abagulela ukufa, uCharlotte wagqiba kwelokuba abuphelise ubomi bakhe ngokugqithisela kwi-chloroform ngo-Agasti 17, 1935 kwaye kwinqaku lakhe lokuzibulala wathetha oku kulandelayo:

"Xa konke okuluncedo kuphelile, xa umntu eqinisekile ngokufa okuzayo nokungenakuphepheka, yeyona nto ilula yamalungelo oluntu ukukhetha ukufa okukhawulezayo nokulula, endaweni yokufa okoyikekayo nokucothayo.".

Ukuba uwuthandile umxholo weli nqaku, unokuba nomdla wokwazi malunga ne isishwankathelo somdlalo we-ender, ngu-Orson Scott Card, ngoko siyakumema ukuba ufunde le post enomdla.

Umsebenzi woncwadi kaCharlotte Perkins Gilman kunye nephepha lodonga elityheli

Ebudeni bobomi bakhe, uCharlotte Perkins Gilman ushiye ngasemva umsebenzi ochulumancisayo kwizimbo zoncwadi ezahlukeneyo ezifana nemibongo, amabali, izincoko, amabali kunye namabali amafutshane, iincwadi, iimagazini nokunye okuninzi.

Isimbo sokubhala salo mbhali ngokubanzi sithelekiswa nomsebenzi ka-Edgar Allan Poe, kuba ekhwela imisebenzi yakhe phakathi kweentlobo zefantasy kunye nezothuso.

I-utopia yakhe uHerland (1915) ithathwa njengomanduleli wentsomi yenzululwazi yobufazi, athe wafumana indawo yembeko phakathi kwababhali basetyhini baseMntla Melika abanempembelelo yehlabathi.

Isimbo sakhe sokubalisa sisekelwe kumahluko phakathi kokwenyani kunye nokungeyonyani, intelekelelo kunye nengqiqo, ingqiqo kunye nengekho ngqiqweni, kunye nabalinganiswa abanzima kakhulu kunye nentelekelelo ecacileyo kakhulu eyenza umfundi kwihlabathi lakhe elithile.

Akunakwenzeka ukufikelela kumsebenzi kaCharlotte Perkins Gilman ngaphandle kokwamkela "isimemo" sakhe sokutyelela iindawo zakhe, ukufumana iimvakalelo zakhe kunye nokuhamba ngeendlela zakhe.

• Iphepha lodonga elityheli. Ibali (1892).
• Kulo, ihlabathi lethu. Isihobe (1893).
• Uncwadi lweveki nganye iThe Impress. Umhleli kunye nombhali wesincoko (194-1895).
• Abasetyhini kunye noqoqosho. ISivumelwano (1898).
• Khaya: Ngumsebenzi nefuthe. ISivumelwano (1903).
• IMagazini eyandulelayo. Umhleli kunye nombhali wesincoko (1909-1916).
• Ilizwe labo. Inoveli (1909).
• Wenza ntoni uDiyantha. Inoveli (1910).
• UMnqamlezo (iNoveli (1911).
• Ibali (1911).
• Ukushukuma intaba Ibali (1911).
• Benigna Machiavelli. Inoveli (1912).
• Ukuba bendiyindoda namanye amabali. Amabali (1914).
• UDellas: Ihlabathi labasetyhini. Ibali. (1915)
• Herland (Matriarchy). Utopia (1915).
• Inkolo yendoda nomfazi. ISivumelwano (1922).
• Ubomi bukaCharlotte Perkins Gilman. I-Autobiography (1925).
• Akukho sohlwayo. Inoveli eyapapashwa emva kokufa (1997).

Ukuba uwuthandile umxholo weli nqaku, unokuba nomdla wokwazi malunga ne isishwankathelo sencwadi yaselwandle, nguCarlos Ruiz Zafón, ngoko siyakumema ukuba ufunde le post umdla.

Ilifa likaCharlotte Perkins Gilman

Emva kopapasho lokuqala lwe iphepha lodonga elityheli, kwiphephancwadi iNew England ngowe-1892, ugqirha waseBoston wathi “eli bali bekungamelanga ukuba libhalwe, kuba ukulifunda nje kungaphambanisa nabani na".

Impembelelo yentlalo ebangelwe libali elifutshane nguCharlotte Perkins Gilman wavelisa intshukumo ngaphakathi kweengcali zonyango eyatshintsha indlela yokunyanga amatyala ezifo zemvelaphi yovalo.

Iphepha lodonga elityheli Ibe yigem emfutshane yoncwadi eye yamelana novavanyo lwexesha kunye nesimanjemanje, esele yangoku kumashumi eminyaka edlulileyo ukususela ekupapashweni kwayo.

Umsebenzi, ngendlela elula kakhulu, usinika ujongo olubukhali kwiziko lomtshato kunye ne-patriarchy eyayixhaphakile ngexesha apho abafazi babengenalo ilungelo lokuvota kwaye banamalungelo ambalwa kakhulu oluntu.

Kwimihlathi yayo sifumana amabinzana adityaniswe ngobukrelekrele, kodwa abuhlungu kumongo wawo ngenxa yeenyaniso ezilusizi azibonisayo:

• "UJohn uyandihleka, kunjalo, kodwa yinto oyilindeleyo xa utshata."
• “UYohane akazi ukuba ndibandezeleka kangakanani; esazi nje ukuba akukho sizathu sakubuva ubunzima, aze aneliseke koko”.
• “Andazi ukuba kutheni ndibhala oku. Andifuni uku. Ndiziva ndingakwazi. Kwaye ndiyazi ukuba uJohn angayifumana ingekho ngqiqweni loo nto. Kodwa ngandlel’ ithile kuya kufuneka ndiyithethe le nto ndiziva ngayo kunye nento endiyicingayo; Kutsho kamnandi!

Iphepha lodonga elimthubi kunye noBomi obulihlazo bukaCharlotte Perkins Gilman

Nangona isaziwa kakhulu into yokuba uCharlotte Perkins Gilman wayengumfazi oneembono eziphambili kakhulu ngexesha lakhe, iyaziwa ngokulinganayo into yokuba indlela awayephila ngayo kunye nezigqibo zakhe zabangela isiphithiphithi kunye nesidima kuluntu lwaseMelika ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. XX.

ubuntwana obungaqhelekanga

Emva kokulahlwa kukayise, uCharlotte, unina nomntakwabo babehlala njengoonothwal’ impahlana besuka kwisixeko ngesixeko, ngoxa umama wayesiya emsebenzini esiya kumsebenzi ukuze axhase abantwana ngoxa esilwa nezakhe iidemon.

Izihlandlo ezininzi kwakufuneka bahlale okwexeshana kwizindlu zezalamane ngenxa yokuba babengenandawo yakuhlala, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba uCharlotte aguqukele kumkhwa wokufunda aze ahlakulele ukwazi kwakhe ukufunda.

ukungaphumli kokufikisa

Ngexesha leminyaka yakhe yeshumi elivisayo, uCharlotte wayegxekwa ngokubanzi ngokuba nobuhlobo obusondeleyo nababhinqileyo kuphela kwaye kuthiwa wayenobudlelwane obuqinileyo noMarta Luther.

Kwimbali yakhe ngobomi bakhe, wabhekisa kubudlelwane babo ngala magama alandelayo: “…besisondelelene kakhulu, sisonwabile ngakumbi sikunye, kuyo yonke le minyaka emine yobutsha. Wayengoyena mntu usondeleyo noyena mntu wayemthanda kwakhe. Yayiluthando, kodwa hayi ngesondo. Ndikunye noMartha bendilwazi ulonwabo olugqibeleleyo… Akhange sixabisane nje kuphela, kodwa sonwabe kamnandi sikunye…”

Uqhawulo-mtshato

Ngo-1894, uCharlotte wagqiba ekubeni aqhawule umtshato nomyeni wakhe wokuqala, uCharles Walter Stetson, umzobi awayetshate naye ngo-1884 kwaye wayenentombi yakhe ekuphela kwayo, uKatherine, ngo-1885.

Uqhawulo-mtshato yayilinyathelo elalingalindelekanga kumanenekazi elo xesha, kodwa uCharlotte wayeqinisekile ukuba ukuhlala wahlukene ngokusisigxina nomyeni wakhe kwakubalulekile ekulondolozeni impilo yakhe yengqondo.

UCharlotte akazange azive ethambekele ngokwemvelo kumtshato, ukuba ngumama, usapho, okanye ikhaya, kwaye isigqibo sakhe sokutshata sabangelwa kukuphoxeka komtshato kaMartha owawungekafiki ngowe-1881.

Usapho olwandisiweyo

Ngo-1894, uCharlotte wathumela intombi yakhe uKatherine ukuba ahlale noyise kunye nomfazi wakhe omtsha (uGrace Channing), owayengumhlobo wakhe, wamfumana ileyibhile "umama ongekho ngokwemvelo kunye nomfazi oqhawule umtshato," nto leyo eyabangela ukuba avale. "I-Impress" (1894-1895).

Kwiinkumbulo zakhe, uCharlotte uya kuphawula ukuba "umama wesibini kaKatherine wayelungile njengowokuqala, ungcono ngeendlela ezininzi kunomnye", kwaye wayehlala esondelene kakhulu nesi sibini kunye nentombi yabo, esenza intsapho engaqhelekanga kakhulu ngelo xesha.

Ubutshantliziyo bakho beNtlalo

Ngexesha apho abantu ababizwa ngokuba "yi-suffragettes" bagxothwa kuluntu oluhloniphekileyo lwaseMelika, uCharlotte Perkins Gilman wahlala esebenza ngokusisigxina kumalungelo abasetyhini ubomi bakhe bonke.

Wazibandakanya ngokukhutheleyo kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo yabasetyhini kunye nemibutho yohlaziyo, efana ne-Pacific Coast Woman's Association, i-Woman's Alliance, i-Economic Club, i-Ebell Society, i-Parents Association, kunye ne-State Council for Women. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga iphepha lodonga elityheli, musa ukuyeka ukubukela le vidiyo ilandelayo.