Fumana imizekelo emininzi yee-autotrophs kulo lonke eli nqaku, kodwa kungekuphela nje oku, unokufunda nokuba ziyintoni na, ukubaluleka kwazo kunye nokunye okuninzi ongafuni ukuphoswa, ungalibali ukwabelana ngolu lwazi luxabisekileyo kunye nabo ubathandayo.
izinto eziphilayo autotrophic
Ukusuka kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo nakwiimeko ezithile ukusuka kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi, yonke into enento yokwenza nendalo, izinto eziphilayo, izilwanyana, izityalo kunye nokunye okuninzi kuyafundwa, phakathi kwazo zii-autotrophs, ezi zinqanaba elibaluleke kakhulu kwi-ecosystem kunye ne-biodiversity ethetha oku. , ngaphandle kwezi akukho nto iya kuba nokwenzeka kwaye ingabikho.
Kwaye nangona kumaxesha amaninzi kubonakala sisebancinci kakhulu, mhlawumbi isuka ekuqondweni okanye ayinikwanga nje ukubaluleka eyifanele ngokwenene; Ezi zingaphakathi kwicandelo lebhayoloji zibonwa njengabavelisi, kodwa kutheni?Kungenxa nje yento yokuba aba bangabo banako ukuvelisa okanye ukuvelisa ukutya kwabo, bakwayiprayimari, nto leyo ethetha ukuba bahlala emhlabeni ekuqaleni. .
Kodwa bakuphumeza njani oku? Kulula kakhulu, bayenza ngezinto ezingaphiliyo, ngokuqinisekileyo uyazibuza umzekelo, oku kuya kuba yimeko yezityalo, kuba ngokucacileyo abanakukwazi ukuhamba okanye ukuhambisa ukutya kwabo, ke bona ngokwabo bakuvelisela ukondla. kwaye ungafi, kodwa oku kunjalo kwakhona kwiibhaktheriya ezininzi kunye ne-algae, exhomekeke kwezinye izinto ukuze bahlale bephila.
Ezi zinto ze-inorganic ziguqulwa zibe zizinto eziphilayo eziyimfuneko ukuze imetabolism yakho isebenze kakuhle. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba le nkqubo yenzeke ngokupheleleyo kwaye ngokufanelekileyo, amanzi kufuneka afumaneke, kodwa kungekhona nje oku, kodwa kufuneka kubekho ukukhanya kwelanga, i-carbon dioxide okanye ezinye iifom ze-inorganic, kunye neetyuwa zamaminerali.
Ezi zibaluleke kakhulu kwindalo, kuba zikwazi ukuvelisa ukutya kwazo kwaye ke ngoko zihlala ziphila, kodwa kungekuphela nje oko, kodwa kwakhona, zigcina ziphila ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinokuthi mhlawumbi zizondla kuzo, njengomzekelo wabantu. zinokunikwa, kuba ezi organisms heterotrophic ezifuna abokuqala ukuba badle.
Bazintoni?
Ezi zinto ziphilayo sele zixoxiwe ngokubanzi, nangona kunjalo, ingcamango yazo ayizange ichazwe, ezi zinto zivelisa uhlobo lwazo lokutya okanye isondlo; Kwanenkqubo ekhankanyiweyo yokuguqulwa abayenzayo ukusuka kwi-inorganic ukuya kwi-organic matter ibizwa ngokuba "isondlo se-autotrophic".
Umthamo wayo uphelele ngexesha lokudibanisa izondlo zomzimba wakho ngokusebenzisa izinto ezingaphiliyo, kodwa okokuqala kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba yintoni i-metabolism, eli qela leempendulo zemichiza ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwento ephilayo ukuguqula ukutya kube amandla, okuyimfuneko ukuze ukwazi ukwenza yonke into kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukukhula, ukucinga kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Ngaphakathi kwezi ziphilayo, imifuno eyahlukeneyo ifakiwe (i-karoti, iitapile, i-beet, phakathi kwezinye), izityalo ezahlukeneyo ezisijikelezile kunye neebhaktheriya ezininzi; Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uninzi lwezi zinto ziphilayo zihlala kwindawo yefoto, kodwa kuthetha ukuthini oku? Kaloku, zezo kukho amaxesha okukhanya kwelanga, oko kukuthi, imitha yelanga iphumela kuzo kangangexesha elithile nangaliphi na ixesha elithile.
Olu hlobo lwezinto eziphilayo alunayo nayiphi na imfuno malunga nezinye izinto eziphilayo, isondlo sazo sizimeleyo; Ngokuqinisekileyo uyazibuza ukuba ukukhulelwa kwe "autotrophs" kwavela phi, kuba oku kuyimfuneko ukuba uhlale ukhumbula ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo zenziwe nge-oksijeni, i-carbon, amanzi kunye ne-hydrogen.
Ukongeza, kuyimfuneko ukuba ibe nomcimbi; Ukwazi oku, izinto eziphilayo ezibuzwayo zadalwa ngokuqala kwehlabathi, ubomi ngokubanzi, kuthathwa njengento esisiseko okanye esisiseko kunye nelula, eyayiphila nge-photosynthesis, ngokwayo, apho ivela khona yonke isilwanyana.
Ngaphakathi imizekelo yamakhonkco okutya ukuba wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ezi zinto ziphilayo njengezona ziphambili, zisisiseko solu luhlu kwaye zibalulekile ukuze ziphile kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Xa zibonwa ngendlela entsonkothileyo, ezi zinto ziyakwazi ukutshintsha ikharbon diokside, amanzi, iityuwa zezimbiwa zibe yiglucose, ioksijini, iswekile nesitatshi, zisebenzisa imitha yelanga.
Iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo ze-autotrophic
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa iintlobo zezi zinto ziphilayo ezaziwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ezi zimbini, i-photoautotrophs kunye ne-chemoautotrophs, zahlulwe ngale ndlela ngokwamandla asetyenziswa ngumntu ngamnye ukuphumeza yonke inkqubo esele ikhankanyiwe, eyokuqala ngo. indlela yokukhanya kwelanga ize eyesibini ibe ngamandla ekhemikhali, zonke zichazwe ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi kula macandelo alandelayo.
Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uqale ngeentlobo ezimbini ze-autotrophic organisms, iinkalo ezithile ezifanelekileyo ziya kuchazwa:
Kuhlobo lwe-chemoautotrophic yesondlo, umthombo wekhabhoni awukho kwi-photoautotrophic, nangona kunjalo, okufanayo akwenzeki nomnikezeli we "e" ukuba kwimeko yokugqibela ngu "C. i-inorganic (S2-) kwaye kwimeko yangaphambili, zombini umthombo wamandla kunye noMnikeli we "e" yi-inorganic compounds (H2S, fe 2+, CH4, H2 NH4 +, NO3, NO2), kodwa kwimeko photoautotrophs umthombo wamandla ukukhanya.
Photoautotrophs
Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, aba bafumene amandla abo ngokukhanya kwelanga, xa sithetha "ngesithombe" sibhekisela kwi "photon", oko kukuthi, ivela kuyo, ezo ziqhekeza ezivelisa ukukhanya. Ngoko ngowokugqibela onika amandla afunekayo ukuze akwazi ukuzondla ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokutya kwimeko apho i-organism ifumaneka khona; konke oku kwenziwa ngephotosynthesis.
I-Photosynthesis iqondwa njengokusebenza kweekhemikhali okwenziwa kwizityalo ezine-chlorophyll kwaye ngokukhanya kwelanga kutshintsha i-inorganic substrate ye-organic leyo enamandla.
Kule meko, imizekelo ecacileyo ingaba yi-algae, ibhaktheriya eyahlukeneyo kunye nezityalo; Inyaniso yokuba iphotosynthesis iguqula amanzi asemhlabeni kunye necarbon dioxide ibe yiGlucose, luhlobo lweswekile olunika amandla kwimifuno nakwizityalo, mayingashiywa ecaleni. ukwakha iindonga zeeseli kunye nokukhula.
Kodwa emhlabeni akukho manzi kuphela kodwa kukho umoya, i-microorganisms kunye ne-organic matter, apho izondlo zifumaneka khona, kodwa kungekhona nje ukuba kulula kukho ingxaki encinci, kodwa kukho izigaba ezininzi ngaphakathi kwesi sondlo, esinjalo. njengokulandelayo:
- ifunxa izondlo ezingaphiliyo
- Emva koko amanzi kunye neetyuwa ziguqulwa zibe iindawo eziluhlaza kwisityalo
- Utshintshiselwano lweoksijini kunye nekhabhoni yegesi lwenzeka
- Emva koko i-photosynthesis iqala, ukufumana ioksijini kwimeko yesibini.
- Emva koko, ukuthuthwa kwezinto eziphilayo nge-phloem kuqala kwisityalo sonke.
- Iqalisa ukuphefumla kweeseli ezivelisa amandla eeseli.
- Kwaye ekugqibeleni, kukho ukukhutshwa kwezinto eziza kuphelisa i-metabolism.
iikhemoautotrophs
Ngolu hlobo, kubhekiselwa kwabo banokufumana izondlo zabo okanye ukutya ngokusebenzisa iimolekyuli ezithile zemichiza, kodwa ngobuninzi, kwezo zohlobo oluncitshisiweyo lwe-inorganic; Kukwagxininiswa nokuba abayisebenzisi imitha yelanga ukuze bakwazi ukuzondla okanye ukuzondla. Ezi azinayo ikhabhoni kodwa zinawo amandla athile ezidala ngawo ukutya kwazo.
Olu hlobo luhlala luhlala kwiindawo ezigqithisileyo, oko kukuthi, apho indalo yomelele kakhulu, kuba ezi zidla ngokuba ziindawo apho bafumana khona imichiza eyityhefu ebavumela ukuba benze i-oxidation. Umzekelo wolu hlobo lokusingqongileyo ziintaba-mlilo, apho kukho iibhaktheriya eziphila ngolu hlobo lwendawo, ezenza i-sulfure i-oxidize kwaye ngaloo ndlela izondla; Inyani yobomi bokwenyani yenzeka kwiYellowstone apho kukho iibhaktheriya ezenza le nkqubo kwimithombo eshushu.
Olu hlobo lomzimba lungahlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Iibhaktheriya ze-iron: kule meko yokuqala, kubhekiselwa kwezo zixuba zombini i-manganese kunye nentsimbi ngendlela encitshisiweyo.
- iintsholongwane ze-nitifying: zezo zisebenzisa iikhompawundi ezincinci zenitrogen njengesixhobo samandla.
- iintsholongwane zesulfure: Ekugqibeleni kukho abo basebenzisa ihydrogen sulfide kumandla abawadingayo.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba kwiindawo ezinzulu zolwandle kukho iibhaktheriya ezininzi ezisebenzisa le nkqubo ukuze zifumane amandla kunye nokutya kwazo, ngakumbi kwezo ndawo zisondele kakhulu kwi-hydrothermal vents.
Ngokuqinisekileyo uyazibuza ukuba yintoni na i-hydrothermal vent, kuba ilula kakhulu kwaye yeyokuba zezo zintanda zenzeke enzulwini, yiyo loo nto amanzi ehluzwa apho ade adibane namatye kumaqondo aphezulu, akhuphe amanzi. ukubila kwakhona kubuyela elwandle kodwa ngeli xesha kukho iiminerali ezivela kwilitye eliphantse linyibilike njengehydrogen sulfide.
Kutheni i-autotrophs ibalulekile kwi-ecosystem?
Kulo lonke eli nqaku kukho izibonakaliso ezahlukeneyo zokubaluleka okukhulu ezi zinto ziphilayo emhlabeni, ubukho babo bubalulekile nangona bunganikwanga ukubaluleka okufunekayo, kuba ezi ziyi-generator eziphambili zesiseko sokutya, ukuba isiseko siyasilela, iphiramidi iyawa, ekubeni ezinye zidla ezinye, zenza isangqa.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ezi zezona zininzi phakathi kweendawo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo, zithatha ithuba lezinto ezininzi eziphilayo ukuze ziphile; imifuno kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo, oko kukuthi, i-autotrophs, ifakwe kwizilwanyana ezidliwayo, kuba ezi zizo ezisekela ukutya kwazo kwizityalo kunye nemifuno; ezi zifumaneka ngaphakathi kwinqanaba lesibini lekhonkco lokutya.
Kwelinye icala zi Izilwanyana ezinomdla abangabo batya inyama kunye ne-omnivores, aba ngabo batya nokuba yimifuno okanye inyama kwaye bakwinqanaba lesithathu lekhonkco lokutya. I-Heterotrophs ngabaxhaphazi be-autotrophs; rhoqo ukuqala amatyathanga okutya kunye ne-autotrophic organism, kuba ngabo abavelisayo.
Umzekelo ocacileyo woku kukuba kwenzeka ntoni ngengca ekhula emasimini okanye kwezinye iindawo, ibe yile autotrophic, ethi ityiwe zizilwanyana ezitya inyama, eziyi-heterotrophic, njengoko bekuya kuba njalo ngeenkomo.
Kwezo ndawo apho i-autotrophs yanda ngakumbi, kuya kubakho izilwanyana ezininzi ezikutyayo kwaye ngokuphambene noko, ukuba ezi ziyancipha ngokunjalo i-heterotrophs okanye i-carnivores kwaye ngokulandelayo abo bazilandelayo kwikhonkco lokutya, de i-ecosystem itshatyalaliswe, injalo. kwenzeka xa amahlathi egawulwa okanye atshiswa, izinto ezininzi eziphilayo ziyanyamalala ngenxa yokuba azikwazi ukutya.
Uninzi mhlawumbi lufudukela kwezinye iindawo, ezibizwa ngokuba zizilwanyana ezihlaselayo, kodwa ezinye ezininzi ziya kufa ngokulula, kwaye nokuba zizilwanyana ezihlaselayo kunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindawo ezikuyo kwaye nomgangatho wazo wobomi uya kuhla kakhulu.
Uninzi lwemizekelo emele kunye neempawu
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-autotrophs kwiplanethi, izityalo eziluhlaza ngumzekelo ocacileyo, ngoko ke iindidi zibanzi phakathi kweendawo zokuhlala ezikhoyo; kukho iipayini, i-oki, i-parsley, i-cilantro, i-lettuce, i-laurel, i-hydrangeas kunye ne-lawn.
Kodwa ayisiyiyo yodwa, kuba ngaphakathi kolwandle kunye nemilambo kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo ezikwazi ukufumaneka, phakathi kwazo kunokukhankanywa i-algae, ezi zezona zixhaphakileyo kwaye zezona zinokubonwa kakhulu Ulwandle, iliso lomntu, xa usondela elunxwemeni okanye xa untywila kwiingqaqa.
Kwaye kukho kwakhona i-phytoplanktons, ngokungafaniyo nangaphambili, kunzima ukuyibona, ekubeni ubungakanani bayo abuvumeli, kodwa buninzi kwiilwandle; Ukongezelela, iibhaktheriya ezahlukahlukeneyo ezifunyenwe kwiilwandle zingakhankanywa, phakathi kwazo ezo zentsimbi kunye nezo zesulfure, ezokuqala zifunyenwe kwimilambo kunye nomhlaba kunye nokugqibela apho kukho iqoqo le-pyrite.