Igxile ikakhulu kwezolimo norhwebo, i Uqoqosho lwaseYiputa yaMandulo, yayifana nezinye iinkcubeko zamandulo, iqhutywa yaye ixhaswa ngabantu abangathandwa kangako nabangabahlobo abaninzi. Siyakumema ukuba ufunde ngakumbi malunga nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho kwilizwe loofaro kunye neephiramidi!
Uqoqosho lwaseYiputa yaMandulo
Kule nkcubeko yamandulo, oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-command economy yasetyenziswa, apho amandla karhulumente alawula, alawula kwaye alahle yonke into enxulumene noqoqosho lweso sizwe. I-bureaucracy ekhethekileyo yayilelona lilawula kwaye lilawula inxalenye enkulu yomsebenzi, ukucwangcisa kunye nokulahla yonke into eveliswa ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo.
Ngokucacileyo abantu yayingabasebenzi bakarhulumente hayi abanini babucala, amagosa asebenza njengabalawuli beefama zikarhulumente.
Ngokubanzi, abasebenzi, ingakumbi amafama namagcisa, basebenzela urhulumente isizukulwana emva kwesinye. Emva kwesivuno ngasinye okanye izikhukula, urhulumente wabela umhlaba ngokutsha ngokusekelwe kulwabiwo lwangaphambili, ukuvavanya ukuthotyelwa kwesivuno esilindelekileyo.
Amagosa karhulumente aqokelela inxalenye yaloo mveliso njengerhafu, ayigcina aze asasazeke ngokwendlela urhulumente alawula ngayo. Ukuqokelela nokusasazwa ngokutsha kwakusenziwa ekuhlaleni nakwingingqi kuphela xa kukho ukusilela kwenye yee-hubs zendawo. Udidi lukarhulumente lwalukwaphethe imisebenzi kawonke-wonke, ubukhulu becala eyayiphathelele unqulo yaye ngokuqhelekileyo yayibandakanya amawakawaka abasebenzi nabalawuli.
Uluntu lwaseYiputa lunokuchazwa njengenkqubo ye-autarkic okanye yokuzimela, ngokubanzi, emva kokuhlawula irhafu, iintsapho zilahlwe i-surplus ukuze zisetyenziswe ngumntu okanye zatshintshwa kwiimarike ngenxa yezinto abangenazo.
Ipesenti yeemveliso kunye nezibonelelo ezifikelele kwiimarike zazincinci, zinesiphumo esincinci kubomi bomvelisi ngamnye, kodwa yayiyinxalenye yesiseko sezoqoqosho kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko ephezulu yaseYiputa.
Uninzi lwezorhwebo, ngaphaya kotshintshiselwano oluncinci lwendawo, kucingelwa ukuba lusezandleni zabarhwebi abenza egameni lesithsaba.
Iqondo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwabantu abangengokarhulumente kurhwebo alinakuqikelelwa, nangona kunjalo, lisenokuba lalilikhulu njengoko imarike yayigcinwe nangexesha apho ulawulo luye lwawa.
Utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yotshintshiselwano lwemveli lwaqala ukwenzeka ngenxa yokufika kwabantu basemzini kunye nokuqaliswa kwemali, eyenziwe ngeXesha laLate.
Uninzi lwabemi ngexesha leminyaka emibini yokuqala yembali yaseYiputa babengabalimi kwaye baphila ngezinto eziveliswa ngumhlaba kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, ezaziphawulwa ngokuzimela, kodwa kwimeko efana kakhulu ne-serfdom.
Umhlaba abawusebenzayo wawungowoothixo, okokuqala ku-Osiris kwaye emva kokunyamalala kwakhe kuHorus, ngoko ke, babeyipropathi yokuzalwa kwakhe kwasemhlabeni, uFaro. Nangona kunjalo, ekupheleni kweXesha laLa kade, umhlaba unokuthengwa kwaye uthengiswe simahla.
Ngaphandle kwamafama abaqashileyo, uninzi lwabemi lwalusebenza njengabasebenzi bemihla ngemihla kwimihlaba yezidwangube nakwiitempile. Ebudeni boBukumkani Obutsha, mhlawumbi isinye kwisithathu somhlaba sasilawulwa ngababingeleli, benenani elikhulu labasebenzi namakhoboka. Abalawuli, ababingeleli, abarhwebi namagcisa babehlala ikakhulu kwizixeko ezigudle uMlambo umNayile, njengoko ezi ndawo zazinokubonelelwa ngokutya ngokulula nangexabiso eliphantsi ngeenqanawa.
Imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kunye nemithombo yobutyebi
Imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yaphuhliswa kwi-Egypt yamandulo, enye ibaluleke ngakumbi kunezinye kuqoqosho, kodwa zonke ziyimfuneko ukuze kuphile zonke iindidi zentlalo, ngakumbi ezo zingabalulekanga kangako. Phakathi kweyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo sinayo:
Ezolimo nokuloba
Ezolimo zivelise ubutyebi obuninzi baseYiputa, ubukhulu becala bukhula ukutya okuziinkozo, imifuno kunye neziqhamo. Ukongeza, kwafuywa iindidi ngeendidi zemfuyo, kuquka iibhokhwe neehagu, kwakunye neenkukhu neentlanzi zeNayile.
Ngenxa yezikhukula zonyaka, umhlaba wahlala uchumile. Kodwa ubugcisa bezolimo bebungasebenzanga kakhulu, izixhobo zokusebenza bezingekabikho kwaye zimbalwa iinkqubela phambili kunye nophuculo olubalulekileyo oluphawulwayo kule ndawo. Kwelinye icala, ukuvuna kwakungekho nto ibalulekileyo kuqoqosho, kodwa kubonakala ukuba yayiyimfuneko kwaye yayiyenye indlela ebalulekileyo yokuphila kwabona bantu bahluphekayo.
Ukufuya iinkomo kwakufana kakhulu nezolimo, kuyabonakala ukuba kwakuyekwe ngamabona-ndenzile kwaye kwenziwa umzamo omncinci wokuphuhlisa ubuchule obuya kuyenza isebenze kwaye ibeyintabalala. Ukuzingela yayingumsebenzi wexesha lokuzonwabisa kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kwakusenziwa zizityebi.
Kubonakala ngathi ukufuywa kweentlanzi bekukho ngomlinganiselo omncinane, kodwa uninzi lwabemi lwatya iintlanzi ezibanjiswe kumlambo iNayile.” Ekugqibeleni, emva kokuba kutsalwe iirhafu ezahlukahlukeneyo, intsalela yayo yonke into evuniweyo neyayikhuliswa yayithengiswa kwiimarike.
Imisebenzi yezandla
Kuqoqosho lwaseYiputa yaMandulo, inxalenye enkulu yeemveliso eziveliswayo zavela ikakhulu kwiintsapho ezivelisa ikrwada, oko kukuthi, izinto zokuzenza. Kule meko umsebenzi wahlulahlulwe ngokwesini, ngokuqhelekileyo ukushiya ukuqhutyelwa kowesifazane. Ngokomzekelo, ngoxa amadoda elima iflakisi, abafazi bentsapho babesonta baze bayiluke.
Iintlanzi ezibanjwe ngamadoda, xa zingagqitywanga ngokukhawuleza, zahlanjululwa kunye nezomiswe, ngokuqhelekileyo ziqhutyelwa ngabasetyhini, ukuze zigcinwe ixesha elide kwimozulu eshushu yaseYiputa.
Iifektri ezincinci zavela ezixekweni, zihlala zixhaswa ngemali zizinhanha: iindawo zokubhaka, iindawo zokuthengisa utywala, ukuchwela kunye neendawo zokusebenzela zokuthunga, phakathi kwabanye, kunye nabasebenzi abambalwa, apho amadoda nabafazi babenezikhundla ezithile.
Imigodi
Kuqoqosho lwaseYiputa yaMandulo, uninzi lweeminerali ezikhutshiweyo zazinomdla omncinci kunye nokufikelela kummi oqhelekileyo, kuphela ngamaqela amancinci abantu abazizityebi abanokuthatha inzuzo kunye nokuzuza kwezi zixhobo. Iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo azizange zibonwe okanye zifumaneke kubemi kwade kwaNgexesha likaLate kwaye nalapho zahlala zisezandleni zabambalwa.
Iintsimbi ezisetyenziselwa izixhobo ezifana nobhedu, ubhedu kunye, ukusuka kwiXesha lamva ukuya phambili, intsimbi, zazixabisa kakhulu kwaye izixhobo ezenziwe ngazo zazingaphaya kokufikelela kuninzi lwabemi, ngakumbi abo babezinikele kwezolimo. awona mahlwempu.
Iiklasi zentlalo ezingathandwa kangako zaqhubeka nokusebenzisa izixhobo zamatye kunye nemithi phantse yonke imisebenzi kunye neenjongo zazo, ukuya kutsho kwiBronze Age nangaphaya kwi-Iron Age. Amatye anqabileyo namatye anqabileyo nawo ahlala kwiqaqobana labantu abazizityebi nabanamandla, ababedla ngokuwasebenzisa kwiitempile nasemangcwabeni. Kwesi sangqa sasinamatye namatye anqabileyo exabiso elikhulu, amagcisa awayebandakanyekile ekwakhiweni ayenokungenelwa ekugqibeleni.
Ukufumana izimbiwa ezifana ne-natron kuye kwaba yimfuneko kwinkqubo yokuqholwa kwesidumbu, nto leyo eyayibiza kakhulu enye indlela kubantu abaninzi, ngoko ke yayisenziwa ngabambalwa, ingakumbi abo balawulayo.
Commerce
Urhwebo lwasekhaya, lwelizwe okanye lwamazwe ngamazwe lube yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yayo nayiphi na impucuko ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Kwanaxa uluntu okanye ilizwe livelisa yaye linempahla eninzi, kuya kuhlala kukho into efunekayo nengafumanekiyo, ngoko ukuthenga kwelinye elinayo bekusoloko kulukhetho, ukuguqula urhwebo lube ngumsebenzi oyimfuneko nobalulekileyo.
I-Egypt yamandulo yayiluhlanga olutyebileyo nolunamandla, olunemithombo emininzi yendalo, kodwa nangona kunjalo yayingakwazi ukuzimela, yiyo loo nto yayixhomekeke kurhwebo ukufumana iimpahla eziyimfuneko ukuze kugcinwe ubunewunewu kunye nesimo sayo. Urhwebelwano lwaqala ngexesha le-Predynastic e-Egypt phakathi kwe-6000 kunye ne-3150 BC kwaye lwaqhubeka nge-Roman Egypt ngo-30 BC kunye no-646 AD.
Kuyo yonke imbali yayo, uqoqosho lwaseYiputa yamandulo lujikeleze inkqubo yokutshintshiselana, oko kukuthi, ukutshintshiselana, ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwayo nayiphi na imali. Kodwa ngo-525 BC, ixesha lokuhlasela kwamaPersi, inkqubo yezoqoqosho eyahlukileyo yaziswa kweli lizwe, apho yaqala ukusetyenziswa imali.
Ngaphambi kweli xesha, urhwebo lwaluqhuba kakuhle ngokutshintshiselana ngeempahla neenkonzo ezisekelwe kumgangatho wexabiso owawugqalwa njengobulungisa ngawo omabini amaqela.
Abavelisi baseYiphutha kwafuneka banikezele ngemveliso yabo eninzi kubanini-mhlaba nabaqokeleli berhafu, beshiya intsalela ukuze kusetyenziswe umniniyo, kwaye okuseleyo, ukuba oku kwenzekile, kwakunokutshintshwa kwimarike evulekileyo okanye kuthengiswe ngokuthe ngqo kumafama.
Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nabarhwebi abaqeqeshiweyo belo xesha, ngoko ke kwakucingelwa ukuba babeqhelekile, ubuncinci kude kube yiLate Period, iiarhente zesithsaba okanye iiklasi zikarhulumente.
Banca
Kuqoqosho lwaseJiphutha yaMandulo, enye ingqolowa evuniweyo kwaye iphethwe ngabanini babucala yayigcinwa kwiindawo zokugcina zikarhulumente kwaye irhafiswa.
Imiyalelo yokurhoxa ebhaliweyo evela kubanini bezityalo eziziinkozo nayo yasetyenziswa, njengohlobo lwemali. Esi simbo sinxulunyaniswa neebhanki kule mihla kwaye ezi bhanki zengqolowa ziqhubekile nokusebenzela amafama kunye nabarhwebi nasemva kokufakwa kwemali.
Phantsi kwePtolemy ibhanki enguvimba e-Aleksandriya yayibhalisa zonke ii-akhawunti zemithombo eyayisasazwe kuwo wonke loo mmandla. Iintlawulo zidluliselwe ukusuka kwenye iakhawunti ukuya kwenye ngendlela efanayo nenkqubo yokuyalela imali yale mihla. Ukususela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC, igolide, isilivere kunye nobhedu zazisetyenziswa ikakhulu ekusebenzisaneni nabantu basemzini, nokuba ngaba bangama-mercenaries okanye abathengisi.
Amandla
Owona mthombo wamandla kumaxesha amandulo yayingamandla emisipha anikelwa ikakhulu ngabantu, kodwa izilwanyana zasekhaya zazinendima ebalulekileyo. Izilwanyana ezazisetyenziswa kwezolimo yayizidonki zokuthutha iimveliso kunye neenkomo zokulima neminye imisebenzi enzima. Ukusetyenziswa kwakungancedi nto, kuba kude kube ngoku ukusetyenziswa kwedyokhwe eyayibekwe emagxeni ezilwanyana kunye namazembe axhomekeke kwiimpondo zenkomo.
Amahashe aziswa eYiputa ngexesha leSibini esiPhakathi esiPhakathi phakathi kwe-1800 kunye ne-1550 BC kwaye akazange anikwe kubaluleka kakhulu kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yezoqoqosho. Zazigqalwa njengexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu ukuzilungisa, ngoko zazisetyenziswa kuphela zizihandiba kunye nomkhosi, mhlawumbi ukutsala iinqwelo zokulwa okanye ukukhwela.
Iinqwelo-mafutha ezilula zasetyenziswa ebudeni boBukumkani Obutsha yaye ngokuyintloko zazisetyenziselwa imfazwe nemidlalo. Ngeli xesha nantoni na efuna ukuthwalwa ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye ngomhlaba, nakwimimandla eyinkqantosi neyintlango, yayithuthwa ngabantu, iidonki okanye itsalwe ngezileyi zomthi.
Amandla omoya ayesetyenziselwa ukuhamba kweenqanawa kuphela kwaye nakule meko ayengasebenzi. AmaYiputa ayenethamsanqa ukuba iNayile igeleza ukusuka emzantsi ukuya ngasentla kwaye imimoya ekhoyo yayivela emantla, eyaneleyo ukuthwala iinqanawa ukuya phezulu. Ukuhamba ngesikhephe ezantsi komlambo kwakuyimfuneko kuphela ukukrazula iiseyile kwaye uzivumele ukuba uthatyathwe ngumsinga kunye namaphini okubhexa ukufikelela kwindawo oya kuyo.
Umlilo, njengalo naluphi na uluntu okanye iqela labantu, kwakuyimfuneko ukupheka nokubhaka ukutya, ukunyibilikisa isinyithi, ukwenza iglasi, ukubhaka iikeramics, kwaye kunqabile kakhulu, ukwenza izitena. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu afunekayo ekuphatheni nasekusetyenzweni kwesinyithi, okuphunyezwe ngokutshisa nayiphi na imifuno eyomileyo okanye into yezilwanyana ebikufuphi.
Ubushushu belanga, kwelinye icala, babusetyenziswa kakuhle kakhulu ekwenzeni izitena zodaka, nto leyo eyayiyeyona nto isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwilizwe elingenamvula kangako njengeYiputa.
IMfazwe
Iinkampani zomkhosi nazo zazingumthombo wengeniso, nanini na zithe zaphumelela ngokucacileyo, zazivumela ukukhula kobukumkani, obande ngokoyisa imimandla emitsha, ukufumana ubutyebi namandla.
I-Egypt yayinethamsanqa kulo mba de kwafika ixesha leXesha likaLate, lathi lakufika phantsi kolawulo lwamazwe angaphandle, imisebenzi ephantsi yamaLibhiya, amaKushi, ama-Asiriya namaPersi, ayithelekiswa nendlela obabucinezela ngayo kwaye buyingozi ngayo uBukhosi baseRoma, bexhaphaza amaphondo abo. ngokungenanceba.
Malunga nonyaka wama-31 BC, uBukhosi baseRoma balawula iPtolemaic Egypt, eyathi yanyamalala njengorhulumente.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku linomdla, qiniseka ukuba ujonge amanye amakhonkco kwibhlog yethu: