El umkhombe kaNowa, yinxalenye yembali yeBhayibhile yomntu, isiganeko esaphawula kakhulu ikamva loluntu, sazi kakuhle ngokufunda inqaku elilandelayo.
Umkhombe kaNowa
Ngokutsho kweBhayibhile, sisiganeko esingokwembali esingokobuthixo apho uYehova wacela uNowa ukuba akhe inqanawa. Inyaniso yayiquka ukwakhiwa komkhombe awayeza kuthwala kuwo iqela lezilwanyana nabantu, ingakumbi izalamane zikaNowa, ukuze basindiswe kuMkhukula owawuza kuthunyelwa nguYehova ngokwakhe.
Eli bali alikho eBhayibhileni kuphela, likwafumaneka nakwiincwadi ezingcwele zamaYuda njengeTorah neKoran. Noko ke, kwezinye iimbali nakwimibhalo-ngqangi yamandulo la mabali ayafana nalawo achazwe eBhayibhileni.
Kumbongo obalaseleyo ovela kwintsomi yamandulo yamaKaledi ebizwa ngokuba yiAtrahasis, kubonwa ingxelo efana kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, umkhukula wabonwa ziinkcubeko ezininzi zakudala njengesiganeko sobuthixo esasiyinxalenye yembali yoluntu, into engazange ingqinwe namhlanje kwaye abaninzi abanayo inyaniso.
Ukuba ufuna ukudibanisa nale mixholo yeBhayibhile inomdla, sicebisa ukuba ufunde inqaku Ukuphela kwexesha equlethe ulwazi olunxulumene nesi sihloko.
Ithini yona iBhayibhile?
Ngokutsho kwencwadi engcwele yamaKristu, ibali laqala ngokuchaza oko uYehova akucingayo ngabantu; waye waqaphela ukuba ayesanda emhlabeni wonke, ehlasela ngobungendawo nangogonyamelo olukhulu, kangangokuba kancinane kancinane ukuphanziswa kwakudaliwe kwaye ukonakala kwasasazwa kuyo yonke imimandla yoMhlaba.
Wandula ke wagqiba kwelokuba asishenxise eso sizukulwana sabantu ngokusinika uhlobo oluthile lwesohlwayo, esasiya kuthi kamva sibe sisisulu sokucoca isijikelezi-langa. Kodwa asingabo bonke abantu ababengendawo yaye begqwethekile, kukho umntu obekekileyo nolungileyo ogama linguNowa; apho iBhayibhile imchaza ngolu hlobo: “Indoda elilungisa nethe tye phakathi kwabantu bexesha layo.”
Emva koko uYehova umxelela ukuba umele asindise intsapho yakhe yaye ngenxa yesi sizathu kwafuneka akhe umkhombe ukuze akwazi ukuzimela. Ukongezelela, wabonisa ukuba wayefanele aphathe izilwanyana ezithile kuyo ngambini, imazi nenkunzi, ngomlinganiselo owahlukahlukeneyo yaye zahlulwe ngokusulungekileyo nezingahlambulukanga kodwa zibe ngambini enye.
Umkhombe
Enye into engatyhilwanga lixesha apho uNowa wazinikela ekwakhiweni komkhombe, kukholelwa ukuba kwaye ngokutsho kwezinye izifundo, ukwakhiwa kwathatha iminyaka engaphezulu okanye engaphantsi kwe-120 yeBhayibhile, oko kukuthi, malunga neminyaka engama-40. Ibhayibhile ayinikezi nkcukacha zichanekileyo malunga nexesha, ayinikeli kwanokubhekisa xa kwenzeka unogumbe.
Kuboniswa kuphela ukuba ngaphambi kokuqala, uYehova wamlumkisa uNowa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambili: Kuba ngemihla esixhenxe, ndiya kunisa imvula ehlabathini iimini ezimashumi mane nobusuku obumashumi mane, ndiyicime ehlabathini yonke into endayenzayo.
Umkhukula
Wamlumkisa uNowa ngoko kwakuza kwenzeka, wangena kwintsapho yakhe enqanaweni, kamva ezinye izilwanyana ezikhethiweyo zangena: “Ngaloo mini yagqabhuka yonke imithombo yamanzi enzonzobila enkulu, iingcango zezulu zavuleka, kwabakho imvula ehlabathini iimini ezimashumi mane nobusuku obumashumi mane.”
IBhayibhile ibonisa ukuba imvula yagubungela zonke iintaba, kangangokuba zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni zafa, amadoda abantwana abangabafazi nazo zonke izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo neziphaphazelayo, kwasinda kuphela abo babengaphakathi emkhombeni. Emva kweentsuku ezili-150 zemvula, umkhombe waya kumhlaba owomileyo waza wahlala eArarati.
Ukuphela konogumbe
Amanzi etha kangangeentsuku ezimbalwa, ekukholelwa ukuba ziinyanga, kwaye ngale ndlela iintaba zaqala ukuvela kwakhona, ukuze iBhayibhile ichaze indlela uNowa wakwazi ngayo ukufumana umhlaba oqinileyo, ethumela ihlungulu elathi: Waphuma wahamba, wasinga ngapha nangapha, ada atsha amanzi ehlabathini.
Kamva wathumela ihobe elabuya emva kweeyure ezimbalwa kuba lalingayifumani indawo yokuhlala; kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva wathumela ihobe kwakhona kwaye sele libuyile nomnquma epleyitini; Ngale nto, wayengasakwazi ukuba amanzi awuthile yaye wayenokukhangela indawo ekhuselekileyo. Noko ke, kwafuneka alinde ezinye iintsuku ezimbalwa ade akufumane oko wayekulangazelela; Ndaphinda ndathumela ihobe ukuba liyojonga ukuba kwenzekani labe lingabuyi nto leyo eyayibonisa ukuba lichukumise umhlaba oqinileyo.
Umbulelo kaNowa
Ekufikeni emhlabeni, yena nezalamane zakhe behla enqanaweni kunye nezilwanyana, ngoko enombulelo wagqiba ekubeni enze idini kuYehova. Wandula ke waphendula wathi wayengayi kubingelela zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ngamanzi omkhukula, yaye akusayi kuphinda kubekho umkhukula wokutshabalalisa umhlaba.
Ngoko ke, njengesikhumbuzo, uYehova wabeka umnyama emafini, wathi: Kuya kuthi ke, ndakuwubeka amafu phezu kwehlabathi, umnyama wam ubonakale emafini; ndiwukhumbule umnqophiso wam ophakathi kwam nani, nayo yonke imiphefumlo ephilileyo enyameni yonke; yaye akusayi kuphinda kubekho unogumbe wamanzi okonakalisa inyama yonke.
Emva koku, iBhayibhile isixelela ukuba uNowa waphila iminyaka engakumbi engama-350, ukuze afe eneminyaka engama-950 ubudala, engomnye wawona madoda aphila ixesha elide kunye noMethusela ekuthethwa ngawo eBhayibhileni.
Uhlalutyo lomxholo
KwiGenesis yeBhayibhile, imiba enxulumene nomkhombe ichazwe ngokweenkcukacha yaye ichazwa ‘njengeTebha’ elithetha ngesiHebhere idrowa, ingobozi, ingobozi; Yongeza imilinganiselo yokurekhoda umthamo kunye nobukhulu benqanawa exeliweyo. Uyichaza njengebhokisi enkulu ye-rectangular-uhlobo "umkhombe", kunye nomzantsi othe tyaba apho isaphetha kunye nomva akukho mahluko, ngoko ke yayiyi-symmetrical, enye ngaphambili nangasemva.
Yayingenamaphini okubheqa, ingenamphini wokubheqa; naiankile okanye iiseyile; Ingcamango yayikukuba yayiza kudada yaye amanzi aya kuyithabatha apho yayibonakala ifaneleka khona, yayingamiselwanga ukuba ihambe ngesikhephe. Ngokuphathelele kwizinto zokwakha, kuyaziwa ukuba zazenziwe ngamaplanga kuphela, kwaye kuthiwa yi-"Gofer" yodidi, umthi ongenakukwazi ukuchonga nayiphi na ikhonkco kunye nesinye isityalo. .
Abanye bakholelwa ukuba ngenxa yobudlelwane begama elithi Gofer, elithetha ngesiHebhere elithi "Kofer" "tar", sithetha ngomthi ovelisa i-resin eninzi, njenge-oki emhlophe, i-cypress okanye i-balsa, exhathisa kakhulu kwaye yomelele. Iingcaciso zeBhayibhile zibonisa ukuba umkhombe kwakufuneka utywinwe ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
Isicatshulwa esingcwele sikwachaza uhlobo lokungenisa umoya abalubiza ngokuthi "tzohar", elithetha ngesiHebhere elikhanyayo, ukukhanya kwesibhakabhaka okanye ifestile. Ezi zibekwe engqinibeni enye ngaphezulu komkhombe, ukongeza kucango olusecaleni, ezineeseli ezigqunyiweyo nezigqumayo, ezi datha ziye zaqinisekiswa ziingcali kwaye ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba yonke into inxulumene.
Ngokuphathelele imilinganiselo, oku kulandelayo kuchazwe eBhayibhileni: iikubhite ezingama-300 ubude, iikubhite ezingama-50 ububanzi neekubhite ezingama-30 ukuphakama, ukuba siqwalasela ukuba idatha enxulumene nomlinganiselo wekubhite yile ilandelayo:
- I-elbow eqhelekileyo i malunga ne-45 cm.
- Ikubhite yasebukhosini 51,5 cm
- Ikubhite yomgca ehamba ukusuka engqinibeni ukuya ekupheleni kwesandla
- Ikubhite yasebukhosini yaseRoma malunga ne-55 cm.
Emva koko, ukuseka unxulumano phakathi komlinganiselo wemilinganiselo, sifumanisa ukuba ikubhite inokulinganisa phakathi kwama-45 nama-50 eesentimitha, ubude bomkhombe buya kuba li-150 leemitha ubude, bube ngama-25 eemitha ububanzi ne-15 m ukuphakama. Eyona nto igqiba ubungakanani beli phenyane. Nangona kunjalo, uphando luye lwenziwa ukufumana ukuba zingaphi izilwanyana ezinokungena kuyo.
Abanye bathetha ngezilwanyana ezili-1200, abanye be-1000, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokumila komzimba kunye nemeko yesilwanyana kunye nobukhulu baso obunokuqwalaselwa, yayisebenza emkhombeni inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ezingenayo, nto leyo eyade yavumela ukuba idada ngaphakathi. amanzi.
Ukubaluleka kweli bali kubalulekile xa inxulunyaniswe namanye amabali afana nala sikubonisa wona kwinqaku elilandelayo. oko kufundiswa yiBhayibhile , apho inxalenye yolu lwazi igqityiweyo.
Izifundo zesayensi
Ngokwembono yonqulo nangohlalutyo olwenziwa ziingcali kwiinkalo zokugxekwa kwezakwalizwi, ibali elibaliswa kwiGenesis lisekelwe kwimithombo emibini enonxibelelwano oluthile ngexesha. Kodwa abazange banikwe imilo de kube yinkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC. Ngokwale ngcamango umahluko kwisimbo sokubhala kwingxelo yesiHebhere mdala kancinane kunezinye iinguqulelo; kodwa makhe sijonge ngakumbi kwiimpikiswano.
abafundi bezakwalizwi
IBhayibhile iyawabetha ngoyaba amagama athile ahlobene noothixo, ababebizwa ngokuba yiTetragrammaton. La mabali ayengahoywa yibhayibhile, ewe andifumana phantsi amaHebhere athatha njengereferensi ibali lendoda esindisa usapho lwayo kunye neenkomo zayo enqanaweni. Kwelinye icala, kukho isicatshulwa sohlobo lukaElohist olwacaciswa ngakumbi ngeenjongo zedidactic kunokuzinikela.
Olu xwebhu lunxulumene nemiba enxulumene nokwahlulwa kwezilwanyana zohlobo lwe-kosher nezingezo-kosher, oko kukuthi, ezicocekileyo nezingacocekanga. Bachaza indlela usindiso lomntu olufunwa ngayo ngeziganeko ezenzeka rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezisixhenxe; izicatshulwa zisenokuba zinento yokwenza nengxelo yeBhayibhile.
IGenesis ikwaqulethe iindlela ezininzi zokubhala, ezineembono ezahlukeneyo. Ngokunjalo, kufunyanwa iziqwenga ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo neentsomi ze-Utnapishtim zenkcubeko yamaSumeri; apho ukumkani wamandulo walunyukiswa nguThixo ngokwakhe, ukuze inqanawa ibaleke unogumbe, owawuza kuthunyelwa libhunga eliphezulu lezithixo.
ababhali-mbali
Umbhali-mbali u-Irving Finkel, osebenza njengomgcini weMyuziyam yaseBritani, wafumanisa kwi-2014 icwecwe elincinci lohlobo, elalinebali elinxulumene nomkhukula kwaye lifana ngokusondeleyo nengxelo yeBhayibhile. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kunokufundwa kwincwadi ethi The Ark Before Noah, ebhalwe ngumbhali-mbali ngokwakhe.
Ngokwale ngxelo, umkhombe wawusisazinge yaye wawunocango olukhulu kakhulu olwakhiwe phantsi kwesiseko somthi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngeli cwecwe kukuba lichaza imiba engqalileyo ephathelele ukumila nokwakhiwa komkhombe, imilinganiselo yawo nendlela owawunokudada ngayo.
Ezi mbekiselo zisetyenziselwe ukwakha isikali se-1: 3 ikopi yayo, eyadada ngempumelelo xa ibekwe emanzini. Iinkcazo ezifunyenwe kwitheyibhile zibhalwe kumabonwakude okhethekileyo oye waboniswa ngonyaka we-2015, ngokukwanjalo kukho amabali kwicwecwe ngokwalo afana kakhulu nombongo kaGilgamesh, apho imiba enxulumene nezilwanyana kunye nefom ichazwe. bangena njani emkhombeni.
Ezinye iziphumo
Ukufana okunxulumene nomkhombe kaNowa kuye kwafunyanwa kulo lonke ihlabathi. Iinkonzo ezahlukahlukeneyo ziyilondoloza njengesibakala sobuthixo esaphawula iimbali zempucuko; sinemeko yemisinga enxulumene noAbraham, apho ixuba iimeko ezisebenzisekayo zobomi bemihla ngemihla ngelo xesha, njengomzekelo, njengemibuzo ephathelele isibakala sendlela uNowa awayiphelisa ngayo inkunkuma eyashiywa ngamawaka ezilwanyana nabantu. ngokwabo yonke imihla.
Ezinye iinkolo ezifuna ukuhlekisa ngenkqubo yendaleko yobuKatolika ziyitolika njengenkqubo enxibelelene nezenzo zikaNowa. Nangona kunjalo, kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe imbali yomkhombe yavunywa zizifundo zenzululwazi esanda kuzalwa ye-biogeography, oku kubhekiselele kwikhonkco elincinane elinokuba nalo ibali kunye nenyaniso yobuntu.
I-arqueology
Ngonyaka we-1829, isazinzulu uFriedrich Parrot wesizwe saseJamani, waya kwintaba yeArarati, enosukelo lokufumana umkhombe weBhayibhile, wachitha iinyanga ezininzi ephanda yaye ephengulula, ukuze abone enoba wayenokufumana nayiphi na into eyayiza kumnceda aqinisekise. inyaniso yebhayibhile , kodwa emva kwexesha akazange afumane nto.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, umhloli wamazwe waseRashiya uVladimir Rosskowizky wathi ufumene inqanawa egqunywe ngaphantsi komkhenkce kwincopho yeNtaba yeArarati. Ngoko nangoko abasemagunyeni baseRashiya bagqiba kwelokuba bathumele iphulo lokuya kuqinisekisa ukuba siyinyaniso na. Kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba la mathambo ayezeyephenyane elineempawu ezifana nomkhombe kaNowa.
Noko ke, kwaza kwafika uguquko lwamaBolshevik ngowe-1917, lonke ulwazi oluqokelelweyo lwanyamalala yaye akukho nto iseleyo kuphando. Enye into ebangel’ umdla yenzeka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, xa abanye abakhweli, kuquka nabahloli bamazwe, bathi bawafumene amathambo omkhombe kaNowa kummandla othile weNtaba yeArarati.
Ukusukela ngoko, uhambo oluninzi luye lwathunyelwa kunye nabaphandi abaqhuba umkhondo wesathelayithi ukuze babonise ukuba iintsalela zezenqanawa. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwaluthintelwe yimiba yezopolitiko, kuba kwi-50, kuphela i-USSR kunye namanye amazwe anemida yendawo kunye neTurkey anokufikelela entabeni.
Ngowe-1951, kwenziwa iprojekthi yeTurkey-Amerika apho oko kwakusaziwa ngokuba yiArarat anomaly ngoko kwakunokufotwa emoyeni. Iifoto zibonisa ezinye iifom ezingezizo ezoncedo lwentaba. Noko ke, ngowe-1955, umkhweli weentaba ongumFrentshi uFernand Navarra wafumana isakhiwo somthi esiziimitha ezingaphezu kwama-4.000 XNUMX ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.
Umkhweli wathi amathambo ayezezomkhombe kaNowa; Kwakhona wabonisa umvalo onqamlezileyo apho, ngokutsho kwakhe, wawuyinxalenye yesikhephe esifunyenweyo; Noko ke, kwiminyaka embalwa kamva isiqwenga somthi sanyamalala kunye nomkhweli.
Kwi-1965 i-aviator yobuzwe baseTurkey yathatha umfanekiso owawuthatha njengonyawo lwesikhephe kufuphi nommandla wekhephu waseArarat. Lo mfanekiso uza kutyhila oko kwaqinisekiswa liphulo laseMelika laseTurkey malunga neArarati engaqhelekanga.
Sithetha nje ezinye izazi ngokuma komhlaba ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba le ngxaki ikho ngokwenene kwaye iyinxalenye yokungalungelelani kakuhle komhlaba, uninzi lwazo oluthelekisa neenyawo ezashiywa ngumkhombe kaNowa. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1974 i-anomaly yaphunyezwa kufutshane kakhulu nomda phakathi kweTurkey ne-Iran, apho i-anomalies efanayo yabonwa, ngeefoto zesathelayithi ezisemgangathweni kwakunokwenzeka ukubonisa ukuba yayiyi-volcanic lava formations.
Okwangoku
Ngo-2010, abaphandi baseTshayina nabaseTurkey baqhube uphando apho babekwazi ukufumana inxalenye yomkhombe, ngokutsho kwabo, babeqinisekile ukuba i-99% yayiyeyesikhephe. Ukufunyaniswa kwakuquka isiqwenga somthi, ngokutsho kophando kunye nezifundo zendlela yeCarbon 14, ukususela malunga neminyaka engama-4.800 eyadlulayo.
Uphononongo olufanayo lunika ulwazi olunxulumene neentsalela zelindle kwaye lunokuba nezilwanyana ezifuyile. Olu phando lwakhanyelwa ngamaqela angamaKristu enzululwazi, atyhola ngelithi uphando, iifoto kunye nesiqwenga somthi sasinobuqhetseba, kunye nabemi baloo ndawo njengabancedisi.
Okokugqibela, ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla azikho iimpendulo ziqinisekileyo ezinento yokwenza nenyaniso ngomkhombe kaNowa, kuba okwangoku inkolelo yonqulo yomkhukula isekho kubo bonke abathembekileyo bamaKatolika ehlabathini lonke.
