Namhlanje siza kuthetha Iesile Legolide, ibali elinomdla, eli kuphela kwenoveli yesiLatini epheleleyo efunyenweyo, ngoko ke kulo lonke isithuba siya kufumanisa imbali yayo ekhangayo.
Inkolelo ye-Eros kunye ne-Psyche echazwe nguLucius Apuleius.
Umdlalo: "Iesile legolide"
IGolide ye-esile inqabile, kuba yahlulwe yaba ziincwadi ezilishumi elinanye, ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-6 izahluko kwincwadi nganye. Apho umxholo womsebenzi ukhankanyiweyo ngamabali okanye iintsomi eziqhagamshelwe enye kwenye evela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, ezilawula ukubalisa ibali kunye nesakhiwo sobunye.
Umxholo wokuqala we-El Asno de Oro, inkcazo kunye nengxabano yomsebenzi, ngumlingiswa oyintloko, uLucio. Ungumfana omhle oyinxalenye yosapho olutyebileyo, lo mfana uthatha isigqibo sokuphonononga ummandla wakhe ngenxa yeshishini elithile kwaye kuyo yonke inxalenye yokuqala yencwadi, uya kuba neemeko ezithile ezimnandi ezigcwele inkanuko, ukukhetha kunye nokuzola ngenxa ubumnandi bokuhlala kusapho olumi kakuhle.
Kodwa njengawo onke amabali, kuya kuthatha inguqu engalindelekanga, kuba uLucio ungumthandi womlingo, kodwa ngenxa yale ncasa, ngenxa yempazamo yakhe, ugqiba ekubeni ajike abe yidonki, xa injongo yakhe yaba yintaka.
Ngeli xesha, uLucio uya kuqala ukufumana amashwa kwi-adventures yakhe, de kube sekupheleni, xa ebuyela kumbulelo oqhelekileyo ngoncedo loothixo kunye nokuguqulwa kwakhe kubomi bokomoya obuzinikele ekunquleni.
Ukulandela umgca wamabali ukusuka kwixesha lamandulo lamaGrike namaRoma, sikuphathele iposi yethu malunga Isishwankathelo se-Aeneid, umbongo we-epic ochaza ibali lika-Aeneas kunye nobunzima bakhe bokufumana iRoma.
Incwadi yokuqala
Kule ncwadi intshayelelo, uLucio Apuleius osemncinci, elangazelela ulwazi lwemilingo, unquma ukuhamba uhambo oluya eThessaly, indawo apho banolwazi olukhulu lobugcisa bemilingo. Endleleni udibana nabanye abahambi ababini, kwaye endleleni eya kwindawo abasingise kuyo babalisa ngamayelenqe amangalisayo malunga nesikhohlakali nesibini samagqwirha awayebizwa ngokuba nguMeroe noPanthia.
Emva koko baxela indlela abafike ngayo kwi-metropolis yaseHypata kunye nomhlali wayo iMilo, kwaye kwenzeka ntoni kuye ngobusuku bokuqala endlwini yakhe.
Incwadi yesibini
Lo mfana wayephanda kwaye ejonga zonke iindawo kwi-metropolis yaseHipata, kwaye ngaxa lithile wadibana nomakazi wakhe uBirrena, owayesisityebi, inenekazi elihloniphekileyo, elibhengeza isakhiwo kunye nemifanekiso yendlu yakhe.
Njengoko uLucius Apuleius wafika ngokucokisekileyo, waxwayiswa ukuba azifihle kumfazi kaMilo, njengoko wayengumlumbi onamandla; idityaniswe nento yokuba wayemthanda lo mfazi wasekhaya, awayehlala naye ngamaxesha akhe othando.
Ukongeza kwimibhiyozo enkulu kaninakazi uBirrena, apho uphulaphula amabali ahlukeneyo e-burlesque kunye nolonwabo, malunga nendlela ekwakufuneka bafihle ngayo isidumbu kwaye kungenxa yoko bathatha impumlo neendlebe zakhe. Emva kokuva la mabali, uApuleius waya kuphumla kwindawo yakhe yokuhlala ebusuku, ediniwe ngokubulala i-3 obres.
Incwadi yesithathu
Ngosuku olulandelayo, abantu abathile baya kwihostele ka-Apuleyo baza bamsa kwabasemagunyeni njengombulali. Abantu bedolophu bahlanganisana ukuze bambone kwaye umgqugquzeli wamtyhola ngokuba ngumbulali, kunye nendlela uApuleius azikhusela ngayo ngeengxoxo ezifana nesithethi esikhulu.
Lucio, ubalisa ngendlela elavela ngayo inenekazi elathi lingunozala wabo bafayo, kubo nangokwezicwangciso zegunya, uLucio Apuleius, lafumana intlekisa kubo. Kuyo yonke loo ndawo kwakuvakala intsini enkulu kwaye le yindlela yokubhiyozelwa kothixo wentsini.
Umhlobo kaLucio, uFotis, wafumanisa unobangela wolusu. U-Lucio wongeza kwintetho yakhe ingxabano yokubona umfazi kaMilón ephethe amafutha omlingo awathi waguqulwa waba yintaka, uLucio ebona oku wayefuna ukuguqula enye.
Kodwa ezama ukusebenzisa loo mafutha omlingo ngaphandle kolwazi lwangaphambili, ngempazamo ugqiba ekubeni ajike abe yiesile. Emva koko ubusela buvela kwindlu kaMilon, apho uLucio okanye iesile, kwaye izigebengu zaqala ukuthatha ubutyebi kwaye zilayishe kuLucio, zize zihambe naye.
Incwadi yesine
U-Lucio Apuleius, oguqulelwe kwisilwanyana, usixelela ngokudinwa kwakhe okukhulu kunye nemisebenzi ajongene nayo ngesimo sakhe njengeesile kunye nendlela athwala ngayo ubume bomntu; Phakathi kokubalisa nganye yeentlungu zakhe usixelela ngezinye iimeko zamasela. Kwangokunjalo, ibali lelinye lala masela liyagqama, elingena eluswini lwebhere ukuya kumatheko athile lisixelele intsomi ngeePsiches.
incwadi yesihlanu
Kule ncwadi El idonki yegolide, U-Lucio Apuleius, uzinikele ekusixeleleni ibali le-Psyche kunye nobudlelwane bothando ahlala kunye noThixo u-Eros (Cupid), ukufika koodadewabo kunye nomona ababenawo ngobudlelwane bakhe nothixo, ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukuthembela kwi-Psyche kwi oko aba bafazi bavakalisa, wangxwelerha Cupid ngesilonda.
Ngenxa yoko wafakwa embandezelweni. Unkulunkulukazi uVenus, njengotshaba lwakhe, uyamtshutshisa ngendlela ekhohlakeleyo kwaye ebandayo, i-Psyche emva kokuhamba ngeentlungu ezininzi kunye nobunzima watshata noCupid ezulwini.
Incwadi yesithandathu
Emva kokukhangela umthandi wakhe ixesha elide, isilumkiso esivela kuCeres kunye nokwamkelwa okubi awakufumana kuJuno, amavolontiya e-Psyche kuVenus. U-Lucio uchaza ukunyuka kweVenus ezulwini kunye nesicelo sakhe soncedo kwabanye oothixo kunye nonyango oluzele ngamampunge afunyanwa ngu-Psyche kwiVenus.
UVenus wamxelela ukuba azahlule kuzo zonke iimbewu zomnombo ngamnye kwaye wamcela ukuba amphathele uboya begolide kunye ne-vase egcwele utywala bechibi le-infernal, kunye nebhokisi egcwele ubuhle beProserpina, zonke ezi zinto zifunyenwe. enkosi kwizithixo.
I-Psyche ekugqibeleni itshata no-Eros kwibhunga lezithixo kwaye kulo mtshato Uvuyo luzalwa.
Incwadi yesixhenxe
U-Apuleius uya kwenza into efanayo naleyo uLuciano ayenzayo kwincwadi yakhe, kwaye oku kukuba uchaza into nganye ngokubanzi, ukuze angabonakali njengomntu wangaphandle, kodwa kunomntu ophilayo; ngendlela emkholisayo umfundi. ULucio ubalisa ngendlela enye intsasa elinye lamasela elabuyela ngayo apho lalikhona amanye.
Eli sela lalizama ukukholisa abanye ukuba batyhole ukuphanga ku-Apuleius kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwabo kwindlu kaMilo, ukwenzela ukuba amasela aphume kwingxaki engenabungozi kwaye u-Apuleius uya kuhlala njengomphathi wokungcatsha.
U-Apuleius ekuphulaphuleni oku ekwimo yedonki, wakhalaza kwaye wakhalaza ngendlela enobutshaba, kuba babemgxeka ngento angayenzanga kwaye wayenokuba lixhoba lenyani, ukongezelela kwinto yokuba wenza. akakwazi kuthetha ukuzithethelela. Ngoxa konke oku kwenzekayo, uLucio wayexelela ezinye iintsomi kwaye ngaxa lithile elinye lamasela libetha uApuleius.
incwadi yesibhozo
U-Lucius Apuleius ubalisa ibali elibuhlungu lokufa komyeni kaCharites, ngendlela awawasusa ngayo amehlo akhe kumyeni wakhe uTrásilo waza wabuthatha ubomi bakhe. Emva koko usixelela indlela abakhonzi ekwafuneka bafuduke ngayo emva kokufa kwakhe, kunye neentsomi ezithile ezingothixokazi wamaSiriya, ethetha ngezenzo zakhe ezingendawo, iimfihlelo ezifihlakeleyo nendlela awawanqumla ngayo amalungu akhe ukuze afumane imali, yaye ekugqibeleni, indlela abenza ngayo. ufumanise ubuxoki awayebufihle.
incwadi yesithoba
Lucio Apuleius, usixelela ngendlela idonki yakhe awakukhulula ngayo ukufa nendlela emva koko wabalekela kumonakalo omkhulu ngakumbi, kwaye yayikukuba babecinga ukuba wayenomgada; kodwa emva kokusela intwana yamanzi nokucoca umlomo wakhe, bambona ukuba uphilile.
Kwelinye icala, isixelela ngebali lomfazi okrexezayo owaqhatha umyeni wakhe, esithi ufuna ukuthenga umphanda omdala yaye ngale ndlela waqhatha umyeni wakhe.
Kwelinye icala, usixelela ngaloo nto, incindi eyayibandakanya abo babebhiyoza uthixokazi wamaSiriya nokuba zabiwa zaza zanikwa umbhaki wezonka. Ubonisa ubugwenxa bomfazi wakhe kunye nabanye, kunye nemiphumo eyaziswa kukuphanga, indlela i-horticulturist kunye nendoda elwa ngayo; uthe ihorticulturist yazimela nesilwanyana nendlela esifunyenwe ngayo.
incwadi yeshumi
Kule ncwadi, uLucio Apuleius uxela indlela i-knight kunye nesilwanyana esishiye ngayo i-metropolis, i-adventure enkulu eyenziwa yinenekazi ngothando kunye nokuthengiswa kwedonki kubazalwana ababini, omnye wabo ungumpheki we-pastry kunye nomnye umpheki.
Isixelela ngeyantlukwano neengxabano ababenazo abazalwana, kuba idonki yebe ukutya yaza yakutya. Ithi ke njengoko indoda ithenga idonki nokuba umniniyo ayithande kangakanani na, isixelela ngendlela umfazi awayegwetywe ngayo ezilo; Ithetha ngebali elinento yokwenza neParis kunye nendlela idonki yaphuncuka ngayo kwindawo yemidlalo yeqonga.
incwadi yeshumi elinanye
Le ncwadi yamva nje kaLucio Apuleius idlula zonke ezinye, iya kusixelela ngemiba elula eyahlukeneyo, kodwa amabali ahlukeneyo okwenyaniso kunye namanye endalo yefilosofi kwaye esekwe kwinkolo yaseYiputa.
Ekuqaleni kwencwadi, usixelela ngendlela ecacileyo ngentetho yezenkolo, awayenzayo kwiNyanga kunye nokuphendula kwayo kuLucio. Usichazela ubukhazikhazi bobubingeleli kunye nokuguqulwa kokuqhelekileyo, ukusuka kwidonki ukuya kumntu, ngenxa yeerozi azidlayo.
Ichaza indlela angena ngayo kwinkolo kaIsis no-Osiris kunye nobunyulu bakhe. Wandula ke abuyele ukuze enze omnye umthandazo eNyangeni aze emva koko abuyele eRoma ngovuyo nokumanyaniswa kwakhe njengombingeleli omkhulu.
Umbhali we "Iesile Golden" kunye nexesha lakhe
Umsebenzi omkhulu ka-Apuleius "I-Golden Ass" okanye "I-Metamorphosis" ibhalwe ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kunye nokuqala kwe-XNUMXnd yenkulungwane ye-AD, xa uBukhosi baseRoma bufakwe kwintlalontle enkulu, inkcubeko, inkolo kunye nezoqoqosho. ukuba ngunobangela wale ngxaki inkulu, iRomanization ngokwayo.
Le ngxaki inokuchazwa ngezizathu ezibini: ukubulawa kwabantu baseJamani ababengena kuBukhosi baseRoma, kwaye esinye isizathu kukuhlengahlengiswa kobuKristu njengenkolo esemthethweni yalo mmandla, ukonakalisa ubuhedeni. Nangona kukho idatha ephathelele ukuba amaRoma ngokwawo ayeyazi le ngxaki kwaye ayeyazi kakuhle ukuba yayisenzeka.
Phakathi kwabo, uSeneca, owathi uBukhosi baseRoma bantywiliselwa kwintlekele enkulu yaye oku kwakuya kuchaphazela awona manqanaba aphezulu. Ingxaki yobuKristu isekelwe kwingxoxo yefilosofi kunye nezopolitiko, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ubukhosi ngokwawo buyabuzwa kwaye ingcamango yayo kukuba iRoma ingunaphakade.
Olunye udidi lwamandulo olwaluthwaxwa yile ngxaki kwaye yamkhokelela ekubeni athathe isicatshulwa se-hemlock ukuze akhusele iinjongo kunye neengcinga zakhe, yayisisithandi sobulumko uSocrates, kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu kuya kufuneka uye kwiposti yethu. Ukubulawa kukaSocrates.
Iinkcukacha ezithe kratya
Ubukhosi baseRoma babubukhulu kakhulu kwaye babugxile kwi-geopolitically kwindawo yeMeditera, eyanika imida emikhulu yokwandiswa kwendalo, ngoko ke, yayibubukhosi obunendawo enkulu yokuhlala.
Ngale ndlela, uBukhosi baseRoma babuquka iintlanga neenkolelo ezininzi, bukuphela kwendlela yokumanyanisa olu luntu lwahlukeneyo ngamandla ezobupolitika kwaye into eyayimanyanisa zonke ezi zizwe yayibubuzwe obunamandla ingeyiyo imvakalelo yesizwe.
Oko kukuthi, umntu ngamnye waziva echongiwe kuphela ngomhlaba abahamba kuwo hayi ngabo bonke uBukhosi baseRoma, iya kuba yile mvakalelo eyayiza kubuphelisa ngokuthe ngcembe uBukhosi baseRoma.
Ukongeza, ngenxa yeendyikityha ezininzi ezavela phakathi kwe-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMX yenkulungwane, inani labantu baseBukhosini lancitshiswa, lishiya abemi bayo lingalingani, kuba bahlala kwindawo esempuma. Oku kubangele ukwehla kwabasebenzi.
Yayingengobemi kuphela ababehlala kummandla osempuma woBukhosi, kodwa urhulumente waseRoma ngokwawo wayebekwe embindini, wahlulwa waba yimimandla. Kumaphondo ommandla waseRoma, umzobo werhuluneli, owayenamandla omkhosi, ezobupolitika nawezoqoqosho, wayelawula.
Iziseko zombutho zommandla zazilawulwa ngoomasipala, ababenxulunyaniswa ne-civitas kwaye ke ezi zilawulwa ngoomantyi, aba mva bakhethwa yiCurias.
Ubumi
Ekuqaleni, ubumi yayiluphawu umahluko, kodwa Carcalla wayeza kunika ubumi baseRoma kubo bonke abemi free Empire, kwaye ubumi yayingayi kujongwa iwonga lentlalo, kuba kwakukho iyantlukwano enzonzobileni phakathi kwabo babe ngabemi.
Ukuhamba kwabemi bobukhosi obuphantsi kwancitshiswa kwaye oku kwabangela ukuwohloka okukhulu kuluntu lwaseRoma, ngoko ke, lwahlukana ngakumbi.
Esinye isizathu sokuwohloka koBukhosi baseRoma yayingamakhoboka, uluntu lwaseRoma yayilikhoboka elabona ixesha lalo legolide lobukhoboka ngenxa yoloyiso. Kodwa ngenkulungwane yesithathu kwakunzima kakhulu ukufumana ikhoboka yaye kutheni le nto ibalulekile?
Kuba malunga nesinye kwisithathu sabemi boBukhosi baseRoma babengamakhoboka kwaye aba yayingabo babesenza zonke iintlobo zemisebenzi, nto leyo eyayisenza kube lula kwiinkosi zabo ukuzinikela kweminye imisebenzi enjengezobupolitika okanye imibongo.
Olu loyiso lweza neziphumo ezininzi, ezinje ngokuba abalimi ekwafuneka bahambe emaphandleni baze bangenelele kwizintlu zoMkhosi, ukongezelela kwinto yokuba abo bonzakeleyo kolu loyiso babengabathathi-nxaxheba kwimilo yentlalo efuna ukusasazwa ngcono.
Umbhali
Ukuqonda imeko yobunzima uBukhosi baseRoma buhamba kuyo, sinokuthetha ngombhali womsebenzi u-El Asno de Oro.
Umbhali wazalelwa kwelinye lamaphondo aseNyakatho Afrika, ngokukodwa kwisixeko saseMadaura, kwaye wenza izifundo zakhe kwinkqubo yokuqulunqa eGrisi, eRoma kwaye wafikelela e-Alexandria.
Kubalulekile ukuqaqambisa iindawo apho umbhali we-esile yeGolide aphuhlise izifundo zakhe, kuba kwisixeko sokuqala kunye nesesithathu, uya kubumba ubuntu bakhe, ngokusekelwe kwifilosofi yeNeoplatonic, ubugcisa kunye, ukongeza, ukuqala kwakhe kwimbali. lehlabathi elikhulu.yemisitho yonqulo yommandla osempuma, kunye nezithethe zomlingo eziya kubonakaliswa kwiintsomi ezahlukeneyo zale ncwadi.
Akukho nto ingako eyaziwayo malunga nombhali, ngaphandle kwe-Golden Ass, kodwa amaxesha okuvuthwa ayakwazi ukwahlula, ekuqaleni ubutsha bakhe bamkhokelela ekunxanelweni kolwazi kunye nokufumanisa izinto ezintsha, emva koko ixesha apho lonke olo lwazi lubamba. nokuqukumbela.