Inkcubeko yaseZapotec yenye yezona zindala kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu eMesoamerica. Bahlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo kangangamawaka eminyaka, beshiya ubungqina benkcubeko yabo ehambele phambili kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu letekhnoloji. Ukuze uqonde ukuba ukuhlala kwakhe ixesha elide kwakunjani, kubalulekile ukwazi UQoqosho lwaseZapotec
UQoqosho lwaseZapotec
Impucuko yaseZapotec yenye yezona mpucuko zakudala kwi-pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, eyenziwe ngabantu baseZapotec. Ubungqina bokuqala besithethe senkcubeko yaseZapotec bubuyela kwiminyaka engamakhulu asixhenxe ngaphambi kukaKristu.
Impucuko yaseZapotec yayihlala kwindawo ngoku ehlala amazwe aseMexico aseOaxaca, eGuerrero, ePuebla naseMexico. Eyona ndawo inkulu yaziwayo yempucuko yaseZapotec iseMonte Albán. Umthombo oyintloko wezoqoqosho zeZapotec yayizolimo, umbona, iimbotyi, njl.
Imvelaphi yempucuko yaseZapotec
Igama elithi "Zapotec" livela kwigama lesiNahuatl elithi tzapotecatl elithetha abantu baseZapote. Ngokobungqina bezinto zakudala eziqokelelweyo, iindawo zokuqala zokuhlala ezisisigxina kwimo yase-Oaxaca zabonakala malunga nenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu BC. C. Phakathi konyaka we-1150 nowama-850 ngaphambi kukaKristu. Indawo enkulu yokuhlala e-Oaxaca yayiyiSan José Mogote, equka izindlu ezingamashumi asibhozo ukuya kwikhulu elinamashumi amabini, kwindawo apho kwafunyanwa khona iziqhamo zefosili zombona, itshili, kunye neavokhado.
Emva kwe-850 BC, ukubunjwa kwezixeko zakuqala kwenzeka, ezaziyinkolo, imikhosi kunye namaziko olawulo. Ngexesha eliphakathi kwe-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMX BC eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Rosario isigaba se-complex settlements ye-Zapotec yasekwa kwaye kukho ukwanda okukhulu kwabantu.
Embindini wesigaba seRosario, phakathi kweendawo zokuhlala ezingamashumi asixhenxe namashumi asibhozo anesihlanu. Ngeli xesha, kuyabonakala ukuba, iimfazwe ezininzi ezichasene nezinye impucuko zazinyanzelela ukuba zihlale zisakha iindonga kwaye ziqinise iindawo zokuhlala ezikhulu. Ukongezelela, ngeli xesha, iziseko zenkcubeko yeZapotec zenziwe, umzekelo, ukubhala kwayo, endala kunamaMayans kunye neMixtecs, kunye nekhalenda.
Ekupheleni kwesigaba seRosario phakathi kwe-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMX BC, indawo enkulu yokuhlala kwintlambo, iSan José Mogote, kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezikufutshane kwintlambo yase-Etla, zalahlekelwa ngabantu abaninzi. Kwangelo xesha linye kwasekwa indawo yokuhlala entsha phezu kwentaba apho zonke iintlambo ezijikelezileyo zilawulwa, le ndawo yokuhlala yafumana igama elithi Monte Albán kamva.
Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba iindawo ezintsha zokuhlala eMonte Albán zazihlala abantu baseSan José de Mogote.
I-Monte Albán yaba yinkunzi yokuqala yelizwe laseZapotec (oku kwenzeka ngezigaba ezininzi: ebizwa ngokuba yi-Monte Albán I, i-Monte Albán II, i-Monte Albán III, i-Monte Albán IV, i-Monte Albán V). Yayisesinye sezona zixeko zikhulu kwi-pre-Columbian America, egubungela indawo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-XNUMX yeekhilomitha zesikwere elinabemi abaphakathi kwama-XNUMX kunye nama-XNUMX abantu ngexesha lesigaba seMonte Albán IV. Kwasekwa urhulumente waseZapotec, owathi woyisa phantse yonke iNtlambo yaseOaxaca.
Olona lwandiso luphezulu lommandla lwaphunyezwa ngexesha lesigaba seMonte Albán II, kwaye incopho yokwandiswa kwenzeka ngenkulungwane yokuqala emva kukaKristu. Eyona ndawo isemantla yayiyinqaba yaseCoyotepec. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zafumanisa imibhalo engamakhulu amathathu yeZapotec kwimicimbi yasemkhosini, kwaye ngokugweba ngokubonakala kwamabanjwa, uninzi lwabo lunokuba luvela eTeotihuacan.
Ngexesha Monte Albán III isigaba (ngaphambi konyaka XNUMX), uninzi lwala mazwe yalahleka ngenxa imvukelo abantu aboyisiweyo, kodwa ubudlelwane bobuhlobo yasekwa kunye Teotihuacán, enkosi apho indawo yadalwa ekugqibeleni. abathunywa nabarhwebi bamaZapotec babehlala.
Ngelo xesha, abamelwane abasenyakatho be-isthmus, i-Mixtecs, baba ziintshaba ezibuhlungu. Ekuqaleni, inzuzo kwiimfazwe ezixhobileyo zahlala, njengomthetho, kunye neZapotec. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesithoba neyeshumi ubungangamsha beMixtec buye babonakala ngakumbi kwaye iMonte Albán yawela phantsi kohlaselo lweMixtec. I-Monte Albán yashiywa ngabahlali kwaye i-Mixtec yajika amabhodlo ayo amangcwaba aluhlaza kubalawuli babo, beyibiza le ndawo ngokuba yiYukukuyu.
Kodwa amaZapotec awazange anikezele okanye azithobe kuhlaselo lweMixtec, nangona beyishiyile iMonte Albán. Bekhokelwa yinkokeli yabo yonqulo ebalaseleyo, bazinqabisa ngokungqonge iziko labo lonqulo iMitla (ngolwimi lwaseZapotec elithi Mitla lithetha “Indlu Yokufa” okanye “INdawo Yokuphumla Okungunaphakade”).
Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, bagcina iMitla kunye nemimandla eyingqongileyo phantsi kolawulo lwabo kwaye bakwazi nokuvuselela uqoqosho lwamaZapotec. Oku kungqinwa bubuhle bekomkhulu ngokwayo kunye namabhotwe kunye neetempile, kunye nokuphinda kuqaliswe uphuhliso olubanzi lwedolophu, ngenxa yoko, ukongeza kwikomkhulu, amaziko amatsha abemi avele kule mihlaba.
Ngama-XNUMX, uMitla wanqotshwa yiMixtec, eyagqiba ukunqotshwa kweendlela ezizimeleyo zeZapotec kwaye yaqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo imihlaba ye-Isthmus yaseTehuantepec, nangona kungekhona ixesha elide, ukususela emva kweminyaka embalwa ama-Aztec athatha ummandla.
Inqanaba lokugqibela lempucuko yakudala yaseZapotec yayiyiZapotecapan (umhlaba wamaZapotec) kunye nekomkhulu layo kwisixeko saseZaachila (eyasekwa malunga ne-1390-1400) kwindawo yeSixeko sase-Oaxaca yanamhlanje. Ukuxhatshazwa kwama-Aztec kwaphazamisa imikhosi ye-Mixtec kwaye ngaloo ndlela yenza ukuba iZapotec ziphile de kube yintshatsheli yaseSpain, nangona kunjalo, indima yamaZapotec kwiinkqubo zezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko yaseMesoamerica ngelo xesha yayisele incinci.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX amaZapotec akwazi ukukhusela ukuzimela kwawo kuma-Aztec, kangangexesha elithile anyanzeleka ukuba ayishiye iZaachila aze afudusele ikomkhulu lawo aye kwintaba enqatyisiweyo kufutshane nonxweme lwePasifiki. Emva koko benza umanyano kunye neeMixtecs emantla e-Oaxaca Valley, ukuhlasela umkhosi wama-Aztec kwiindawo eziphantsi zeTropiki zaseTehuantepec.
Emva kokuvalwa kweenyanga ezisixhenxe, ama-Aztec kunye namaZapotec avuma ukumiswa kwemfazwe, ezinye zeemeko kukuba ama-Aztec athumela inkampu encinci kwiNtlambo yase-Oaxaca kwaye afumana "imbeko" yerhafu ngonyaka. Noko ke, enyanisweni, amaZapotec ahlala ekhululekile aza azandisa izinto awayenazo ngoncedo lwama-Aztec.
AmaZapotec amxhasa uHernán Cortés ekubhukuqeni ulawulo lwama-Aztec aze oyise iTenochtitlán ngowe-1519. Noko ke, kwangowe-1521 anyanzeleka ukuba azithobe kubahlaseli baseSpeyin.
Qoqosho
I-Zapotec ishiye ubungqina obaneleyo bezinto zakudala kwisixeko saseMonte Albán ngendlela yezakhiwo, amabala emidlalo apho ibhola yayidlalwa khona, amangcwaba amahle kunye namangcwaba, kunye neesampuli ezixabisekileyo zomsebenzi wegolide. IMonte Albán yayisesona sixeko sibalulekileyo kwiNtshona yeHemisphere kunye nombindi welizwe laseZapotec elalilawula uninzi lwento ngoku eyaziwa njengelizwe laseOaxaca.
Ngokobungqina obuphathelele uqoqosho lwamaZapotec, baphuhlisa ulimo olunezityalo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Oku kwakubandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-chili, i-strawberry, ithanga, i-cocoa kwaye, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuzo zonke, ingqolowa, ekuqalekeni kwexesha leklasi yayisisiseko esisisiseko sokutya kwiilali ezininzi. Ukuze bafumane isivuno esihle babenqula ilanga, imvula, umhlaba nombona.
Bonke abemi beedolophu, kubandakanywa nabasetyhini, babebophekile ukuba bakhuphe iimveliso ezivela kwisivuno sabo njengerhafu: umbona, ama-turkeys, ubusi kunye neembotyi. Ukongezelela kubalimi, amaZapotec ayebalasele ngokuba ngabaluki nababumbi. Izapotec funerary urns zidumile, yayizimbiza zodongwe ezazibekwe emangcwabeni.
Inqanaba lenkcubeko elifikelelwe ngamaZapotec laliphezulu kakhulu, ngaphezu kwamaMayans, amaZapotec ayekuphela kwempucuko yexesha labo ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yokubhala ebanzi. Ngokusebenzisa i<em>hieroglyphs nezinye iimpawu ezikrolwe ematyeni okanye ezipeyintwe kwizakhiwo nasemangcwabeni, zidibanisa ukumelwa kweengcamango nezandi.
ETenochtitlán, ikomkhulu lama-Aztec, kwakukho amagcisa aseZapotec kunye namagcisa abenza ubucwebe kubalawuli abaphambili baseAztec kuquka iMoctezuma II. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ubungqina bemivubukulo ebonisa ukuba olu tshintshiselwano lwezorhwebo lubuyela emva kwexesha elide.
Uqoqosho lwamaZapotec lwalusekwe ikakhulu kwezolimo, nangona babeziqhelanisa, kancinci, ukuzingela, ukuze bafumane ukutya kunye nokutshintshiselana ngorhwebo. Ukuze baphuhlise kakhulu ezolimo, amaZapotec asebenzisa ulwazi lwawo oluphangaleleyo kwezokwakha nobunjineli ukuze akhe amathambeka angengowamvelo kumathambeka eentaba awayesebenza njengemijelo yokunkcenkceshela yomhlaba olimekayo.
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