I-Desert Ecosystem ibhekiselele kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezikwaziyo ukuphila kwindawo eyinkqantosi ngaphandle kwemvula. Apho amaqondo obushushu egqithisile kwaye anembonakalo yomhlaba engumkhuthuka kwaphela, indalo iyakwazi ukubonelela ubomi. Kweli nqaku sibonisa ubomi obumangalisayo entlango. Ungayeki ukuyifunda, uya kumangaliswa.
i-ecosystem yentlango
I-ecosystem yentlango imela enye yezona bhayom zigqithisayo ezikhoyo kwiplanethi enomhlaba owomileyo kunye nemvula enqabileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yindawo engenabume bokuphila ngokuyintabalala. Ziindawo apho okukhoyo ziziduli zesanti, ngoko ke izityalo nezilwanyana azikwazi kuziqhelanisa nazo. Apha sibonisa ezona mpawu zifanelekileyo kwezi ndawo zikhethekileyo.
Iintlango
Iintlango ngowona mmandla ungahlali mntu kwaye unabantu abaninzi emhlabeni, ngenxa yobushushu bazo obugqithisileyo kunye neziganeko ezithe ngqo zokukhanya kwelanga, zenza ubomi bungabikho. Le biome, indawo yebhayotiki okanye i-bioclimatic landscape imele ummandla womphezulu woMhlaba obonisa ukufana ngokwemozulu, izityalo nezilwanyana. Intlango yindawo enobutshaba ephantse ingabinakuphila kwaye ayinabuni, kodwa ekwaziyo ukugcina ubomi obufana nezityalo kunye nezilwanyana eziye zaqhelana nobunzima bemozulu yayo.
Uninzi lweentlango luhlala kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kwaye zihlala zisenza kube nzima ukunetha imvula. Ezona ntlango zininzi zezi: eAfrika, intlango yeSahara, emele intlango yesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni emva kweArctic kunye neAntarctic, intlango yaseArabia egubungela indawo emalunga ne-2.330.000 km², ehlala phantse kulo lonke usingasiqithi. KuMbindi Merika unokufumana iintlango ezifana naleyo iseArizona kumda weUnited States neMexico.
Kukwakho neentlango ezikumantla eChile ezibizwa ngokuba yiAtacama; kwintshona yeBolivia nakumazantsi ePeru, ebonakala ukuba ngowona wome kakhulu emhlabeni. Zonke zifumaneka kumgama omde ukusuka elwandle kwaye kwimeko ethile ezo zonxweme olusentshona lwe-Afrika esezantsi kunye noMzantsi Melika ezichatshazelwa yimisinga yolwandle. Iintlango zithatha phantse isinye kwisithathu somhlaba, oko kukuthi, malunga nezikwekhilomitha ezingama-50 ezigidi. Ezinye zenziwe kwizilayi ezisicaba zamatye ekristale, ezinye zivele kwiintshukumo zetectonic.
Amaqondo obushushu
Amaqondo obushushu kwiintlango ahluka ngenxa yesi sizathu ahlulahlulwe kwiindawo ezinqabileyo okanye ezomileyo, ezinemvula phakathi kwe-250 ukuya kwi-500 mm ngonyaka. Kwelinye icala, imimandla eyinkqantosi inika imvula ngonyaka phakathi kwe-25 ne-250 mm. Kwaye i-hyperharids inokuthi ingabonakali imvula iminyaka kwaye ubushushu bayo bunokuba phezulu kakhulu, njengokuba kunjalo kwiNtlango yaseLut e-Iran, enokufikelela kuma-degrees angama-70 emhlabeni.
Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kwiintlango kukuba ubushushu bayo buhluka phakathi kwe-40 ° kunye ne-50 ° kunye ne-Sahara efikelela kuma-57 °, kodwa ebusuku inokuhla ukuya kwi-10 °. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iAntarctica yeyona ntlango inkulu ehlabathini, eyona ntlango ibandayo, yome kakhulu kwaye inomoya, enamaqondo obushushu anokufikelela ku -89,2 °C (yabhalwa ngowe-1983). Nangona ubushushu obuqhelekileyo beArctic kunye ne-Antarctic bunokuhamba phakathi kwe-20 °.
IHydrografi
Kwi-ecosystem yentlango, ubukho bamanzi buphantse bungabikho, bubonakala kuphela emva kwemvula. Ngombulelo kwi-anticyclones, i-atmospheric kule mimandla inoxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu kuneendawo ezikufutshane, ivelisa imozulu entle, isibhakabhaka esicacileyo kunye nenkungu ngamaxesha athile okanye inkungu, ngoko kukho imvula encinci.
Kodwa kukho iintlango apho amanzi anokuhamba khona kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-audis. Oku kungenxa yeemvula ezimbalwa ezidla ngokujika zibe zizantyalantyala zemvula kodwa ndiyazi ukuba azithathi xesha lide ukuba zome kwaye azifane ziphelele elwandle.
Iintlobo zeNtlango ezisisiseko
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentlango kwiplanethi, ezo zepolar ezikwi-Arctic kunye ne-Antarctic, ezo zesanti kunye nezo zinobushushu obuphezulu, eziqulunqwe kakhulu yintlabathi, ethi ngenxa yesenzo somoya yenze iindunduma. Kwakhona sifumana iintlango ezinamatye okanye ezinamatye, ezizezo umhlaba wazo ubunjwe ngamatye okanye ngamatye.
Kukho neentlango kwimimandla yorhwebo okanye imimoya eshushu, phakathi kwe-latitudes, ngenxa yezithintelo zomswakama, i-monsoon, umoya wonxweme kunye nokubizwa ngokuba yi-indlandsis, eyintlango ye-polar okanye i-polar desert. Ngoku, iintlango zetropiki zezo zikumda we-ikhweyitha, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba uninzi lolo hlobo, kuquka neSahara.
Iintlango eziphakathi kwesibanzi zifumaneka kwiindawo ezisezantsi ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu lweatmospheri, kude nemithombo yamanzi. Ezo ze-auger kumoya ofumileyo Zisisiphumo sesenzo semiqobo emikhulu yeentaba. Kwelinye icala, kukho iintlango eziselunxwemeni ezikwincam zelizwekazi naphantsi kwempembelelo yeenkqubo zomoya ezintsonkothileyo, ezibangela inkqubo yemozulu engazinzanga ngokwenene.
Ezo zemvula eziveliswa ziinkqubo zomoya zamaxesha onyaka ezizalelwa elwandle kwaye ziphulukane nokufuma kwazo njengoko zihamba phezu kweshelufu yelizwekazi. Kukwakho neentlango ezibandayo, ezikwiindawo ezinobude obuphezulu kunye nemvula encinci, kunye neentlango ezincanyana.
Desert Ecosystem Flora
Kwanaxa ubomi entlango phantse buyinto engenakwenzeka, kukho uhlaza nezityalo ezikwaziyo ukuziqhelanisa nezi ntlobo zemozulu, apho imvula inqabile yaye kukho ukufuma okuncinane emhlabeni. Oku kuthintela kakhulu ukukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo kwaye ngakumbi ukuba ziqhube inkqubo yephotosynthesis. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, kwi-ecosystem yentlango, ezona ntlobo zezityalo zixhaphakileyo zinencasa kunye ne-succulent, uphawu lwazo oluphambili kukuba zinamalungu akhethekileyo okugcina amanzi ngobuninzi kunezityalo eziqhelekileyo.
Amagqabi awo mancinci kwaye aqinile anameva, anceda ukuthintela ukulahleka kwamanzi. Ngokuphathelele iingcambu zawo, zithande ukuba nkulu kwaye zinde ukugubungela indawo enkulu kwaye zifumane amanzi kunye nezondlo. Phakathi kwezona zixhaphakileyo yi biznaga, beavertail cactus, agave americana, banana yucca, Organ cactus, desert willow, Joshua tree, date palm, desert sotol, phakathi kwezinye ezininzi.
Izilwanyana zeDesert Ecosystem
Izilwanyana ezikhoyo kwi-ecosystem yasentlango zinqabile, ngenxa yemozulu engaqhelekanga kunye neempawu zomhlaba ezithiwe thaca apha. Ezona zixhaphakileyo ukufunyanwa entlango zizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kuba igazi labo liyabanda, nto leyo evumela ukuba zilwe namaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo. Ungabona kwakhona iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinambuzane, ooqongqothwane, iimbovane, oonomadudwane kunye nezigcawu. Zonke zihlala emingxunyeni ezivumela ukuba zikhuseleke kwimitha yelanga enamandla. Kwelinye icala, izilwanyana ezanyisayo ezinjengeempungutye neempuku zinokufunyanwa. Olona phawu luphambili buboya obukhanyayo kunye nemikhwa yasebusuku.
Ngokukwanjalo, sinokufumana izilwanyana ezincancisayo ezinkulu ezifana needromedaries kunye neenkamela, ezizizilwanyana ezikwaziyo ukugcina amanzi amaninzi emizimbeni yazo, kunye nezixa zamafutha ukuze ziphile ngamaxesha anzima apho ukutya kunqongophele. Ngokuphathelele iintaka, entlango kukho iintaka ezincinci kwaye ezinye ezifana namaxhalanga eyona nto ikhethekileyo kukuba azinawo amadlala okubila. Uninzi lwezi zilwanyana ziye zatshintsha iwotshi yazo yebhayoloji, zenza imikhwa yasebusuku ukuze ziphile kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
Phakathi kwezona zilwanyana zixhaphakileyo entlango ziinkamela, iidromedaries, iirattlesnakes, iiphimpi zaseYiputa, iidemon ezinameva, unomadudwane, izigcawu zenkamela, iimpuku, i<em>meerkats, iicoyotes, iimpungutye zasentlango, amaxhalanga, amaxhalanga, amavukuthu, abagijimi abakhulu kunye neguanaco. Kwiintlango ezibandayo ezona zixhaphakileyo ngoonombombiya, iintini kunye neebhere ezimhlophe.
Iintlango zeHlabathi
Phakathi kwezona ntlango zaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni zilandelelana ngokubaluleka: iAntarctica, iArctic, iSahara, iGobi, iSonora, iKalahari, iNamib, iNtlango eSanti enkulu, iNtlango enkulu yaseVictoria, iAtacama, iKarakum, iNegev, iTaklamakan, intlango yaseArabia, iRub al. - IKhali, iNtlango yaseSiriya, intlango yakwaYuda, intlango yaseArabia kunye neNtaba yeXerophilous kunye neSinayi.
Iinyani zolonwabo
Ngaba ubusazi ukuba olona hlobo luncinci lwempungutye emhlabeni luhlala eSahara? Owona mmandla mkhulu wetyuwa ehlabathini yiChott el Djerid, ichibi elino-7.000 km2. Kummandla omkhulu weSahara, kukho irozi yaseYeriko, esi sityalo sixhathisa kakhulu, xa sisoma, amasebe aso ayashwabana aze abe yibhola. Inokuba kule ndawo iminyaka kodwa xa ifumene amanzi okanye ukufuma igalela amanzi kwaye ibuyele kwimo yayo yokuqala. Intlango ye-arctic kuphela emhlabeni ngaphandle kobukho bezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo. Ukongeza, kwezinye iindawo akuzange kune okanye kune khephu kule minyaka i-2 yezigidi edlulileyo.
EChile yintlango yeAtacama, apho izazinzulu zingenazo iirekhodi zokuba kwakha kwanetha apho, ngaphezu kokuba neendawo eziye zabakho ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-40 yezigidi. Umhlaba ochumileyo uba yintlango ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye namadlelo angakhethi buso.
Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga neentlango, iintyatyambo zazo, izilwanyana kunye neempawu eziphambili, jonga le vidiyo ilandelayo.
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