El Inkwenkwe neNtombazana ziziganeko zemozulu yehlabathi ezibangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu kubushushu bamanzi oLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, siyakumema ukuba ufunde ngeempawu, iimpembelelo eziye zafunyanwa ngumntu ngamnye kunye nolwazi oluthe kratya ngesi sihloko sinomdla kweli nqaku.
Yintoni eyenzekayo kwinkwenkwe nentombazana?
Amagama athi El Niño kunye neLa Niña abhekisa kutshintsho olwenziwa ngamaxesha athile kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki amaqondo obushushu olwandle olunempembelelo kwimozulu kwihlabathi jikelele, kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kufutshane ne-ikhweyitha, amaqondo obushushu omphezulu wolwandle aqhele ukufudumala kakhulu kwintshona yePasifiki kwaye apholile kwi-ikhweyitha. kwimpuma yePasifiki.
Oku kunceda ukuvelisa izantyalantyala zemvula kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia nakumantla eOstreliya kwaye kugcine iindawo zonxweme lwePasifiki eMzantsi Melika zomile, le pateni "iqhelekileyo" yobushushu bolwandle lwePasifiki iphazanyiswa ngamaxesha athile. El Inkwenkwe neNtombazana, zizinto zemozulu zendalo ezenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwesi-7.
Zombini i-El Niño kunye ne-La Niña ziziphumo ezichaseneyo zesenzeko esifanayo, zombini kukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu phakathi kweatmosfera kunye nolwandlekazi lommandla we-equatorial Pacific osempuma, malunga phakathi komgca womhla wezizwe ngezizwe kunye ne-120 degrees entshona.
El Niño
I-El Niño, iimeko zayo ziqokelelana phakathi kukaJuni noDisemba, kubangelwa utshintsho kwiipateni zomoya, ngelo xesha imimoya eqhubekayo yePasifiki ayizalisi emva koko. la umsinga womntwana Ngemvula evela e-Asiya, lo moya ushushu ukhokelela kwi-oscillation phakathi kwamanzi apholileyo nashushu, okukhokelela kumaqondo obushushu olwandle ashushu ngakumbi kunesiqhelo.
Ukudumba kolwandle kwenzeka kwiminyaka eqhelekileyo kuzisa izondlo kwiseti yezinto eziphilayo ukuba zitye, leyo le ntabalala iluncedo kubomi baselwandle kwikhonkco lokutya, ngonyaka ka-El Niño, ukuba ukudumba akwenzeki, ngoko ke izinto eziphila elwandle ziyancipha kwaye kwi inani leentlanzi eziguqukayo liyancipha, ikakhulu ngenxa yokunqongophala kokuzala.
Izixhobo
Ukuqala kwenkqubo ye-El Niño kuya kubonakala ebusika kwaye kubandakanya:
- Ukutshintsha koxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric kunye neziphumo zeemvula.
- Iipateni zomoya kunye namaqondo obushushu omphezulu wolwandle ngamanye amaxesha anokuba nempembelelo entle kwaye ngamanye amaxesha abe nesiphumo esibi.
- Ukunciphisa iimeko zeenkanyamba kwi-Atlantiki.
- Banobushushu obuphakathi ebusika phezu kwentshona yeKhanada kunye nomntla-ntshona we-US.
- Imvula engaphezulu komndilili kwiGulf Coast.
- Ibonisa ixesha lemozulu eyomileyo kuMntla-ntshona wePasifiki.
I ziphumo
Ngexesha le-El Niño, amaqondo obushushu ommandla wolwandle angaphezulu kwesiqhelo kumbindi nakwimpuma yePasifiki yeTropiki; kwakule mimandla inye iba ngaphantsi kwesiqhelo ngexesha leLa Niña. .
Olu tshintsho lobushushu lunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuguquguquka okukhulu kwemozulu emhlabeni jikelele, xa sele kuqalisiwe, ezi zintsonkotha zinokuthatha unyaka wonke okanye ngaphezulu.
Ukwenzeka kwesiganeko se-El Niño kwisikali solwandle kunempembelelo kulawulo lwemozulu olulindelekileyo kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi. "Ezi zibonakaliso zimbini zesenzeko esifanayo ziguqula ipateni eqhelekileyo yokuna kwemvula kunye nokujikeleza kwe-atmospheri kwiindawo ezitshisayo kwaye kunokuba neempembelelo ezinkulu kwimozulu kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi."
Zinempembelelo phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bomntu: imithombo emitsha yezifo, izityalo ezininzi okanye ezincinci, Imbalela kunye nezikhukhula, utshintsho kwinqanaba leemfuno zamandla, ukuphazamiseka kwemveliso yombane wamanzi, ukuloba kunye nokufuduka kwezilwanyana, imililo yamahlathi kunye nemiphumo yezoqoqosho kumazwe athambileyo.
Intombi
ILa Niña ngokufanelekileyo ichasene ne-El Niño, ekubeni lo mcimbi ubonakaliswa ngamaxesha amade obushushu olwandle kummandla omnye ukuze iziphumo zawo zitshintshwe.
Ngexesha leminyaka engeyiyo i-El Niño, uxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric lusezantsi kunesiqhelo kwindawo esentshona yePasifiki kwaye luphezulu phezu kwamanzi apholileyo entshona yePasifiki, kunye neLa Niña, imimoya enamandla kakhulu ethwele amanzi amaninzi. amaqondo obushushu apholileyo kune-avareji empuma kunye namaqondo obushushu ashushu kunomndilili entshona.
Isiphumo kukuba iqula lezinto eziphilayo liyakhula kwiindawo apho ubushushu bupholile, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimpembelelo entle kubomi baselwandle obuxhomekeke kwizinto eziphilayo okanye ezixhomekeke kwezo zidalwa zixhomekeke kuyo.
ILa Niña ilindeleke ukuba ilandele ngoko nangoko isiganeko se-El Niño, kodwa oku akusoloko kunjalo, zombini ziyenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu, kodwa zisusela kwiminyaka emibini ukuya kwesixhenxe, zombini zigqibe phakathi kweenyanga ezilithoba nezilishumi elinambini.
Izixhobo
Ezona mpawu zibalulekileyo ze-La Niña phenomenon zezi:
- Imimoya ebhudla ngamandla ngakummandla we-ikhweyitha, ngakumbi kwiPasifiki.
- Ukuhla kobushushu kwiPasifiki okukhokelela kumsinga womoya onamandla.
- Amaqondo obushushu angaphezulu komndilili kumzantsi-mpuma kwaye angaphantsi komndilili kumntla-ntshona.
- Iimeko zilungele ngakumbi iinkanyamba kwiCaribbean nakuMmandla ombindi weAtlantiki.
- Ukunyuka kwamatyala enkanyamba kuloo mazwe ase-US asele esengozini kuwo.
I ziphumo
Ngokubanzi, ngexesha lomnyhadala weLa Niña, imvula iqatsela kwintshona ye-equatorial Pacific, phezu kwe-Indonesia kunye neePhilippines, kwaye iphantse ibero kwimpuma yalo mmandla we-ikhweyitha.
La Ubushushu kunye nokufuma ingaphezulu kwesiqhelo kwaye ibonwa ngokubanzi ukusuka kuDisemba ukuya kuFebruwari kumantla oMzantsi Merika nakumazantsi eAfrika nokususela ngoJuni ukuya kuAgasti kumzantsi-mpuma weOstreliya.
Kwelinye icala, iimeko ezibonwa ngasemanxwemeni ase-Ecuador, kumntla-ntshona wePeru nakwingingqi ye-ikhweyitha eMpuma Afrika ziqhele ukoma ukusuka kuDisemba ukuya kuFebruwari nakumazantsi eBrazil kunye nombindi weArgentina, ukusuka ngoJuni ukuya kuAgasti.
Izehlo zaseLa Niña zikwabangela ukungazinzi kobushushu kwiindawo ezinkulu zehlabathi, eyona mimandla ichaphazelekileyo iba neemeko ezibandayo ezingaqhelekanga.
Ukususela ngoDisemba ukuya kuFebruwari, amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwesiqhelo kumzantsi-mpuma weAfrika, eJapan, kumzantsi Alaska, kwintshona nakumbindi weCanada, nakumzantsi-mpuma weBrazil, ukususela ngoJuni ukuya kuAgasti, kupholile kunesiqhelo.
Kunxweme olusentshona loMzantsi Merika, kwiGulf of Guinea, nakumantla oMzantsi Merika nakwiindawo ezithile zoMbindi Merika, ukusuka ngoDisemba ukuya kuFebruwari, ubushushu buphezulu kunobuqhelekileyo kumazwe aseMntla Merika.
