Ulwandle olubonakala lungenamda beluyinqongophala yeentsomi kunye nezikweko zeembongi kunye neengcinga ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo. Nanamhla oku akufunyanwanga bonke abemi bayo neemfihlelo. Intsomi yaselwandle enika umdla yile yokuba iqhekeza ezijika iinqanawa zibe yimijuxuzo. Umbuzo wokuba eli rhamncwa lisekho na unanamhla.
iqhekeza
I-kraken, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-krake engapheliyo, sisilwanyana esiyintsomi esisuka kwiintsomi zaseNorway ngendlela yesilo esikhulu saselwandle okanye intlanzi enkulu ekuthiwa ngabalobi bayibona kumanxweme aseNorway, eIceland naseIreland. Amabali eentlanzi ezinkulu afumaneka kwiinkcubeko ezininzi zakudala. Kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX isipili sikaKumkani wamaNorse sikhankanya irhamncwa njengeHafgufa. Kukwakho amabali ezilo ezikhulu zaselwandle kumanzi aseAsia nakulwandle lwamandulo lweMeditera nolwandle lweAtlantiki.
Nangona kunjalo, irhamncwa abalibiza ngokuba yikraken laqala lachazwa ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi nguBhishophu uErik Pontoppidan waseBergen phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Uyithelekisa nesiqithi esinezixhobo neemasti. Abanye baye bayifanisa needragons ezinjengeleviyatan kunye neembungu zaselwandle. Abanye, ngakumbi ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, baye batolika ikraken njenge<em>giant squid, yaye abantu abantetho isisiNgesi basebenzisa igama lesiNorway njengegama elifanelekileyo lerhamncwa elinjalo.
Oku kuye kwandiswa kwinkcubeko edumileyo yamaNgesi namaMerika. Ke kukho izithethe ezahlukeneyo ezixubeneyo, kunye neengcinga zezinye izilo zaselwandle. Uphawu oluqhelekileyo luseyisayizi, nokuba yintlanzi, i-whale, i-turtle okanye i-octopus. I-Krake ligama lesiNorway kunye nesiSwedish, kwaye inefomu ethi kraken okanye i-krakene ngesiJamani eligama lePolypus (Octopus) vulgaris, uhlobo lwengwane eneengalo ezisibhozo.
Izilo zolwandle kumaxesha amandulo
Kakade kumaxesha amandulo kwakukho amabali amaninzi malunga nezilo zaselwandle. Kwiintsomi zamaGrike namaRoma, umzekelo, kukho ukukhankanywa kwe-Scylla, i-nymph eguqulelwe kwi-monster yaselwandle ngumthakathi we-Circe, kwaye okubi nakakhulu, u-Charybdis, onokujika ube yiqhwithi. Ngokudibeneyo bagada iStrait of Messina phakathi kwe-Italiya neSicily, kwaye i-Odyssey isixelela ngendlela abaphantse baliginya ngayo iqhawe lamaGrike uOdysseus. EBhayibhileni, ingwenya yaselwandle engaqondakaliyo iLeviyatan ikhankanywa izihlandlo ezisixhenxe.
Intsomi yamaGrike yeScylla, irhamncwa elineentloko ezintandathu ekufuneka uOdysseus ajamelane nalo kuhambo lwakhe, ngumzekelo wesi siko. Ngowe-1555, uOlaus Magnus wabhala ngesidalwa saselwandle “esineempondo ezibukhali ezinde macala onke, njengomthi okwiingcambu: ziziikubhite ezilishumi okanye ezilishumi elinesibini ubude, zinamehlo amakhulu amnyama kakhulu. Isiseko samabali anjalo singaba ngabalobi kunye noomatiloshe abaye babona izinto ezingaqondakaliyo zaselwandle, iminenga kunye ne-octopus enkulu. Ngokufanayo, imbono yekraken inokuba yavela kumaXesha Aphakathi.
i-nordic kraken
Inkcazo yokuqala kunye neyona nto ipheleleyo ebhaliweyo yekraken ivela kumbhali waseDenmark kunye noBhishophu waseBergen Erik Pontoppidan (1698-1764), owapapasha uMzamo wokuQala kwiMbali yeNdalo yaseNorway. Apho ubhekisa kwikraken "njengeyona monster inkulu yolwandle". Uthi igama lakhe nguKraken, uKraxen okanye uKrabben. Emva kokuba incwadi iguqulelwe kwisiNgesi kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, iKraken yaziwa kakhulu ngesiNgesi.
Ingqukuva yaye ithe tyaba njengesiqithi esidadayo, yaye ineengalo ezinkulu ezincame okweengcongolo, zinkulu kangangokuba zinokurhuqa iinqanawa ezinkulu ngazo ziye kutshona enzulwini. UPontoppidan usekwe kwiinkcazo zakhe kumabali abalobi baseNorway. Xa kwiindawo apho amanzi ayekade enobunzulu obuziifathom ezingama-80-100 (iimitha ezili-140-180), endaweni yeefathom ezingama-20-30 kuphela (iimitha ezingama-40-50), abalobi babesazi ukuba kukho intanda ngaphantsi kwawo.
Bathi le ntanda inokufunyanwa ngokukodwa ehlotyeni yaye ifana neingqaqa neziqithana. Iintlanzi ezininzi zinokuqokelela ngasemva, kwaye abalobi bachaza ukuba ngoko "banokuloba kwi-hook". Ngoko yayingumbandela nje wokulumkela ukuba esi silwanyana sikhulu singaphakami phezulu ngequbuliso, sibhukuqe izikhephe size sizitsalele kwimaelstrom eyaqhambuka njengoko sasihlehla sibuyela ezantsi.
IPontopiddan ikwabalisa ngendlela esitya ngayo esi silwanyana kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, kwaye kwiinyanga ezilandelayo sigalela ilindle esifaka ngalo umbala wamanzi, siwenze abe ngqindilili nodaka kwaye sibe nevumba elimnandi nencasa etsala iintlanzi ezininzi. Ukusuka entshona Norway kukho iintsomi kunye namabali malunga kraken. Eyona ntsomi ixhaphakileyo ibalisa ngabalobi abathile ababengekho emgceni. Ngequbuliso, baqaphela ukuba umgangatho uya usiba nzulu kwaye uyancipha. Emva koko baqonda ukuba yiKraken eyayiphakama, kwaye babheqa ngokukhawuleza ukuya elunxwemeni.
Lo mcimbi unokuvela kwingqwalasela yokwenene yeengwane ezinkulu okanye kwizinto ezibonwayo eziselwandle, ezifana nokubonakaliswa komoya kunye nokwakheka kwamafu aphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, i-kraken ayikhankanywanga kwi-sagas yaseNorse, kodwa izilwanyana ezifanayo ezifana ne-hafgufa ("i-steamer yolwandle") zikhankanywe kwi-Örvar-Odds saga nakwi-Kongespeilet (Isibuko sikaKumkani) ukusuka malunga ne-1250. Isicatshulwa simelela ulwandle irhamncwa elilingana nesiqithi. Isilwanyana asibonakali kwaye isicatshulwa siyazibuza ukuba kunokubakho isilwanyana esinye okanye ezibini kwihlabathi lonke.
Isazi ngendalo saseSweden uCarl von Linne naye wayiquka ikraken kuhlelo lokuqala lwekhathalogu yakhe yendalo ecwangcisiweyo yowe-1735 ethi Systema Naturae. Apho wanika esi silwanyana igama lenzululwazi elithi Microcosmus, kodwa walishiya kwiintlelo zamva.
Imvelaphi yentsomi
Iintsomi ezininzi zamaxesha aphakathi malunga nezilwanyana ezinjenge-unicorn, inamba, kunye nenyoka yaselwandle azinabungqina bokuba zikho okanye zakha zakho. Nangona kunjalo, amaxesha ngamaxesha kusekho izilwanyana "ezingaqhelekanga" ekungazange kukrokreleke ubukho bazo. Imizekelo yazo yi-coelacanth kunye ne-longnose shark. Intsomi ibisoloko iqinile kuyo yonke imbali: le yeKraken.
I-Kraken sisilo esikhulu saselwandle esinentente esinokutsiba inqanawa yonke. Ibali leKraken mhlawumbi livela kumabali oomatiloshe, abagqithiswa kukungazi kunye noloyiko. I-Kraken ikwadlala indima kumabali adumileyo ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
KuJules Verne "i-20.000 Miles Under the Sea" i-Kraken ihlasela inqanawa iNautilus. UHerman Melville ukwachaza kwiMoby Dick ngeskwidi esikhulu esidibana nePequod (umnenga) endleleni yaso.
Igama elithi 'kraken' lisuka kwisiNorway kwaye, ngendlela, lisininzi. Kufuneka kuphela ngokusemthethweni 'icrack'. Intsingiselo yantlandlolo akuvunyelwana ngayo ngokupheleleyo, kodwa eyona nguqulelo ixhaphakileyo ithi “umthi uncothulwe”. Iintente kunye nomzimba obhityileyo weskwidi unokujongeka ngolu hlobo.
Le ntsomi isenokuba ikho ngenxa yeskwidi esikhulu esibonwa ngamaxesha athile kuphela. UAristotle (inkulungwane yesi-1555 yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo) kunye noPliny (ngenkulungwane yoku-XNUMX yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo) sele bekhankanye ingwane enkulu. Emva koko kwathi cwaka de kwangowe-XNUMX ubhishophu omkhulu wamaKatolika wachaza 'intlanzi eyoyikekayo'.
Ngolwazi lwangoku kurhanelwa ukuba yayiyi-squid enkulu. Ababukeli bemizekelo yaselwandle nabo batyekele ekuwabaxeni amabali. Inkoliso yezi zidalwa yayingazange ibonwe ngaphambili yaye yayingafani nakancinane nezilwanyana zasemhlabeni. 'Iskwidi zasemzini' zaziyoyikeka ngakumbi kunelona phupha libi labantu abaneenkolelo. Esi silwanyana sasentsomini sinomtsalane ngokucacileyo kwintelekelelo. Umbuzo kukuba ngaba iKraken yamabali ikhona ngokwenene.
Ingwane okanye ingwane?
Indawo enokuthi ikhangele isilwanyana esifanelekileyo inkcazo yeKraken lulwandle olunzulu. Ulwandle olunzulu yeyona ndawo yokuhlala inkulu kulo mhlaba, kodwa ikwayindawo encinci eyaziwa ngabantu. Phantsi kweemeko ezigqithisileyo (ubumnyama obupheleleyo, ingqele, uxinzelelo oluphezulu) kuhlala inani elimangalisayo lezilwanyana ezibonakala ngathi zisentlalweni. Elinye lamaqela anomdla kakhulu ezilwanyana yi-cephalopods, equka i-squid kunye ne-octopus.
Iicephalopods zizilwanyana ezikrelekrele kakhulu, umzekelo iskwidi zaziwa ngokufunda kwiimpazamo zangaphambili. Bakwanazo nolwimi lomzimba olukhethekileyo olunemibala ebangelwa ziiseli zebala eluswini. Ipateni yombala weskwidi ithetha okuthile malunga nemeko yaso yengqondo: uloyiko, ukudinwa, ukunqanda, ukuzola, ukuzimela kumarhamncwa ngenxa yobuqhophololo okanye umdla wokukhwelana. I-Cuttlefish inamehlo aphuhliswe kakuhle kakhulu anokufaniswa neliso lomntu.
Umviwa wendima ye-Mythical Kraken yi-octopus enkulu. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziyavuma ukuba ubude bengalo ye-octopus bunokufikelela kwiimitha ezisibhozo. NgoMatshi ka-2002, izazinzulu zaseNew Zealand zafumana ingwane efileyo kumnatha wetrawler eyaziwa njengomzekelo omkhulu weHalphron atlanticus. Irhamncwa lalinobunzima obungaphaya kwe-70-75 kg kwaye laliziimitha ezine ubude.
Yindlela efanayo yobukhulu njengeskwidi esikhulu. Isilwanyana esikhulu sihlala kwi-subtropics kwaye abantu abadala banokufumaneka emanzini aseNew Zealand. IHalphron ihlala ukusuka kumphezulu ukuya kubunzulu obuziimitha ezingama-3.180, kodwa ayizange ibe ngamanani amakhulu ngaxeshanye. Irhamncwa legelatin kukholelwa ukuba lihlala emazantsi okanye ngaphezulu nje kolwandle. Iboniswe kwinqaku leBBC elinomxholo othi Giant octopus baffles izazinzulu.
Kodwa kukwakho neengxelo zeengwane ezinkulu ngakumbi eFlorida nakwiSiqithi esikhulu saseBahama. Apha bafumana ingwane enengalo ubude obungekho ngaphantsi kweenyawo ezingamashumi asibhozo. Ngowe-1896 amathambo ento eyayibonakala ngathi yingwane enkulu afunyanwa kwiSiqithi saseAnastasia, eFlorida, kunxweme olukumazantsi eSt. Ezinye iziqwenga zeengalo zazingaphezu kweemitha ezisibhozo. Uqikelelo lobude besilwanyana bubonke bufikelele kwiimitha ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amathandabuzo okuba iintsalela zeze-octopus okanye umnenga ngenxa yemeko ephucukileyo yokubola.
Ngelixa i-octopus enkulu inokuchaza imbali yeKraken, obona bungqina bunamandla bubonakala bubhekisa kwi-squid enkulu. Owona mahluko mkhulu phakathi kweskwidi kunye neengwane yinto yokuba iingwane zineengalo ezisibhozo kwaye iskwidi zineengalo ezisibhozo kunye neentente ezinde ezi-2 (ishumi lilonke). Umviwa olungileyo weKraken, umzekelo, i-squid enkulu ye-genus Architeuthis.
I-Kraken kwiintsomi zamaGrike
Igama leKraken livela kwintsomi yaseNorse, kwaye nangona iGrisi yayinezilo ezininzi zaselwandle, kubandakanywa umntu olindele ukutya kwi-Andromeda enhle ebotshelelwe etyeni, i-kraken ayikho phakathi kwabo. Eyokuqala yayiyiCeto, apho igama lenzululwazi lomnenga lithatyathwe kulo. I-squid efana ne-scylla ikwafaneleka njenge-monster yaselwandle esemthethweni yamaGrike. Ukubhideka kuvela kwiimuvi ekucingelwa ukuba zisekwe kwintsomi yamaGrike, kule meko iClash of the Titans.
Akukho kraken kwintsomi yamaGrike. I-kraken ivela kwiintsomi zaseNorse kamva. Iimbekiselo zokuqala ezaziwayo malunga nekraken zivela kwimibhalo-ngqangi yesi-Icelandic esusela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX AD, phantse iwaka leminyaka emva kokuphela kwamandulo kunye namawaka eemayile ukusuka kwiMeditera.
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